Marketing chap 5
True or False A person's occupation has no effect on the goods and services that she buys.
false
True or False Children exert little influence on family buying decisions.
false
True or False In the United States, the lines between social classes are not fixed and rigid, but people can only drop to a lower social class and not move up into a higher one.
false
True or False Personality is a person's pattern of living as expressed in his or her psychographics.
false
True or False Social class is based on shared value systems and common life experiences and situations.
false
true or false While an individual's beliefs are difficult to change, an individual's attitudes are easy to change
false
What role do the four Ps play in consumer behavior?
The four Ps are the marketing stimuli that affect buyer behavior: marketers use product, price, place, and promotion to attract the targeted consumers.
Each culture contains smaller ________, or groups of people with shared value systems based on common life experiences and situations. A) cultural universals B) reference groups C) subcultures D) monocultures E) social networks
C) subcultures
________ are minor stimuli that determine where, when, and how a person responds to an idea. A) Cues B) Drives C) Reinforcers D) Cognitions E) Impulses
A) Cues
________ is the most basic determinant of a person's wants and behavior. A) Culture B) Brand personality C) Cognitive dissonance D) Motive E) Attitude
A) Culture
Which consumer group tends to show more brand loyalty and make shopping a family event, with children having a big say in the purchase decision? A) Hispanic Americans B) African Americans C) Arab Americans D) working class consumers E) middle class consumers
A) Hispanic Americans
________ are people within a reference group who, because of special skills, knowledge, personality, or other characteristics, exert influence on others. A) Opinion leaders B) Innovators C) Surrogate consumers D) Stealth marketers E) Lagging adopters
A) Opinion leaders
________ are society's relatively permanent and ordered divisions whose members share similar values, interests, and behaviors. A) Social classes B) Societal norms C) Reference groups D) Universal cultures E) Social networks
A) Social classes
In the context of the AIO dimensions for measuring consumers' lifestyles, "A" stands for ________. A) activities B) achievements C) admirations D) attitudes E) associations
A) activities
Many companies use ethnically specific themes in their mainstream marketing strategy because marketers have realized that insights gleaned from ethnic consumers can influence their broader markets. This type of marketing is known as ________ marketing. A) cross-cultural B) buzz C) social network D) word-of-mouth E) life-style
A) cross-cultural
What is the most important consumer buying organization in society? A) family B) social class C) membership group D) subculture E) reference group
A) family
Although more price-conscious than other population segments, ________ consumers tend to be strongly motivated by quality and selection, and give importance to brands. A) lower upper B) African American C) Asian American D) Filipino E) working class
B) African American
________ are groups to which an individual wishes to belong, as when a young basketball player hopes to play someday for the Los Angeles Lakers. A) Membership groups B) Aspirational groups C) Leading adopters D) Subcultures E) Reference groups
B) Aspirational groups
________ are ambassadors who share their passion for a company's products with large circles of friends and acquaintances in return for insider knowledge and other rewards. A) Leading adopters B) Brand evangelists C) Surrogate consumers D) Market mavens E) Innovators
B) Brand evangelists
For the past ten years, Bill and Margaret have saved money to go to the Super Bowl should their team, the Chicago Bears, reach the finals of the NFC championship. This is the year, and several tour companies offer attractive, but very similar, packages to the game. Since all packages are pretty much the same, they have chosen one that fits their budget. Bill and Margaret are most likely exhibiting ________. A) complex buying behavior B) dissonance-reducing buying behavior C) habitual buying behavior D) consumer capitalism E) consumer ethnocentrism
B) dissonance-reducing buying behavior
Robert has taken up cycling as a hobby and as a way to maintain his physical fitness. He wants to buy a hydration system since he will need a lot of water as he cycles. Having gathered a great deal of information, he has finally narrowed down his choices to three systems: Waterbags for Roadies, Supertanker Hydropacks, and Fast Water. Robert is in the ________ stage of the buyer decision process. A) need recognition B) evaluation of alternatives C) product trial D) postpurchase evaluation E) information search
B) evaluation of alternatives
Marketing stimuli consist of the four Ps. Which of the following is NOT one of these? A) product B) packaging C) price D) promotion E) place
B) packaging
Marketing stimuli include which of the following? A) economic stimuli B) price stimuli C) technological stimuli D) social stimuli E) cultural stimuli
B) price stimuli
A shoe manufacturing company uses ads featuring the members of a country music band with the hope that the band's fans will see them wearing the company's shoes and hence purchase the same brand of shoes. The shoe company believes that the band portrays the image of a ________ to the band's fans. A) membership group B) reference group C) status symbol D) subculture E) lifestyle
B) reference group
A ________ consists of the activities an individual is expected to perform according to the people around him/her. A) motive B) role C) lifestyle D) life cycle E) perception
B) role
People tend to interpret new information in a way that will support what they already believe. This is called ________. A) selective retention B) selective distortion C) cognitive dissonance D) selective attention E) cognitive bias
B) selective distortion
Family is one of the ________ factors that influence consumer behavior. A) regional B) social C) personal D) psychological E) business
B) social
Some consumers worry that they will be affected by marketing messages without even knowing it. They are concerned about ________. A) alternative evaluation B) subliminal advertising C) selective retention D) cognitive dissonance E) selective communication
B) subliminal advertising
________ consumers are the most affluent U.S. demographic segment and are expected to have an annual buying power approaching $1 billion by 2017. A) Hispanic American B) African American C) Asian American D) Baby boomers E) Generation X
C) Asian American
A person's buying choices are influenced by four major psychological factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these factors? A) motivation B) perception C) association D) learning E) beliefs
C) association
Pat thought he had received the best deal on his new car. Shortly after the buying the car, Pat started to notice certain disadvantages of his new car as he learned more about other cars available in the market. Pat is experiencing ________. A) dissonance-reducing buying behavior B) need recognition C) postpurchase dissonance D) marketing myopia E) complex buying behavior
C) postpurchase dissonance
John has decided to buy a particular smartphone that he saw reviewed online. Which of the following sources of information has most likely influenced John's purchase decision? A) laggards B) commercial sources C) public sources D) personal sources E) market mavens
C) public sources
Juana looked at the September issue of her favorite fashion magazine and did not find anything particularly interesting despite the fact that the magazine had several advertisements that were targeted at Juana's demographic. The only thing that interested her was an article about an upcoming fashion show. Which consumer behavior is being illustrated in this instance? A) subliminal advertising B) groupthink C) selective attention D) social loafing E) consumer ethnocentrism
C) selective attention
A marketer of women's hair care products targeting Chinese customers created an advertising message that told women their hair could be worn any way they wanted as opposed to wearing it straight. The message suggested the women did not need to conform to the mainstream media definition of beauty. It is most accurate to say that this ad was based on an understanding of customers' ________. A) social class B) life-cycle stage C) self-concept D) status E) role
C) self-concept
Facebook and Second Life are both examples of ________. A) brand alliances B) opinion leaders C) social networks D) early adopters E) market mavens
C) social networks
Which of the following is NOT part of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A) physiological needs B) safety needs C) spiritual needs D) esteem needs E) social needs
C) spiritual needs
________ refers to the unique psychological characteristics that distinguish an individual or group. A) Attitude B) Belief C) Perception D) Personality E) Self-awareness
D) Personality
If a consumer's drive is strong and a satisfying product is near at hand, the consumer is likely to purchase the product at that time. If not, the consumer may store the need in memory or undertake ________. A) consumer ethnocentrism B) buyer's remorse C) a need recognition D) an information search E) cognitive dissonance
D) an information search
Maslow's theory is that ________ can be arranged in a hierarchy. A) marketing stimuli B) personal beliefs C) perceptions D) human needs E) decisions
D) human needs
Which of the following is characteristic of online social networks? A) use of one-way communication techniques B) negligible adoption rates C) guaranteed positive results D) easy methods to measure results E) user-controlled content
E) user-controlled content
True or False Online social networks represent an important avenue to create buzz for marketers.
true
True or False The starting point of understanding how consumers respond to various marketing efforts is called the stimulus-response model of buyer behavior.
true
true or false A brand personality is the specific mix of human traits that may be attributed to a particular brand
true
Marketers describe the way a consumer processes information to arrive at brand choices as ________. A) alternative evaluation B) information search C) impulse buying D) consumer capitalism E) cognitive dissonance
A) alternative evaluation
Many marketers use the self-concept premise that people's possessions contribute to and reflect their identities—that is, "we are what we consume." According to this premise, consumers ________. A) buy products to support their self-image B) rarely identify with brand personalities C) are affected by opinion leaders D) compare product brands E) conduct primary research
A) buy products to support their self-image
Individuals and households that buy or acquire goods and services for personal consumption make up the ________. A) consumer market B) market offering C) market mix D) subculture E) social class
A) consumer market
Opinion leaders are also referred to as ________. A) influentials B) lower uppers C) innovators D) lagging adopters E) surrogate consumers
A) influentials
The buying decision process starts with ________, in which the buyer spots a problem. A) need recognition B) information search C) impulse purchases D) buyer's remorse E) alternative evaluation
A) need recognition
The relationship between the consumer's expectations and the product's ________ determines whether the buyer is satisfied or dissatisfied with a purchase. A) perceived performance B) brand personality C) market reach D) consumer market E) market share
A) perceived performance
A buyer's decisions are influenced by ________ such as the buyer's age and life-cycle stage, occupation, economic situation, lifestyle, personality, and self-concept. A) personal characteristics B) stereotypes C) perceptions D) attitudes E) psychographics
A) personal characteristics
Mark has long supported a particular brand of footwear and has always bought that brand. Recently, the footwear manufacturer was embroiled in a controversy for using child labor at its manufacturing plants. Mark doubts the news reports and continues to purchase the same brand of footwear. It is most accurate to say that Mark displays ________. A) selective distortion B) cognitive dissonance C) selective retention D) selective attention E) consumer ethnocentrism
A) selective distortion
Stephanie and John wanted to purchase a high-end sports car. They viewed a commercial for a particular sports car that highlighted the cost, design, and power of the car. After viewing the ad, Stephanie felt that the car's price was acceptable, considering the superior and unique design. John thought that the car was expensive owing to the high power engine installed in it. They used the information in different ways, focusing on issues that that each considered important. Which of the following concepts does this scenario demonstrate? A) selective distortion B) consumer ethnocentrism C) selective retention D) selective attention E) cognitive dissonance
A) selective distortion
Hispanic Americans tend to be deeply family oriented and make shopping a family affair. Older consumers are brand loyal, while younger Hispanics have shown increasing price sensitivity and willingness to choose store brands. Hispanic Americans make up a ________. A) subculture B) social class C) social network D) life-cycle stage E) lifestyle
A) subculture
The Attic Trunk opened in 1999 as an upscale dress shop in Forest Ridge's fashionable shopping district, catering to a wealthy, mature clientele consisting mostly of older, first-generation Hispanics. Many other specialty shops lined the main avenue over the next few years. But as Forest Ridge began to attract a more price-conscious, younger, and more demographically diverse population, the once-popular shopping district was increasingly perceived as stodgy and snobby by the new segment of customers. By the mid-2000s, many of these specialty shops suffered financially. Most shops attracted only tourists who enjoyed browsing through the displays of alligator belts and shoes, piles of scented soaps, and so on, often laughing at the ridiculously high prices. Owners of The Attic Trunk had noticed the shifts in buying behavior of customers by the mid-2000s. In fact, the owners had observed that the once-fashionable shopping district in Forest Ridge no longer attracted the wealthy, mature clientele. This clientele had been replaced with price-conscious families with children, a mix of Asian and African Americans as well as Caucasians. Specialty items at The Attic Trunk gradually disappeared, r
B) Children have considerable amounts of disposable income and have a strong influence on family buying decisions.
________ consumers are one of the fastest-growing U.S. population subsegments and are expected to surge to nearly one third of the total U.S. population by 2060. A) African American B) Hispanic American C) Asian American D) Baby Boomer E) Millennial
B) Hispanic American
________ describes changes in an individual's behavior arising from experience. A) Lifestyle B) Learning C) Perception D) Cognitive dissonance E) Selective attention
B) Learning
The Attic Trunk opened in 1999 as an upscale dress shop in Forest Ridge's fashionable shopping district, catering to a wealthy, mature clientele consisting mostly of older, first-generation Hispanics. Many other specialty shops lined the main avenue over the next few years. But as Forest Ridge began to attract a more price-conscious, younger, and more demographically diverse population, the once-popular shopping district was increasingly perceived as stodgy and snobby by the new segment of customers. By the mid-2000s, many of these specialty shops suffered financially. Most shops attracted only tourists who enjoyed browsing through the displays of alligator belts and shoes, piles of scented soaps, and so on, often laughing at the ridiculously high prices. Owners of The Attic Trunk had noticed the shifts in buying behavior of customers by the mid-2000s. In fact, the owners had observed that the once-fashionable shopping district in Forest Ridge no longer attracted the wealthy, mature clientele. This clientele had been replaced with price-conscious families with children, a mix of Asian and African Americans as well as Caucasians. Specialty items at The Attic Trunk gradually disappeared, r
B) Older, first-generation Hispanic consumers favor sellers who show special interest in them.
________ is the process by which people select, organize, and interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the world. A) Motivation B) Perception C) Dissonance D) Learning E) Self-actualization
B) Perception
________ means that consumers are likely to remember good points made about a brand they favor and forget good points made about competing brands. A) Selective attention B) Selective retention C) Cognitive dissonance D) Selective distortion E) Cognitive bias
B) Selective retention
Which of the following statements is true of cultural factors that influence consumer behavior? A) Cultural influences on buying behavior are identical across countries. B) Social classes show distinct product and brand preferences in areas such as clothing and travel. C) Subcultures include nationalities and racial groups, but exclude religions. D) Subcultures are groups within which each individual has a unique and distinct value system. E) Hispanic Americans and African Americans are examples of racially-segregated groups and not subcultures.
B) Social classes show distinct product and brand preferences in areas such as clothing and travel.
Consumer information provider Nielsen uses a life-stage segmentation system that places U.S. households into one of 66 different life-stage groups. According to Nielsen's groups, which of the following refers to the group consisting of hip, single twenty-somethings who are politically liberal, listen to alternative music, and enjoy lively nightlife? A) Striving Singles B) Young Achievers C) Bohemian Mix D) Young Influentials E) Young Digerati
B) Young Achievers
Generally, the consumer's purchase decision will be to buy the most preferred brand, but two factors can come between the purchase intention and the purchase decision. Which of the following is one of these factors? A) economic risks B) attitudes of others C) cognitive dissonance D) alternative evaluation E) buyer's remorse
B) attitudes of others
According to the model of buyer behavior, which of the following is one of the two primary parts of a "buyer's black box"? A) technological stimuli B) buyer's decision process C) buyer's spending habits D) social stimuli E) promotion stimuli
B) buyer's decision process
George is buying his first house. He has spent a month looking at houses and comparing attributes such as price and location. He has contacted several real estate agents to look at different types of houses. George is most likely exhibiting ________. A) variety-seeking buying behavior B) complex buying behavior C) consumer capitalism D) dissonance-reducing buying behavior E) marketing myopia
B) complex buying behavior
When consumers are highly involved with the purchase of an expensive product and they perceive significant differences among brands, they most likely will exhibit ________. A) consumer capitalism B) complex buying behavior C) consumer ethnocentrism D) dissonance-reducing buying behavior E) variety-seeking buying behavior
B) complex buying behavior
Which of the following is one of the other stimuli present in a buyer's environment apart from a marketing stimuli? A) product stimuli B) cultural stimuli C) price stimuli D) place stimuli E) promotion stimuli
B) cultural stimuli
A marketing research company asked members of a focus group to describe several brands as animals. The purpose of the request is to measure the prestige of the various brands. This is an example of ________. A) brand strength analysis B) interpretive consumer research C) quantitative research D) buzz marketing E) brand extension
B) interpretive consumer research
The Attic Trunk opened in 1999 as an upscale dress shop in Forest Ridge's fashionable shopping district, catering to a wealthy, mature clientele consisting mostly of older, first-generation Hispanics. Many other specialty shops lined the main avenue over the next few years. But as Forest Ridge began to attract a more price-conscious, younger, and more demographically diverse population, the once-popular shopping district was increasingly perceived as stodgy and snobby by the new segment of customers. By the mid-2000s, many of these specialty shops suffered financially. Most shops attracted only tourists who enjoyed browsing through the displays of alligator belts and shoes, piles of scented soaps, and so on, often laughing at the ridiculously high prices. Owners of The Attic Trunk had noticed the shifts in buying behavior of customers by the mid-2000s. In fact, the owners had observed that the once-fashionable shopping district in Forest Ridge no longer attracted the wealthy, mature clientele. This clientele had been replaced with price-conscious families with children, a mix of Asian and African Americans as well as Caucasians. Specialty items at The Attic Trunk gradually disappeared, r
C) AIO dimensions
________ is a person's pattern of living as expressed in his/her psychographics, and it includes the individual's activities, interests, and opinions. A) Personality B) Culture C) Lifestyle D) Motive E) Social class
C) Lifestyle
________ refers to qualitative research designed to probe consumers' hidden, subconscious motivations. A) Perception analysis B) Subliminal analysis C) Motivation research D) Need recognition E) Market segmentation
C) Motivation research
Which of the following statements is true of social classes? A) Social classes are society's temporary divisions. B) Members of a social class have unique and distinct values, interests, and behaviors. C) People within a social class tend to exhibit similar buying behavior. D) Income is the single factor that determines social class. E) Social classes universally exhibit identical product and brand preferences.
C) People within a social class tend to exhibit similar buying behavior.
Which of the following statements is true regarding social classes in the United States? A) Social class is determined by income alone. B) Lines between social classes in the United States are fixed and rigid. C) Social classes show distinct product preferences in clothing and automobiles. D) Wealth is more critical than education level in measuring social class. E) People are relegated to a permanent social class in the United States.
C) Social classes show distinct product preferences in clothing and automobiles.
A(n) ________ is a descriptive thought that a person has about something. A) lifestyle B) motive C) belief D) attitude E) cognition
C) belief
Which of the following terms refers to a specific mix of human traits that may be attributed to a particular brand? A) brand perception B) brand identity C) brand personality D) brand concept E) brand equity
C) brand personality
Companies that use brand ambassadors are most likely involved in ________ marketing. A) ambush B) spam C) buzz D) viral E) database
C) buzz
The buyer decision process consists of five stages. Which of the following is NOT one of these stages? A) need recognition B) information search C) conspicuous consumption D) purchase decision E) postpurchase behavior
C) conspicuous consumption
Which of the following consumer buying behaviors is related to conditions of low-consumer involvement and little significant brand difference? A) complex buying behavior B) dissonance-reducing buying behavior C) habitual buying behavior D) variety-seeking buying behavior E) consumer capitalism
C) habitual buying behavior
The latest trend in the United States involves rediscovering the benefits of home-cooked food and the use of organic ingredients. People are choosing to spend hours in the kitchen using only the freshest ingredients to cook healthy and nutritious meals. This change in ________ is one of the reasons for the increasing demand for organic ingredients. A) self-concept B) subculture C) lifestyle D) personality E) life-cycle
C) lifestyle
An invitation to go skiing over the weekend forced Donna to look at her current wardrobe. She realized that she required a warmer coat. Which of the following stages of the buyer decision process does Donna exemplify? A) product evaluation B) situational analysis C) need recognition D) problem screening E) information search
C) need recognition
Rachel loves fashion and is always seen wearing the trendiest fashion outfits. She actively shares her knowledge with a wide group of friends and colleagues about where to shop for the latest fashion at great deals. Most of her friends and colleagues follow her fashion tips. Rachel portrays the image of a(n) ________. A) surrogate consumer B) lagging adopter C) opinion leader D) brand personality E) social networker
C) opinion leader
) James has decided to buy a new vehicle. His brother John has recently purchased a new truck and recommends the same model to James. James finally decides to buy the same truck. Which of the following sources of information has most likely influenced James' purchase decision? A) experiential sources B) public sources C) personal sources D) commercial sources E) market mavens
C) personal sources
After the purchase of a product, consumers will be either satisfied or dissatisfied and engage in ________. A) consumer capitalism B) alternative evaluation C) postpurchase behavior D) consumer ethnocentrism E) information searches
C) postpurchase behavior
Harley-Davidson promotes its motorcycles with images of independence, freedom, and power. Harley-Davidson has created a ________. A) motive B) life-cycle stage C) self-concept D) brand personality E) self-actualization need
D) brand personality
When consumers are highly involved with an expensive, infrequent, or risky purchase but see little difference among brands, they most likely will exhibit ________. A) habitual buying behavior B) complex buying behavior C) impulse buying behavior D) dissonance-reducing buying behavior E) consumer capitalism
D) dissonance-reducing buying behavior
Donna wants to buy a new coat. During the ________ stage of the buyer decision process she will ask her friends to recommend stores that sell good quality winterwear clothing. She will also go through newspapers and magazines to look out for offers and sales on coats. A) product evaluation B) alternative evaluation C) need recognition D) information search E) purchase decision
D) information search
A ________ is a need that is sufficiently pressing to direct a person to seek satisfaction. A) stimulus B) perception C) culture D) motive E) tradition
D) motive
The information sources that are the most effective at influencing a consumer's purchase decision are ________. These sources legitimize or evaluate products for the buyer. A) commercial B) public C) experimental D) personal E) attitudinal
D) personal
In the model of buyer behavior, which of the following is NOT a major type of force or event in the buyer's environment? A) economic B) technological C) social D) political E) cultural
D) political
People cannot focus on all of the stimuli that surround them each day. A person's tendency to screen out most of the information is called ________. A) subliminal retention B) selective distortion C) cognitive dissonance D) selective attention E) cognitive inertia
D) selective attention
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is the LEAST pressing need? A) physiological needs B) social needs C) esteem needs D) self-actualization needs E) safety needs
D) self-actualization needs
Which of the following would a marketer LEAST likely do to encourage habitual buying behavior? A) dominate shelf space B) run frequent reminder ads C) keep shelves fully stocked D) stress unique features in ads E) offer lower prices and coupons
D) stress unique features in ads
Carrie tends to purchase various brands of bath soap. She has never been loyal to a specific brand; instead she does a lot of brand switching. Carrie exhibits ________. A) dissonance-reducing buying behavior B) complex buying behavior C) habitual buying behavior D) variety-seeking buying behavior E) conspicuous consumption behavior
D) variety-seeking buying behavior
When customers have low involvement in a purchase but perceive significant brand differences, they will most likely engage in ________. A) complex buying behavior B) dissonance-reducing buying behavior C) habitual buying behavior D) variety-seeking buying behavior E) consumer ethnocentrism
D) variety-seeking buying behavior
Shoez Inc., a manufacturer of shoes, has recently launched a brand of sturdy shoes ideal for hiking and other outdoor activities. Which of the following brand personalities could be best associated with the new brand? A) sincerity B) excitement C) sophistication D) competence E) ruggedness
E) ruggedness
According to Freud, a person's buying decisions are primarily affected by ________. A) family influences B) societal expectations C) brand images D) cultural norms E) subconscious motives
E) subconscious motives
The Attic Trunk opened in 1999 as an upscale dress shop in Forest Ridge's fashionable shopping district, catering to a wealthy, mature clientele consisting mostly of older, first-generation Hispanics. Many other specialty shops lined the main avenue over the next few years. But as Forest Ridge began to attract a more price-conscious, younger, and more demographically diverse population, the once-popular shopping district was increasingly perceived as stodgy and snobby by the new segment of customers. By the mid-2000s, many of these specialty shops suffered financially. Most shops attracted only tourists who enjoyed browsing through the displays of alligator belts and shoes, piles of scented soaps, and so on, often laughing at the ridiculously high prices. Owners of The Attic Trunk had noticed the shifts in buying behavior of customers by the mid-2000s. In fact, the owners had observed that the once-fashionable shopping district in Forest Ridge no longer attracted the wealthy, mature clientele. This clientele had been replaced with price-conscious families with children, a mix of Asian and African Americans as well as Caucasians. Specialty items at The Attic Trunk gradually disappeared, r
false
True or False Alternative evaluation is the process by which people select, organize, and interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the world.
false
true or false According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, when the most important need is satisfied, it will cease to be a motivator, and the person will then try to satisfy the next most important need.
true