Marine Conservation Final

Florida Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services

-aquaculture regulation and permitting Fl. State Agency

FWC

-authorized by Florida Constitution -enacts laws regarding state's fish and wildlife resources -species conservation Fl. State Agency

Nat'l Environmental Policy Act

-environmental concerns mixed w/ socioeconomic -federal agencies must propose EAs and EISs -citizen law suits

marine mammal protection act

-est. optimal sustainable populations (OSPs) -marine mammal commission

Clean Water Act

-regulates pollutant discharge -industrial water standards -permitting of dredged material

UNCLOS III: 1982

-200nm EEZ (control over all economic resources) for all nations. -ABNJ (high seas): governed by consensus among nations, with a focus on conservation and sustainable use (in theory). -Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: nations could submit claims (up to 2009) to extend EEZ to edge of continental shift to max of 350nm (Extended Continental Shelf or ECS) -> contentious underwater "land grab".

Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act

-8 regional fisheries mgmt councils -governs fisheries mgmt in federal waters

UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

-Advance justice, rule of law, human rights- promotes understanding -Encourages scientific research and training -World Heritage Sites: protect places of natural and cultural value Great barrier Reef Marine Park and Papahanaumokuakea National Monument are both World Heritage Sites.

Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs)

-Advise and-or set regulations, but no legal authority. -Each member expected to enforce itself Examples: -ICAAT (INt'l Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna) -IATTC (Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission) -International Seabed Authority (ISA)

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)

-Agreements among multiple nations at regional scale. -Antarctic Treaty 1959: Antarctica used for peaceful purposes, international science cooperation. -CCAMLR declared huge Ross Sea -MPA scheduled for Dec. 1, 2017. 24 plus countries, Russia stalled. -World's largest MPA, first large scale MPA in international waters. -Includes a no-take zone and special zones where fishing for krill and toothfish allowed for research purposes. -Protection from all commercial fishing for 35 years

Appendices for CITES

-Appendix I: species threatened with extinction; bans all international trade -Appendix II: Lower risk species; requires monitoring and control of trade -Appendix III: species protected in at least one country; country(ies) request CITES partners control trade. -Attempts to list Atlantic Bluefin Tuna in Appendix II have been unsuccessful because of strong lobbying by countries like Japan and Canada. -Attempts to removes or downgrade CITES listings for large whales to allow whale meat and other products to be sold.

UN Environmental Programme (UNEP)

-Coordinate environmental agreements and activities, many with a conservation focus (CBD, CITES Secretariats; Regional Seas Programme) -Help countries to develop and adopt environmental policies

FAO code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries

-FAO assesses status of fisheries worldwide and compiles all national fisheries and aquaculture data. -FAO code of conduct for Responsible Fisheries UN international agreement adopted in 1995-soft law -Provides set of principles and standards for global fisheries management, eg: "Conserve ecosystems" -Promote availability of fishery resources for present and future States should control vessels that fly their flag -Decision-making should be transparent -Safe, healthy working conditions -Protect rights of small-scale, subsistence fisheries. -Supposed to guide RFMOs, but adherence is voluntary.

United Nations Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks

-Fishing on the high seas -Sets standards for responsible fishing and fisheries management. -Apply precautionary approach -Protect bycatch species from declining to unsafe levels -Biodiversity protection -Nations participating in RFMOs (ICCAT) must adopt enforceable and precautionary conservation measures to prevent overfishing.

International Whaling Commission (IWC)

-Initially established to manage whaling -Now focused more on conservation (membership includes mainly non-whaling nations) -1986: passed what is essentially a moratorium on whaling.

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

-Initiated at 1992 UN Rio Earth Summit -Encourages national strategies for conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity (including marine and coastal biodiversity). -Conference of Parties (COP) every 2 years -National MPA target: 10% protection by 2020 -Protection of ABNJ: scientific process for idenitfying ecologically or biologically significant areas (EBSAs) in need of protection at regional level. -Most regions have held EBSA workshops. -All soft law

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

-International agreement to stop wildlife trade of endangered species -Has authority to adopt binding regulations and use sanctions for non-compliance. -Controls on import, export, re-export, and introduction of listed species or their products. -CITES regulates a number of shark species including whale sharks, basking sharks, and great whites. -Shark processing factory in China exposed in 2013 by Hong Kong based marine conservation organization- investigation revealed factory was killing over 600 whale sharks annually.

UNCLOS XI

-Non-living resources of the seabed in ABNJ are common property and are under administration of International Seabed Authority (ISA) - Elaborate regulatory system for licensing exploration and mining of deep seabed minerals. - Just exploration thus far, but growing commercial interest - Also provisions for enforcing international pollution standards, fisheries soft laws, etc.

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

-Promotes sustainable food production, including fisheries and aquaculture. -Collects fisheries and aquaculture data from all countries and does analysis on trends and status -Mostly focused on soft laws to promote sustainability (codes of conduct, guidelines)

International Maritime Organization of the United Nations (IMO)

-Regulates shipping, including safety, environmental concerns, security, efficiency -Pollution prevention: regulates/prevents oil discharge, toxic substance discharge, sewage discharge, air pollutants. -Ballast Water Management Convention: -Went into force Sep 2017 -Standards and procedures for management and control of ballast water and invasive species spread prevention -Requires ships to have approved Ballast Water Management Treatment System by 2024.

Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)

-Under UNEP -Conserve migratory species of animals, including marine mammals, seabirds, turtles, sharks, etc. -Support cooperation among nations in research, habitat restoration, reducing impediments to migration, and conservation of threatened species -Limited by number of non-party members.

Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection

Lead environmental management/stewardship Fl. State Agency

National Park Services (NPS)

Manages waters around coastal National parks federal

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Most notable and strongest of international marine laws

National MPA Center

Supports development of national system of MPAs. 4% of US waters now covered with 77% being no take federal

marine protection, research, and sanctuaries act

created ocean dumping act and nat'l marine sanctuary program

Bureau of Ocean Energy Mgmt (BOEM)

handles leasing and permitting for offshore energy projects federal

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)

manages federal fisheries and marine species under the ESA associated w NOAA federal

Nat'l Ocean Policy

marine spatial planning

National Ocean Services (NOS)

preserve and enhance nation's coastal and ocean resources (incl. National Marine Sanctuary Program) -associated w NOAA federal

coastal zone management act

preserve, protect, and develop coastal zones

United States Geological Survey (USGS)

primarily science research federal

Endangered species act

recovery plan and protection of critical habitat for any species in danger of extinction

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)

responsible for conservation and mgmt of fish and wildlife primarily responsible for ESA-listed species federal

Environmental Protection Agency

responsible for protecting human health and the environment, responsible for marine pollution federal

Bureau of safety and environmental enforcement (BSEE)

standards and regulations for safety of offshore energy projects, mostly oil spills federal