MARS final

This wave formed on a river by a flood current is called a/an: (small tide)

tidal bore

Over the past 30 years, Earth's average surface temperature has risen by ________.

.6 degrees C

The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around:

10%

An area that experiences diurnal tides will have:

one high tide and one low tide daily

Why do many health organizations call for local exceptions to the ban on DDT?

outbreaks of malaria have dramatically increased

Of the following types of seafood, which is the best choice for supporting sustainable fisheries?

pacific halibut

If 10,000 kilocalories (kcal) of energy were contained in the primary producers (trophic level 1), on average how many kcal of energy would you expect to be transferred to second-order consumers (trophic level 3)?

100kcal

A full lunar tidal cycle is:

24 hours and 50 minutes in duration

After the explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010, Scientists estimate that BP removed about ________ of the oil, most of it recovered directly from the well, burned at sea, or skimmed by boats.

25%

Since 1750, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has increased more than ________.

40%

Domestic cattle production and rice agriculture release relatively large amounts of which gas into the atmosphere?

CH4 methane

Which of the following is not considered a pollutant in the marine environment?

Phytoplankton

Which of the following is the biggest single source of mercury in the ocean?

burning coal

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.

decreased hurricane intensity

Which of the following statements about increasing ocean temperatures as a result of global warming is correct?

deeper ocean waters are warming faster than expected

Compensation depth is the depth in the ocean where the photosynthetic rate exceeds the rate of cellular respiration.

false

Primary productivity in temperate marine systems is limited solely by the amount of available solar radiation.

false

The Maguson-Stevens Act regulates the fishing industry in all waters that serve the U.S. seafood market.

false

Productivity in polar oceans is:

light-limited

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called:

primary productivity

The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately:

1%

Satellite data show that the rate of global sea level rise since 1993 is on average about:

3 millimeters/year

Approximately what percentage of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the oceans and continents?

47%

The percentage of biomass regularly decomposed within the euphotic zone is about:

90%

In the United States semidiurnal tides commonly occur along the:

Atlantic Coast

Which of the following statements concerning tides are true? Mixed tides are a tidal pattern in which there are two high and low tides daily of approximately equal tidal heights Neap tides occur when the solar tide and the lunar tides are additive, producing the highest high tide and lower low tides. At perigee, tidal ranges are minimized. Semidiurnal tides are a tidal pattern in which there are two high tides and two low tides per lunar day, one high tide higher than the other. Diurnal tides are a tidal pattern in which there is one high tide and one low tide in a lunar day.

Diurnal tides are a tidal pattern in which there is one high tide and one low tide in a lunar day.

Which of the following is considered the world's largest oil spill?

Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991.

Which of the following is considered point source pollution?

Municipal sewage sludge

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. N2 (molecular nitrogen) CO2 (carbon dioxide) O3 (ozone) N2O (nitrous oxide) CH4 (methane)

N2 (molecular nitrogen)

Currently, about ________ of the carbon dioxide humankind releases into the atmosphere enters the oceans.

NOT 1/3

Global temperature appeared to pause its rise following the 1998 El Nino year. Which of the following was NOT the reason for the apparent warming hiatus?

NOT Additional heat reaching the deep ocean heat going missing?

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Some chemicals have been classified as persistent organic pollutants BECAUSE of their toxicity, persistence, and propensity for accumulating in food chains.

NOT The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Chemical dispersant were used as part of the clean up of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil disaster BECAUSE the dispersants are considered less toxic to marine life than the oil.

NOT The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct

the video "Our Rising Oceans" discussed retreating glaciers on the Western Antarctic Peninsula. What is the primary cause for this loss of ice?

NOT increased radiation reaching the surface

Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat on a per-mole basis?

NOT methane chloroflurocarbons (CFC's)

Which of the following has been indicated as a cause of spontaneous abortions in sea lions and the death of shrimp in Escambia Bay, Florida?

PCBS

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Oil spills in the ocean are not considered harmful BECAUSE crude oil in seawater at concentrations of 0.7 parts per billion kills or damages certain fish eggs.

The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

The one-league territorial limit from shore that each country maintains was based on which of the following?

The range of a cannon ball

Which of the following properties makes plastic an increasingly abundant component of oceanic flotsam and very damaging to the marine environment?

They are durable causing them to last almost indefinitely.

The maximum tidal currents are reported:

about half way between high and low tides

The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by:

absorbing surplus heat energy

Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates?

all of the above tropical areas have relatively high primary productivity

All of the following are challenges to managing fisheries except:

all the above are challenges

The ________ force pulls an orbiting body toward the center of that orbit.

centripetal

Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the ________.

chlorination of the liquid effluent

The area of the ocean that produces the largest standing stock of commercial fish is in the:

coastal areas

The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynthetic rate is referred to as the:

compensation depth

Which of the following kinds of ocean pollution is an example of point source pollution?

cooling water from a shoreline plant

Which of the following is not a predicted consequence of global warming?

droughts in prime agricultural areas (NOT)

All of the following are parts of Earth's climate system except the:

exosphere

A diurnal tidal pattern is common along the Pacific coast of the United States.

false

A lunar day is shorter than a solar day.

false

A tidal pattern with one high tide and one low tide each lunar day is called a semidiurnal tidal pattern.

false

An overabundance of organic matter results in eutrophication.

false

Tidal ranges are much greater during apogee than perigee.

false

Which of the following chemical pollutants can cause harmful algal blooms?

fertilizer

Scientific studies have shown that fish exposed to PAHs in crude oil exhibited changes in ________ that are linked to developmental abnormalities, decreased embryo survival, and lower reproductive success.

gene expression

Recent worldwide sea level rise can be attributed to all of the following except the:

geological uplifting of the ocean basins

A spring tide:

has very high high tides and very low low tides

Bioremediation has been particularly effective in marine ecosystems in the clean-up of ________.

hydrocarbons

Where are the large floating regions of trash in all oceans of the world where plastics outnumber marine organisms several times over located?

in subtropical gyres

Natural causes for global climate change include all of the following except:

increase in elevation

Shortwave sunlight passes through Earth's atmosphere, where it strikes the surface and is converted into longer-wavelength ________ radiation.

infarred

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. apogee nadir perihelion perigee aphelion

nadir

Petroleum in the ocean is not considered a pollutant when ________.

natural seepage is responsible

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. flood current ebb current neap tide flood tide ebb tide

neap tide

The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include:

nitrogen and phosporous

The difference between centripetal forces and gravitational forces is called the

resultant force

Up until 1993 New York City dumped which of the following into the coastal ocean?

sewage sludge

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. deep ocean water thermal expansion melting of terrestrial glaciers and ice caps etc

tectonic uplifting

Circulation in which of the following oceans is particularly sensitive to changes in its deep-water circulation pattern that dramatically and abruptly affect climate?

the north atlantic ocean

If the resultant force has a significant horizontal component (tangential to Earth's surface), it produces tidal bulges on Earth, creating what are known as:

tide-generating forces

Energy flow in photosynthetic marine ecosystems is unidirectional in contrast to nutrients, which cycle through ecosystems

true

Marine algae that grow close to the limits of light penetration have accessory photosynthetic pigments that absorb high energy, short-wavelength light in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

true

Most marine algae are limited to depths shallower than 100 meters; however, some red algae have been observed growing at depths of over 250 meters.

true

The amount of carbon dioxide concentrations and available nutrients affect the rate of primary production in an ecosystem.

true

There is no horizontal tide-generating force on Earth at points directly below and opposite the Moon.

true

When spring tides coincide with lunar perigee, the tidal range is increased.

true

An area that experiences semidiurnal tides will have:

two high tides and two low tides of nearly equal height daily

A neap tide has:

very low tidal range