Massive AP Euro Multiple Choice Review (Semester 1)

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Approximately how many enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic between 1450 and 1800? A. 4 million B. 6.5 million C. 12.5 million D. 50 million

A particularly good example of the cultural effects of the Columbian exchange can be seen in Native American adoption of A. the turkey. B. maize. C. the horse. D. the dog.

What evidence supports Frederick II of Prussia's commitment to enlightened values? A. His decision to drastically reduce the size of his army B. His decision to return Silesia to Austria C. His desire to reform serfdom D. His legal reforms

What hindered the development of a unified Italian state during the Renaissance? A. Italian loyalties were focused on their city-state. B. No single Italian monarch was sufficiently powerful. C. No state sought to achieve dominance over the region. D. The general trend in Europe was away from centralized states.

What industry employed the most people in eighteenth-century Europe? A. Coal B. Glass C. Lumber D. Textiles

What influenced the delegates to the Constitutional Convention as they shaped a new form of government? A. The French republican model of government B. The model provided by the British government C. Rousseau's concept of a social contract and the general will D. Montesquieu's system of checks and balances

Thomas Hobbes argued in his 1651 treatise Leviathan for A. a social contract in which society agreed to the absolute rule of a monarch. B. a parliamentary form of government without a monarch. C. a republican form of government. D. divine right.

What was a key demand of a significant share of British industrial workers by the mid-nineteenth century? A. A ten-hour workday B. An annual two-week vacation C. Limits to the size of factories D. Maternity leave

What characterized the relationship of native peoples to Christianity in the Spanish colonies? A. Native peoples converted in some cases, but at lower rates than in areas settled by Protestants. B. Native peoples resisted Christianity, but those who did convert benefited from better treatment as a result. C. Native peoples largely rejected Christianity, as friars were strong supporters of the encomienda system. D. Extensive Christianization took place among natives, involving a complex process of cultural exchange.

What did the outcome of the rebellion in the Netherlands indicate about the state of Spain's power in 1609? A. Spain needed to rely upon support from other Catholic powers. B. Spain's power was limited. C. Spain remained the strongest power in Europe. D. Spain was more powerful than any combination of Protestant powers.

Which of the following supported the French side during the Hundred Years' War? A. Flemish towns B. English merchants C. The dukes of Burgundy D. Scotland

How were children and adolescents punished for infractions in a factory? A. They were made to stop working for a time, thus losing wages. B. They were beaten. C. They were made to work longer hours. D. They saw their parents' wages cut.

How were the Corn Laws revised in 1815? A. To reduce tariffs on grain imports B. To regulate the price of bread C. To ban cheap foreign grain imports unless domestic prices rose D. To sanction grain from France but not from central Europe

In addition to substantial territory, what did Napoleon gain from the 1802 Treaty of Amiens? A. Increased popularity at home B. The right to reorganize western and central Europe C. The right to protect the German Confederation of the Rhine D. Defeat of Prussia

In terms of government, what did Florence, Milan, and Venice have in common during the Renaissance? A. Grand Dukes ruled all of them. B. The Sforza family dominated all of them. C. All of them evolved into republics as prosperity increased. D. All of them were controlled by narrow interests.

Why did French king Charles X invade Algeria in 1830? A. To create an outpost for French farmers and ease population pressure B. To support the Ottoman Empire in subduing a vassal state C. To rally French nationalism as a way to restore the old order D. To punish Algeria for cutting off trade with France

Why did market-produced goods replace homemade goods in the early Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century? A. They were cheaper than the cost of making goods at home. B. Wage earners had no time to produce enough food and clothing. C. They were of much better quality than homemade products. D. Supplies to make homemade goods were no longer available.

According to the map, what describes the state of trade in the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century? A. It was concentrated in and around China. B. It was mostly directed toward Australia and the Malay Archipelago. C. It was centered in India. D. It was centered on Persia.

After the fifteenth century, Prussia was ruled by A. the Bourbons. B. the Habsburgs. C. the Hohenzollerns. D. the Junkers.

How did Napoleon obtain power in France in 1799? A. He imprisoned the Directory and named himself emperor. B. The Directory elected him to replace them. C. He ousted the Directory at bayonet point. D. He was elected by popular vote.

How did rural workers who took part in the eighteenth-century putting-out system use the income they earned from home manufacturing? A. To provide children with an education B. To help meet basic family needs C. To purchase farmland D. To spend on luxuries

How did sexual exploitation in medieval society reflect the status of women? A. Poorer women were subject to sexual exploitation and had little practical legal protection. B. While women were subject to seductions, rape was strictly punished. C. Society emphasized treating all women with respect in public. D. Rape was easily proven, but charges were seldom brought.

How did the British respond to the dumping of tea into the Boston Harbor in 1773? A. They closed Boston Harbor and declared war on Massachusetts. B. They repealed the Tea Act of 1773. C. They closed Boston Harbor, curtailed local elections, and expanded the governor's powers. D. They granted the East India Company the right to ship tea from China directly to its agents in the colonies.

How did the astrolabe assist fifteenth-century mariners? A. They used it to practice and plan long-distance voyages. B. With it, they could determine their precise latitude. C. It enabled European ships to tack against the wind. D. Mariners used it to find their direction.

How did the development of the railroads change industrial production? A. By creating larger markets that in turn encouraged larger factories B. By improving the quality of goods made for market C. By promoting the movement of skilled labor to where it was needed most D. Governments raised taxes in order to regulate the new industrial production.

How did the peasant revolt in Flanders in the 1320s conclude? A. It was brutally suppressed by the French military, which confiscated much peasant property. B. All except the leaders were pardoned by the bishop, although many lost property. C. The peasants were defeated in battle by the local aristocracy. D. The peasants defeated local elites and confiscated their property.

How did the plague spread to eastern Europe? A. Mongol armies invading Poland brought the plague with them. B. Refugees from the Holy Roman Empire brought the plague with them. C. Missionaries preaching against Islam unknowingly spread the plague to the east. D. Infected corpses from plague-ravaged Vienna were often taken east to be buried.

In Prussia, the term "Junkers" referred to A. the peasants in eastern Europe. B. the Protestant church leaders and bishoprics. C. the provinces in Prussia. D. the nobility and landowning classes.

In what way did the discovery of the Americas encourage new notions about culture? A. By reinforcing European notions of cultural superiority B. By leading many Europeans to seek to blend their own and American cultures C. By leading most Europeans to conclude that Native American societies were culturally superior D. By shocking many Europeans into skepticism and cultural relativism

Romantics in central and eastern Europe were well known for A. experimentation with new forms of art. B. uncompromising criticism of autocracy. C. efforts to prove the superiority of their cultures. D. their study of peasant life and transcription of folk songs and tales.

What changed about patronage of the arts in the later fifteenth century? A. Patrons became increasingly interested in self-portraits. B. Patronage by women became more frequent. C. Patrons became less interested in supporting religious art. D. Patrons were more likely to be wealthy individuals.

What compounded the effects of the Great Famine? A. The difficulty involved in transporting food B. The unwillingness of merchants to trade in food supplies C. The unwillingness of the church to provide charity to peasants D. The lack of any grain alternative to wheat

What cultural characteristics were considered by early modern Europeans to suit particular peoples for slavery? A. Large physical size B. Skin color C. A perceived lack of rationality and civilization D. A reluctance to accept Christianity

What did Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century English agricultural writer, say would be the result of enclosure? A. Overcropping and land exhaustion B. Hardship among peasants C. A great variety of employment D. Increased government interference in the free market

What do most historians and microbiologists believe caused the bubonic plague of the fourteenth century? A. Bacteria spread by poorly cooked food B. A rapidly mutating virus C. A mold that spread in damp conditions D. Bacteria spread by fleas

What term is used to describe the Atlantic trade that transported European commodities to Africa, enslaved Africans to the colonies, and imported colonial goods to Europe? A. The Columbian exchange B. The triangular trade C. The colonial trade D. The middle passage

What was Prince Metternich's view of the revolutions in America and France? A. They justifiably destroyed the old order but erred in turning away from the educated aristocracy. B. The moderate goals of liberal revolutionaries were fine, but the radical phase of the French Revolution went too far. C. Middle-class revolutionaries stirred up the masses and bore responsibility for untold bloodshed. D. The revolutions were brought about by unruly peasants and working classes.

What was one of the effects of the Wars of the Roses on England in the fifteenth century? A. A steady increase in royal power B. A massive migration out of England C. A more powerful Parliament D. A weakening of trade and agriculture as well as domestic industry

What was the main market for the cottage industry goods produced in the eighteenth century? A. The general population B. The luxury market of the rich C. The trade market D. The growing government sector

What was the nature of the sixteenth-century Mexica Empire? A. It was largely rural, which led Europeans to see it as backward. B. It was a sophisticated civilization that impressed Cortés. C. It was expanding into the Pacific. D. It was smaller and weaker than Cortés had expected.

When did the British Parliament abolish the slave trade? A. 1776 B. 1807 C. 1867 D. 1833

Which individual helped advance the industrial revolution in German lands? A. Robert Owen B. Fritz Harkort C. John Cockerill D. Henry Cort

With the rise in illegitimacy after 1750, what happened to the stigma of the unwed mother? A. It dramatically decreased. B. It also increased. C. It became shared with the father as well. D. It did not change.

Rural manufacturing was most successful in A. France. B. the German states. C. Italy. D. England.

Steam engines helped transform what industry in the eighteenth century? A. Agriculture B. Furniture C. Food processing D. Leather

The Fronde was a series of uprisings from 1648 to 1653 that involved A. street urchins against the nobility. B. the individuals and factions who opposed the policies of the government. C. Protestants against Catholics. D. the French against the Habsburgs.

The Ottoman sultan's concubine (and later wife) HÂ¸rrem had an unprecedented role A. because she used witchcraft to put the sultan's advisors under a spell. B. and her advice to the sultan showed her political astuteness. C. because she was foreign-born. D. that can be traced to her incredible hardline approach to palace life.

What conclusion can be drawn from the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century social pressures that kept illegitimacy low and brought a couple to marry in case of pregnancy? A. Young people disrespected established moral behavior and needed policing. B. Communities wanted to discourage population growth. C. An unwed mother with child was viewed as a threat to the stability of the community. D. A low regard for the institution of marriage.

What distinguished the fifteenth-century Ottoman and Safavid empires? A. The Safavid Empire was more successful in controlling trade in the eastern Mediterranean. B. The Safavids practiced Shi'ite Islam, while the Ottomans were Sunnis. C. The Safavids were less interested in trade with Asia. D. The Safavids were more powerful than the Ottomans.

What distinguished the relationship to animals of nearly all Native Americans from that of Europeans? A. Most Native Americans did not use domestic animals as food or beasts of burden. B. Most Native Americans respected animals more than Europeans did. C. Most Native Americans considered animals to be gods. D. Most Native Americans used domestic animals exclusively as sources of food.

What do the fifteenth-century records of the Office of the Night in Florence suggest about same-sex relations in medieval Europe? A. They were more common between women than between men. B. They were seldom the subject of prosecutions. C. They were typically limited to unmarried males. D. They generally took place between older and younger men.

What argument did the Scottish philosopher James Beattie (1735-1803) use to challenge racist ideas of the Enlightenment? A. The human race had originated in Africa. B. The human genetic makeup is uniform. C. Class and gender hierarchies are more important. D. Some non-European peoples had achieved high levels of civilization.

What aspect of his father's kingdom did the French king Louis XI improve on in the later fifteenth century? A. He signed a concordat with the pope and expanded his control of the church. B. He married into the Anjou family and expanded the kingdom. C. He gained popularity by lowering taxes. D. He strengthened the military.

What aspect of the Roman Catholic Church had attracted the most criticism by the early sixteenth century? A. The institution of the papacy B. Ongoing calls for crusades against Muslims C. The political support of the popes for monarchs D. The expense of building cathedrals

What role did marriage play in the development of the Habsburg family after 1450? A. Initially, marriages allowed the empire to expand, but by 1500, younger generations sought to break up the family holdings. B. Marriage provided financial resources and then vast new territories to the family. C. Marriage obligations led to wars that broke up the empire by 1500, contributing to instability. D. Bad marriages led to a bloody civil war by the 1470s.

What role did silver and gold from the Americas play in Spain's economic difficulties during the sixteenth century? A. The flood of precious metal helped push prices upward. B. Imported gold and silver led to devaluation of Spanish currency. C. Spain's wealth led to military attacks on the country from jealous European rivals. D. The cost of Spain's overseas empire greatly outweighed the value of the gold and silver it brought in.

What statement describes French colonial trade after the Seven Years' War? A. It was still enormously profitable. B. It was dominated by the fur trade. C. It was not sustainable. D. It was larger than the British trade.

What statement describes a key characteristic of the Code Noir, enacted in 1685 and still in effect in the French colony of Saint-Domingue almost a century later? A. It contained no basic standards of humane treatment for slaves. B. It granted free people of color the same legal status as whites. C. It provided slaves with a means to redress grievances against masters. D. It allowed slaves to buy their freedom after twenty years.

What statement describes an important view of early nineteenth-century socialists? A. Universal suffrage was the key to social betterment. B. Modern capitalism created selfish individualism. C. Industrial development was the cause of social evils. D. What mattered was not class differences but the poverty of the working class.

What was a favorite recreation for men in a typical eighteenth-century village? A. Reading the new pamphlets and short publications B. Participating in games similar to soccer C. Drinking and socializing in public taverns D. Activities centered in the village church

What was a global impact of cheap British cotton textiles in the nineteenth century? A. It increased British dependence on foreign markets, weakening it economically. B. It destroyed the pre-existing textile industries in India and Latin America. C. It helped reduce worldwide transportation costs. D. It meant that more skilled garment industry workers were in high demand.

What was involved in the empirical method that Francis Bacon developed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A. Understanding the universe through a process of deductive reasoning B. Conducting research that included both experimental and speculative methods C. Understanding the dual concepts of mind and matter D. Comparing and analyzing evidence to derive general principles from inductive reasoning

What was one impact of the slave trade on Britain's economy? A. Britain was involved in costly wars to defend the African coast. B. Slavery strictly limited markets for British goods. C. Slavery in Britain kept wages low. D. Britain developed finance and credit institutions.

What was the Chartist movement in Britain? A. A movement organized to repeal the Corn Laws B. A reform movement that presented three petitions to Parliament C. The effort by new industrialists to end "rotten boroughs" used by the aristocracy to increase their power in the House of Commons D. A group of socialists who wanted to end private property and bring a system of radical equality

What was the French response to the American War of Independence? A. To stay neutral B. To help Britain at first but to help the Americans later C. To send military and financial aid to the Americans D. To join with the Dutch in pushing for a diplomatic solution

What was the major achievement of the 1842 Mines Act in England? A. It allowed the creation of unions in the mines. B. It banned underground work for women and girls and for boys under age ten. C. It established a minimum wage for all laborers in the mines. D. It instituted safety standards for mining.

What was the major contribution by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) to the Enlightenment? A. Urging intellectuals to have the courage to use their understanding B. Arguing in favor of governing society based on the general will C. Arguing that the mind is nothing but a bundle of impressions D. Stating that individuals had a responsibility to criticize absolute monarchy

What was the most common job for adolescent girls in eighteenth-century Europe? A. Tailor or seamstress B. Teacher C. Factory worker D. Domestic servant

What was the name of the new, more efficient system of agricultural production adopted in Europe during the eighteenth century? A. The exchange B. Feudalism C. The open-field system D. Enclosure

What was the nature of the new model family that emerged by the late eighteenth century? A. All family members worked for wages. B. The male "breadwinner" supported the whole family. C. Parents worked while older children cared for and educated younger siblings. D. The structure changed from paternalism to maternalism as women earned more money.

What was the political makeup of Africa by about 1450? A. It was dominated by one major power. B. It was composed of countless small, tribal states. C. It was economically backward but had a rapidly growing population. D. Africa had a few large empires and hundreds of smaller states.

What was the reaction outside Paris to the formation of the Committee of Public Safety in April 1793? A. To support the committee as necessary to defend the revolution B. To demand that it take drastic measures to improve the economy C. To revolt against the committee's power and radicalism D. To demand restoration of the monarchy

What do the high death rates among Christian clergy in many parts of Europe during the plague years of the fourteenth century indicate about European society? A. Physicians were more knowledgeable about the best ways to avoid infection. B. Many clergy members embraced their role as caretakers for the sick and dying. C. Family structures were clearly breaking down under the pressures of the outbreaks. D. Jews and Muslims were less likely to be infected than Christians across Europe.

What does the history of fourteenth-century Mali indicate about Africa's relationship with the outside world? A. African states could not compete effectively with those outside Africa. B. African contacts with the outside world were generally very limited. C. Africans were primarily interested in building relationships with Europeans. D. Africans had many contacts with other lands.

What does the map show about Habsburg Austria? A. It was in a good position to unify the Holy Roman Empire. B. It was shrinking in size and influence. C. It was expanding into land formerly or nominally controlled by the Ottoman Empire. D. It was scattered across central and northern Europe.

What effect did prosperity have on the worldview of the well-to-do in the thriving Italian cities of the fifteenth century? A. A spiritual revival swept the city, as many gave thanks for their good fortune. B. Religion was largely put by the wayside, as church attendance plummeted. C. Many came to reject the church and seek new forms of Christianity. D. Many came to see life as an opportunity for enjoyment rather than as a spiritual pilgrimage.

What event transformed the Spanish monarchy in 1496? A. The deaths in a riding accident of both Ferdinand and Isabella B. The discovery of North America C. The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter to the heir to the Holy Roman Empire D. The outbreak of war with England

What happened after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in June 1815? A. He was imprisoned on Elba, from which he soon escaped. B. Louis XVIII returned to the throne, and the allies dealt more harshly with the French. C. The European allies again dealt leniently with France. D. Europe entered another period of chaos and war.

What is one reason that patterns of food consumption for the common people changed markedly from 1500 to 1700? A. With new wealth, they could purchase new foods. B. New methods of preserving foods made them more widely available. C. The new availability of refined sugar and white bread changed their diet. D. The introduction of the potato changed eating patterns.

What provision was part of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, enacted by the National Assembly of France in July 1790? A. Restoring the Catholic Church to its status before the revolution B. Giving the clergy the same constitutional rights as others in society C. Creating a national church with priests chosen by voters D. Creating a Catholic church in France with a French pope

What right was granted to women in the French constitution of 1791? A. To seek and retain political office B. To vote C. To inherit property D. To an equal education

By the 1850s, what advice about the new industrial order was being advanced by influential social critics? A. Middle-class wives and daughter should avoid work in offices and factories. B. Working-class women needed to work harder to bring their families out of poverty. C. Middle-class women should seek more formal education. D. Working-class women could set an example of hard work for the rest of society.

What was the root cause of urban unrest during the fourteenth century? A. Changes in working conditions that disrupted the guild system B. Tensions between supporters of monarchs and supporters of the pope C. Conflict between privileged members of guilds and the urban poor D. Rivalries between recent migrants to towns and long-time town dwellers

What was the significance of Napoleon's defeat by Lord Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805? A. It marked the failure of his Continental System. B. It made Napoleon's dream of invading England impossible. C. It gave Britain control over Napoleon's western European empire. D. It forced Napoleon to end his European campaigns.

What was the significance of the Battle of Peterloo in Britain in 1819? A. The skirmishes reflected the determination of the working classes to oppose the revisions to the Corn Laws. B. It halted the last attempt to conquer other lands by Napoleon. C. It reflected the aristocracy's attempts to halt the expansion of the Poor Laws. D. It reflected the hostility of the British aristocracy to any attempts at changing the status quo.

What was the significance of the French war against Algeria from 1830 to 1847? A. It began the European scramble to divide the continent of Africa. B. It demonstrated the ineffectiveness of guerilla warfare. C. It signified the end of European efforts to prop up the Ottoman Empire. D. It demonstrated the rebirth of French colonialism.

Dutch influence in Asia during the eighteenth century A. remained strong. B. declined. C. was unchallenged. D. grew.

Why was George Stephenson important in the development of the railroad? A. He was instrumental in laying the Liverpool-Manchester railway line. B. He built the Rocket, a locomotive that sped along the Liverpool-Manchester railroad line. C. He built the first steam locomotive. D. He developed the Clermont steamboat, which first traveled on in the Hudson River.

Why was the Medici family important in Renaissance Italy? A. They ruled Milan for two hundred years. B. They ruled Florence for about three centuries. C. They controlled the kingdom of Naples. D. They struggled to restore a republic in Rome.

What were working conditions like for medieval prostitutes? A. Although many became prosperous, their working conditions were difficult. B. Most worked free of government interference. C. Many prostitutes were forced to work and were deeply in debt. D. Most prostitutes worked outside of large cities.

When James II came to the throne, one of his first actions involved A. disbanding Parliament. B. promising to end Charles II's efforts to re-Catholicize England. C. reforming the army. D. appointing Roman Catholics to top positions in the army, universities, and local governments.

Which European state took the lead in providing universal education? A. France B. Prussia C. England D. Saxony and Wurtemburg

Which area in Europe suffered the most from war, famine, and disease in the seventeenth century? A. The German states B. France C. Spain D. England

Which characteristic describes an early nineteenth-century romantic lifestyle? A. A dedication to love, peace, and harmony B. An unrealistic striving for material success C. An obsession with love affairs, duels to the death, and strange illnesses D. A destiny defined or taken care of by God

Which composer used contrasting themes and tones to produce a tremendous output but, at the peak of his fame, almost despaired to learn he was going deaf? A. Franz Liszt B. Ludwig van Beethoven C. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart D. Frédéric Chopin

Which developer helped build the LiÃge area into the center for transmitting industrial knowledge across Europe? A. Friedrich List B. Fritz Harkort C. John Cockerill D. Henry Cort

Which eighteenth-century European leader is considered an "enlightened absolutist"? A. Louis XIV B. Frederick II of Prussia C. Peter the Great of Russia D. George III of Britain

Which of the following was a feature of the Napoleonic Code of 1804? A. Women lost many of their earlier gains. B. Free speech and freedom of the press were guaranteed. C. The democratic principle of one person, one vote was enacted. D. Napoleon guaranteed the freedom of worship to all religions.

Which statement describes religious beliefs in the eighteenth century? A. Popular beliefs and superstitions were on the rise among peasants. B. The ordinary person combined strong Christian faith with a wealth of superstitions. C. The Catholic Church sought to incorporate pagan beliefs into their own traditions and practices. D. Peasants were more superstitious than devout.

Which statement describes the Industrial Revolution? A. The Industrial Revolution built on few past precedents and represented a sharp break with the past. B. The Industrial Revolution was a long, unplanned process that transformed economies and societies. C. The Industrial Revolution would not have occurred without the wars of the eighteenth century. D. Britain led the way in both the political changes of the eighteenth century and the economic changes brought by the Industrial Revolution.

Who commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the early sixteenth century? A. Lorenzo de' Medici B. The Borgias C. Pope Julius II D. The Strozzi banking family

Why did Louis XVI call the Estates General into session in 1789, the first time since 1614? A. High-ranking nobles and clergy said his tax changes needed to be approved by the Estates General. B. He wanted to revive and reform the Estates General into a base of support. C. His advisors convinced him he needed to broaden peasant representation. D. He needed their support to use the army to squash the revolution building in France.

Why did Prussia take the lead in bringing about universal education during the eighteenth century? A. A belief that Prussians had fallen behind Catholic states in terms of educating children B. To establish greater control over society C. To produce a more just society because of improved education D. In response to the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible

In the eighteenth century, poor people mainly ate A. bread and cheese. B. meat and potatoes. C. bread and butter or sauces. D. bread and vegetables.

In what aspect of daily life was the growth of consumerism during the eighteenth century most evident? A. The high frequency of eating at pubs and salons B. The consumption of clothing C. The expense of household furnishings D. The size of the house or apartment

In what sense was the reintroduction of Ptolemy's Geography important for fifteenth-century European mariners? A. Ptolemy's work depicted the world as round and suggested the East could be easily reached by sailing west. B. Ptolemy's work led Europeans to believe that the Americas might offer new trading opportunities. C. Ptolemy's work offered important insights about shipbuilding. D. Ptolemy's work accurately depicted the overall size and shape of the world.

In what sense were the early stages of the Hundred Years' War contrary to chivalric expectations? A. Very few knights were involved. B. English success depended on archery and cannon. C. Campaigns were largely directed against civilian populations. D. Duels between individual knights were common, but not decisive, in the conflict.

During the Reign of Terror from 1793 to 1794, how many people were executed on the grounds of opposing the revolutionary government? A. About five hundred B. A few dozen C. About forty thousand D. About a million

How did King Louis XV revive the monarchical struggle with the parlements in the 1750s? A. By threatening to expand membership of parlements, thus weakening its influence B. By closing the parlements and declaring them illegal C. By reducing the powers of the parlements D. By ending the exemption from taxation that members of parlements had

How did the emerging values of the Italian Renaissance elite influence the themes of art? A. Merchants and the sale of goods became a common theme. B. Classical themes became much more prominent. C. Women were more frequently the subject of art. D. Standardized images of ancient gods spread and were more widely used.

How did the tales of Marco Polo shape the early modern Western understanding of Asia? A. Polo encouraged Westerners to see themselves as militarily superior. B. Polo encouraged Westerners to see themselves as technologically advanced relative to non-Europeans. C. Polo encouraged Westerners to see Asia as wealthy and exotic. D. Polo encouraged Westerners to see cultural differences as less important than trade.

How might Catholics have argued that reforming Protestants undervalued marriage? A. Protestants encouraged divorce of non-Protestant spouses. B. Protestants denied that God had established marriage. C. Protestants accepted the right of women to choose their own marriage partners. D. Protestants denied that marriage was a sacrament.

How was history perceived in the nineteenth century under the influence of the romantics? A. As too mechanical and rigid to explain humankind's values and ideals B. To be organic and dynamic C. As focused on the glory of great men and events D. As needing to explore the influence of women and minority voices

How was the life of a cottage worker transformed by factory work in the nineteenth century? A. Factory workers lived in much better conditions. B. Factory workers were more tightly controlled than cottage workers. C. Factory workers were better paid. D. Factory workers had more leisure time.

How was the revolution in Hungary finally ended in 1849? A. Tsar Nicolas I of Russia sent troops into Hungary. B. The Habsburgs used minority nationalities to fight the Hungarians. C. Traditional forces loyal to the Habsburgs rallied to end the Hungarian nationalist surge. D. The Habsburgs agreed to a dual monarchy with the Hungarians.

What country was the leading European power by 1763, after the Seven Years' War? A. France B. Austria C. England D. Spain

What resulted in Tory prime minister Robert Peel's repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846? A. Support for the act by a majority of nobles B. A push for the end of free trade C. Growing tension between the middle class and working class D. An alliance of liberals and the working class

What role did England play in the conflict between the United Provinces and Spain in the later sixteenth century? A. England supplied weapons and troops to support the Protestant rebellion. B. England provided weapons and troops to support Spain. C. England entered the war in hopes of seizing the United Provinces for itself. D. England remained neutral until it was attacked by Spain in 1588.

What describes the economic climate in the commercially successful Italian cites of the late Middle Ages? A. Wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few, creating social tension. B. Rivalries between merchants led to violent conflict that dampened commerce. C. Wealth allowed many a better material life, and merchants and bankers became patrons of the arts. D. Wealth from trade and commerce was very widespread, leading to shortages of laborers.

What describes the state of African slavery in fifteenth-century Europe? A. It was widespread but diminishing. B. It was rare, as it was condemned by the church. C. It was common, but primarily in Muslim areas. D. It was a persistent part of society and on the increase.

What did Christopher Columbus believe he had discovered in the new lands that he reached? A. Southern Africa B. A new continent inhabited by subjects of the Great Khan C. An entirely new people on a new continent D. Islands off the coasts of Japan and China

What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon, active in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, believe was the key to progress? A. The abolition of states B. Mathematically precise communities C. The revolution of the proletariat D. Proper social organization

What did Dutch monk Thomas à Kempis advocate for in his fifteenth-century classic The Imitation of Christ? A. A top to bottom reform of the church B. The view that Jesus would reject the current church C. The view that the pope represented the presence of Jesus in the church D. The view that Christians should seek perfection in a simple life based on scriptures

What did Henry VII's use of the Court of Star Chamber indicate about his relationship to the common law? A. He hoped to replace the common law system. B. He was primarily concerned with controlling the nobility rather than with respecting the law. C. He believed the common law system needed to be extended in order to apply to the nobility. D. He sought to replace the common law system with the direct rule of his royal council.

What did the Colloquy of Marburg, summoned in 1529, suggest about the nature of the Protestant Reformation? A. Protestants had little interest in unity. B. Protestant unity would be difficult to maintain. C. Protestants would accept Martin Luther as their leader. D. Many Protestants were willing to return to the Roman Catholic Church.

What did the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 accomplish? A. It set limits on the expansion of any one power and thereby put the balance-of-power principle into operation. B. It ended the French and Indian War in the Americas. C. It redrew the colonial empires to update the line drawn down the Atlantic at the Treaty of Tordesillas. D. It forced France to surrender Alsace and abandon Philip's claim to the Spanish throne.

What significant role did Patriot women play during the American War of Independence? A. Raising funds for the Continental Army B. Fighting in disguise C. Rallying support for the new Constitution D. Identifying and punishing Loyalists

What does the conduct of European powers during the Great Schism indicate about their relationship to the church? A. Their primary focus was on the spiritual welfare of their people. B. They paid most attention to what their own bishops felt was best for the church. C. They were primarily concerned with political power and influence. D. They were largely indifferent to the papacy.

What sort of education was offered to young girls at medieval convent schools? A. Preparation to serve as government clerks B. Deportment, singing, religion, and household management C. Focus on the new vernacular literature D. Training in reading and writing

What statement describes the adoption of factory technology on the European continent during the nineteenth century? A. It was surprisingly innovative and lucrative. B. It was relatively slow and uneven. C. Business people were reluctant and resented the change. D. It was sensible and well managed.

What statement describes the empire inherited by the Habsburg prince Charles V in the sixteenth century? A. Outside of the Holy Roman Empire, his holdings were tightly controlled. B. The empire was small but wealthy and powerful. C. The empire was centered on its Italian holdings. D. The empire was vast and incredibly diverse, united only in the person of the emperor.

What does the foundation of the Ursulines in 1535 suggest about the role of women in society during the sixteenth century? A. In many Catholic areas, unmarried women were expected to remain in convents as much as possible. B. Many Catholics believed that it was now time for a female pope. C. The success of the Reformation encouraged many to value women's education more than in the past. D. The role of women in the Catholic Church was becoming more limited.

What does the popularity of John Ball, an English preacher in the 1380s, suggest about the peasant revolts of the fourteenth century? A. Peasants were looking for one of their own to be their leader. B. Peasants sought greater social equality. C. Rebellions could only be put down by brutal measures. D. Peasant rebels were not practicing Christians.

What does the success and growth of the Indian Ocean trade indicate about the role of the state in promoting commerce? A. It was promoted mostly by autonomous port cities. B. It was promoted primarily by the Chinese state to strengthen the empire. C. It expanded dramatically when the Venetian state invigorated it in the sixteenth century. D. It benefited enormously from the growth of state power on the Indian subcontinent.

What factor encouraged North American colonists to resist Britain's attempts to impose greater administrative control after the Seven Years' War? A. The greater social and economic equality enjoyed, at least by the white population, in the colonies B. The desire to finally enjoy a minimal degree of self-government C. The growing economic hardships in the thirteen colonies D. The stubborn refusal of the British Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act

What generally distinguished the early sixteenth-century experience of the Reformation in eastern Europe from that in northern Europe? A. In eastern Europe, ethnic factors outweighed economic ones. B. In eastern Europe, the Reformation was far less popular. C. In eastern Europe, individual reformers played a less prominent role. D. In eastern Europe, secular rulers generally supported the Reformation.

What goal united the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787? A. Creating a stronger central government B. Ending economic depression and social uncertainty C. Winning the War of Independence D. Creating a new executive department

What goods were typically produced by the putting-out system of the eighteenth century? A. Tapestries and fine porcelain B. Textiles, utensils, buttons, and clocks C. Wood carvings, preserves of fruit and vegetables, and baskets D. Books, shoes, and tools

What happened to the Hussites by the 1430s? A. They had been wiped out. B. They reconciled with the pope. C. They had been pushed out of eastern Europe. D. They were recognized in Bohemia by the Holy Roman emperor.

What happened to the Loyalists as a result of the American War of Independence? A. They tried to remain anonymous and avoid conflicts. B. They fled from the thirteen colonies, mostly to Canada. C. They were essentially destroyed by the Patriots. D. They were convinced by British ill treatment to change sides.

What made Baldassare Castiglione's 1528 educational manual The Courtier so influential? A. It was translated into many languages and widely read. B. Its ideas shaped the newly forming university system. C. Castiglione was wealthy enough to have it widely distributed. D. It was written in play form, making the ideas more appealing.

What made possible the development of the public sphere for open debate and critical reasoning during the Enlightenment? A. The reduction of censorship and laws preventing public assembly B. Enlightenment thinkers who encouraged popular debate C. Women who organized public meetings D. Rising literacy and falling book prices

On the eve of the French Revolution, the petition for change drafted by the assemblies of the Estates General showed what about French society? A. The divisions between the three estates and the impossibility of their forming any consensus B. The indifference of the third estate to the political situation C. A widespread agreement that the French monarchy was out-of-date and a republican government should be created D. A general support for constitutional monarchy, in which laws and taxes required the consent of the governed

Outside France, what was a common strain of Enlightenment thought? A. Lack of belief in the possibility of social progress B. Attempts to reconcile reason with faith C. The need for government reform D. The role of the peasant in society

Some fourteenth-century Christians urged the killing of Jews because they believed that Jews A. were poisoning wells to spread the plague. B. were hiding effective medicine for treating the plague. C. were refusing to treat Christian plague victims. D. were all infected with plague.

The development of the late fifteenth-century Christian humanist movement indicated A. the persistence of religious traditions and virtues. B. the deep tensions between humanism and Christianity. C. the considerable intellectual influence of the popes. D. the reluctance of humanists to accept Christian principles.

What argument did Karl Marx make in his economic analysis of history? A. The bourgeoisie brought only harm to society. B. The proletariat would grow increasingly rich until they could overthrow the bourgeoisie. C. The workers must seize the surplus value of production. D. The bourgeoisie would exploit the workers until being overcome by the working-class revolution.

What aspect of marriage did Protestantism leave unchanged? A. Divorce remained banned. B. Women were still subject to their spouses. C. Physical violence remained forbidden against a disobedient wife. D. Marriage was still considered to be a sacrament.

What aspects of Protestant teaching resonated with the educated? A. The rejection of irrational aspects of Christianity B. The urge for a "return to the land" C. The call for everyone to read the scriptures D. The proposal to establish new universities

What characterized mannerism in the paintings of artists such as Titian? A. Domestic scenes meant to inculcate a moral sensibility B. Subjects that were entirely secular in nature C. Use of distorted figures and colors to express emotion D. Classical characters and scenes depicted in contemporary costume

What was the chief value of the scientific method by the end of the seventeenth century? A. Its acceptance by everyone B. Its basis in concrete evidence C. Its combination of Bacon's empiricism and Cartesian dualism D. Its consistency with theology

What was the connection between fifteenth-century European expansion and the Iberian reconquista? A. The reconquista was inspired by the European discovery of the New World. B. The failure of the reconquista led frustrated Iberians to seek success elsewhere. C. The conclusion of the reconquista left Iberians filled with a crusading spirit. D. The reconquista led Muslim states to cease trading with Iberians, necessitating expansion.

What was the goal of the duke of Alva's "Council of Blood," held in 1568? A. To set civil penalties that punished those who killed on the basis of religion B. To exterminate religious and political dissidents C. To plan a war against the Netherlands D. To rule the Netherlands after the overthrow of Philip II

What was the key demand made by the Chartist movement in the 1830s? A. That unions be legalized B. That slavery be abolished C. That all men be given the right to vote D. That a minimum wage be established

What was the name of the executive body that governed France after the execution of Maximilien Robespierre? A. The Directory B. The Committee of Public Safety C. The VendÃe D. The Mountain

Which of the following was a great medical achievement of the eighteenth century? A. The end of the bubonic plague B. The use of anesthesia C. The eradication of smallpox D. The use of aspirin

Which statement best reflects the position of women during the rule of the National Convention? A. Women were restricted from political participation. B. Women's rights and freedoms were moderately strengthened. C. Women continued to take the lead in demanding economic reform. D. There was no change in the position of women.

Why were the indirect effects of war often more harmful than the war itself in the seventeenth century? A. Armies seized scarce food supplies and disrupted farming cycles. B. The battles were fought by neighbors, disrupting relationships. C. Governments rationed precious resources. D. Soldiers indiscriminately killed civilians, leaving few to manage the farm.

What unusual practice was adopted by Anabaptists beginning in the 1520s? A. Rejecting baptism B. Baptizing only members of the clergy C. Practicing annual baptisms D. Baptizing only adult believers

What was Jean-Jacques Rousseau's attitude toward women? A. He called for a rigid division of gender roles. B. He believed that the elite Parisian women contributed greatly to the Enlightenment. C. He believed that women could contribute to a better understanding of domestic life. D. He believed that women should limit their involvement in the Enlightenment.

What was Jean-Jacques Rousseau's unique contribution to the Enlightenment? A. His attack on rationalism and civilization as destroying the individual B. His call for equality between the sexes C. His belief that sovereignty rested in the Parliament D. His support for deism

What was a factor driving the European expansion that began in the middle of the fifteenth century? A. Europeans were urged by the pope to spread the Christian faith. B. Europeans were seeking new sources of slaves after losing access to the Balkan slave trade. C. Population decline led Europeans to seek new resources. D. Rising demand for luxury goods led many to seek new trade routes.

What was a major challenge on the continent when trying to catch up with British industrialization? A. Outside Britain, there were no sources of accessible iron or coal. B. Technology needed to be implemented in stages, without skipping important phases. C. Most of the labor force was occupied with agriculture and the supply of food. D. British technology had become so complicated that few non-British engineers or skilled technicians understood it.

What was one important consequence of widespread aristocratic crime and violence in late medieval Europe? A. Many nobles lost their titles and position. B. Revolts became more common. C. Society became poorer. D. Royal crackdowns on aristocratic crime raised political tensions.

Based on the map, which five powers dominated European politics in 1815? A. Prussia, Austria, Russia, France, and Great Britain B. Spain, the German Confederation, France, Russia, and Great Britain C. France, the Italian states, Russia, Austria, and Prussia D. Prussia, Austria, Russia, Spain, and the Ottoman Empire

How did the music of Johann Sebastian Bach reflect baroque themes? A. Bach's music was inventive and emotional while also appealing to the infinite, or extraworldly. B. Bach preferred secular over religious themes. C. Bach renewed Renaissance themes of stability and order. D. Bach's music was devoutly Catholic and written with the intention of honoring the papacy in Rome.

A trademark of the baroque painting of Peter Paul Rubens was A. a dark and melancholy coloring scheme. B. his fleshy, sensual nudes. C. a serious and realistic expression by his subjects. D. its largely secular choice of themes.

After 1750, what was the educated elites' response to festivals and carnivals that enjoyed popular support? A. They appreciated the vibrancy and meaning added to the lives of working people. B. They criticized the superstition and vulgarity that they felt were present in these events. C. They encouraged the unity fostered by these events. D. They believed the festivals helped develop working-class crafts and specialties.

After 1850, which group of married women was most likely to work for wages outside the home? A. Those from the poorest families B. Those from the lower middle class who hoped to improve their family's social standing C. Those from larger families with more mouths to feed D. Those who wished to pursue a career

After the "Time of Troubles," the Romanovs had several achievements, including A. a drastically increased trade in material goods and wares. B. the establishment of representative institutions. C. a new code of laws based on Western and Roman history. D. the conquest of Siberia.

After the French royal family was arrested in 1791, Austria and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which A. stated their willingness to work with France's new government. B. declared war on France in defense of the monarchy. C. took an ambivalent position that emboldened the revolutionaries. D. stated their willingness to intervene and restore the rule of Louis XVI if necessary.

After the Ottoman takeover, the Balkans A. entered a long period of decline. B. became a haven for refugees fleeing western European political powers. C. were forced to convert to Islam. D. grew and became one of the strongest provinces of the empire.

As a result of the growth of commercial agriculture in eastern Europe during the seventeenth century, eastern landlords A. became much wealthier than western landlords. B. sold directly to foreign merchants, bypassing local towns. C. encouraged surplus production with many incentives to the peasants. D. gave up some rights over peasant life and movement.

As a result of what has been called the illegitimacy explosion in Europe after 1750, out-of-wedlock births increased from an average of 2 percent to an average of A. 3 or 4 percent. B. 10 percent. C. 25 percent. D. 36 to 40 percent.

As midwifery increasingly came under attack, what did Madame du Coudray do? A. She wrote a textbook on childbirth and began teaching birthing techniques to illiterate women. B. She wrote a book to complain about incompetent midwives. C. She advocated the use of forceps among midwives. D. She worked to get women admitted to medical schools.

Austrian foreign minister Prince Klemens von Metternich is often associated with which political ideal? A. Nationalism B. Conservatism C. Romanticism D. Socialism

Based on the example of the Strozzi family, what area was a priority for domestic spending among the wealthy elites of the later Italian Renaissance? A. Furnishings for their urban palaces B. Investments in portable wealth, such as jewelry C. Employment of large numbers of servants for the sake of appearances D. Personal appearance and clothing

Besides wealth, social standing in Renaissance Europe was also determined by A. Roman ancestry. B. fashion sense. C. considerations of honor. D. artistic talent.

By 1850, where was most of the cotton processed in British mills produced? A. The United States B. India C. Brazil and the Caribbean D. Egypt

By what treaty did Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain pledge to defeat Napoleon? A. The Treaty of Tilsit B. The Treaty of Amiens C. The Treaty of Chaumont D. The Treaty of Lunéville

Despite the fact that women were excluded from formal medical education in the eighteenth century, A. midwifery retained a high profile and reputation. B. they performed the bulk of informal medical care. C. the nursing profession allowed women a separate avenue of professional training. D. midwives saved many more babies than surgeons.

Frederick William, the "Great Elector," strengthened his power by A. crushing the Junkers with his powerful army and forcing them to pay greater taxes without consent. B. allying with stronger powers (like France) in the West. C. taxing the Junkers in exchange for reconfirming their traditional privileges. D. elevating the growing merchant classes to balance the nobility.

How did Maximilien Robespierre save the French Revolution from foreign intervention? A. By calling on foreign sympathizers B. By instituting the draft and creating an effective army C. By personally leading an elite army against Prussia D. By promising to end French efforts to export the revolution

How did capitalism transform production in the fourteenth century? A. By concentration of production in a few efficient shops B. By destruction of the guild system C. By rapid expansion of craft guilds and the guild system D. By compartmentalization of production across many households

How did the Catholic Church play an integral role in community life during eighteenth-century Europe? A. Each parish had its own saints' days, processions, and pilgrimages. B. The church encouraged and led poor relief. C. The church enforced laws pertaining to religious practices. D. The church reinforced the aristocratic culture.

How did the Creole elite on Saint-Domingue view the talk about abolition of slavery that arose in the 1780s? A. With a determination to protect their way of life B. By searching for ways to appease their slave population C. By fleeing Saint-Domingue with their wealth D. By looking for an alliance with free people of color

How did the National Assembly respond in August 1789 to the peasant unrest and the Great Fear? A. It encouraged peasants to arm themselves against the nobles. B. It seized the land of the nobles and redistributed it among peasants. C. It abolished noble privileges and tithes to the church. D. It tried to quell the peasant unrest until it had a chance to organize a response.

How did the Reformation of the sixteenth century affect the status of women as religious leaders? A. Women lost any opportunity to enjoy leadership positions. B. Many Protestant denominations moved to end the male-dominated priesthood. C. Despite objections, a few women preachers became enormously influential. D. Women were considered to be spiritually inferior by most Protestants.

How did the reign of Henry VII of England, at the end of the fifteenth century, differ from that of Henry IV, at the beginning of the same century? A. Henry IV was dominated by his queen, but Henry VII was not. B. Henry VII was ruthless in crushing the power of the nobility, which had held the upper hand in the time of Henry IV. C. Henry IV had a much greater revenue and a stronger government than Henry VII. D. Henry VII required more money from Parliament to fight foreign wars.

How did the rights of textile workers change over the course of the eighteenth century? A. Workers gradually won greater control over their labor. B. Workers gained the right to negotiate wages. C. Workers lost traditional rights and safeguards. D. Workers saw relations with employers improve.

In the excerpt written by Cassandra Fedele on humanist learning, in what way did she suggest that her gender shaped her experience of studying the humanities? A. Her lack of reason diminished her understanding. B. She was unlikely to receive any reward beyond pleasure. C. Her scholarship was more influential because she was a woman. D. Gender made no difference in her experience of intellectual life.

In writing about humanist learning, scholar Cassandra Fedele noted that focusing on reason left certain people "scarcely subjected to fortune's innumerable arrows and they prepare themselves to live well in happiness." With these words, she was appealing to the Renaissance ideal of A. virtù. B. fortuna. C. Machiavellian politics. D. utopia.

Maintaining a permanent standing army required A. nobles to purchase their positions. B. army officers to be loyal to their commanders. C. many governments to conscript foreign citizens. D. the monarch to sacrifice a degree of control over the army.

On what criticism of the Roman Catholic Church did Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli agree? A. Both condemned the Mass. B. Both rejected the idea that God was present in the Eucharist. C. Both thought it necessary to establish a new Protestant monastic system. D. Both held that the Bible was the only source of authority for Christians.

Prince Metternich's antiliberalism and antinationalism were echoed by which other multiethnic empires? A. The Russian and Ottoman empires B. The Holy Roman Empire and the British Empire C. The Spanish and Italian empires D. The Russian and Prussian empires

Prior to 1700, what were conditions on slave ships like for Africans being transported to the Americas? A. Slaves were forced to work the ship on their passage from Africa. B. Nearly twenty percent of slaves died on the voyage from Africa. C. As valuable property, slaves were cared for reasonably well. D. Male and females slaves were typically shipped on different voyages to minimize mixing.

Renaissance scholars urged people to seek to achieve A. spiritual growth. B. happiness. C. perfection. D. a fine reputation.

The Dance of Death, a fourteenth-century literary and artistic motif, typically depicted A. an individual in the various stages of life, culminating in a scene of his or her death. B. images of a dancing skeleton leading people to their deaths. C. images of dancing Jews spreading the plague in Christian communities. D. images of plague-infected people dancing in a circle.

The Napoleonic Code (or Civil Code) of 1804 represented Napoleon's bargain with the solid middle class because A. it guaranteed middle-class privileges, such as those to pursue trade and hunting. B. it established the privately owned Bank of France. C. it offered equality to all male citizens before the law and security of wealth and private property. D. it reaffirmed the power of the husband and father over the wife and child.

The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 as A. a general European war between the Catholics and Protestants. B. a territorial war between the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs. C. a civil war in Bohemia between the Catholic League and the Protestant Union. D. a war between England and France that lasted for 37 years.

The critics of the baroque first used the term to refer to A. a highly elitist style and appeal. B. moderate or mundane imagery meant to appeal to the masses. C. vulgar and grotesque themes. D. an exaggerated or unbalanced style of art and music.

The early-sixteenth century humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam was known for what kind of scholarship? A. Translations of the scriptures B. Historical analysis of the life of Jesus C. Critiques of Judaism D. Arguments against study of the classics

The term "Restoration" in seventeenth-century England refers to A. the assumption of William of Orange and Mary to the throne. B. the restoration of Stuart rule with Charles II in 1660. C. the restoration of English rule over Ireland. D. the return of peace after the eventful English Civil War and Protectorate.

The term "baroque" may have originally meant A. a perfectly shaped pearl. B. a smoky or darker-hued pearl. C. an odd-shaped, imperfect pearl. D. any type of pearl.

The term "charivari" refers to what aspect of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century European culture? A. A type of food preparation to improve edibility B. A dress shorter than the traditional dress C. An illness common among those living in crowded cities D. A public ritual by village members to police personal behavior

Under the Treaty of Paris of 1783, Britain recognized the independence of the United States and made what arrangement for its lands west of the Alleghenies? A. Britain gave the lands to France. B. Britain ceded the lands to Spain. C. Britain granted the lands to the Americans. D. Britain retained control of the lands.

Until the work of Isaac Newton in the seventeenth century, the scientific community A. explained the movement of planets but not the forces that controlled it. B. had no understanding of the laws of motion. C. did not realize the revolutionary nature of their findings. D. did not use mathematical principles to explain planetary movement.

Urban VI's papacy, which began in 1378, was weakened by A. his lack of tact and diplomacy. B. his lack of personal integrity. C. the fact that he was not Italian. D. his lack of support.

Urban poor and peasant riots often involved A. peasants who stole baker's supplies. B. a much greater organization of urban and rural societies. C. women and mothers who led the riots in expressing need, not greed. D. a sympathetic response by the local leaders.

What Enlightenment thinker held the idea that a strong commercial life based on competition and fair play would help produce civic virtue? A. The baron de Montesquieu B. John Locke C. Immanuel Kant D. Adam Smith

What characterized the Scottish model of the Enlightenment followed in the North American colonies? A. A preference for reason and science over faith and religion B. An emphasis on self-improvement and ethical conduct C. An emphasis on faith and religion over rationalism D. An emphasis on classification, with the result of greater racism

What characterized the deism of Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson? A. The claim that God can be scientifically proven to exist B. Belief in God but not organized religion C. Advocacy for self-improvement through a religious revival D. Focus on efforts to reform organized religion

What characterized the papacy from 1309 to 1376, when the popes resided at Avignon? A. Luxury, extravagance, and a lack of attention to spiritual matters B. A militant determination to stamp out Islam C. Papal efforts to resist secular powers dominant in Rome D. A focused effort to reform the church

What characterized the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands in the sixteenth century? A. They were largely homogenous and poor. B. They were predominantly thriving agricultural communities. C. They were historically controlled by the kings of France. D. They were self-governing and had their own legal systems.

What contributed to the success of Queen Elizabeth I as a ruler? A. She emphasized her femininity and the need for her people to defend her honor. B. She promised that she would seek a strong man to serve as king. C. She emphasized qualities that most people regarded to be masculine. D. She was a military genius.

What did Amerigo Vespucci realize in the early sixteenth century that Christopher Columbus did not? A. There was no gold in Hispaniola. B. The earth was round. C. A new continent had been discovered. D. Native peoples could be enslaved and turned into a labor force.

What did education consist of in the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries? A. Reading, religion, and arithmetic for boys and girls B. Reading, religion, math, science, and physical activity for boys C. Reading, religion, and arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls D. Preparation for college for boys but no classes for girls

What did liberals of the eighteenth century believe about representative government? A. It should be based on democratic principles. B. It should include only men who owned property. C. It should include all segments of society. D. It was only possible after a revolution.

What did the system of debt peonage in colonial Spanish America entail? A. Signing a contract to establish a clear payoff scheme for a business loan B. Landowners keeping workers in bondage by periodically lending food, shelter, and a little money C. Workers cooperating to organize payment of debts to landowners D. Peasants going into debt each year to plant and then paying off the debt after the harvest

What distinguished Michel de Montaigne's Essays from earlier works? A. They were written in English, not Latin. B. They were published simultaneously across Europe in many languages. C. They were written conversationally and in French, not Latin. D. They suggested that France, not Rome, was the new center of European culture.

What distinguished Renaissance art in northern Europe from the work being done in Italy? A. A greater orientation toward sculpture B. A greater frequency of religious themes C. A higher prominence of classical themes D. A greater likelihood of being done on commission for patrons

What distinguished signori governance of Italian cities during the Renaissance from that of oligarchies? A. Signori governance allowed more popular participation. B. Very little distinguished them, as both restricted governance to a small elite. C. Oligarchies tended to support more monarchical political systems. D. Oligarchies were more popular with the popolo.

What do relations between the condottieri and the popolo indicate about the nature of Italian cities during the Renaissance? A. Cities were politically stable. B. Merchant elites and the common people cooperated in rule. C. Military force could effectively overcome popular governments. D. The trend in Italian cities was toward republican politics.

What do the effects of the famine on Jews and the wealthy indicate about fourteenth-century Europe? A. Wealth and status protected many from the famine's worst effects. B. Urban communities were not seriously affected by the food shortages. C. Jews and the wealthy found it most difficult to obtain food. D. The wealthy and Jews were blamed for the difficulties of the whole community.

What does the treatment of Teresa of Ávila by the Spanish Inquisition in the sixteenth century suggest about the reformation of religious orders? A. The reformation of religious orders greatly concerned those with authority in both church and state. B. The church was determined to stop religious reform even among Catholics. C. Women reformers would not be allowed to succeed in the church. D. The religious reforms of the period were opposed by the Spanish government.

What event provided evidence for the persistence of Catholic belief in Britain after the Reformation of the 1530s? A. The resignation of Thomas Cromwell under pressure from Catholic aristocrats B. The massive Catholic rebellion known as the Pilgrimage of Grace C. The mass conversion of many in the north of England to Catholicism from Protestantism D. The refusal of most of the clergy to accept positions in the new church

What event significant to the Hundred Years' War took place in 1259, during the reign of the English king Henry III? A. The French king agreed to accept English terms for peace. B. Henry pledged himself to be a vassal of the French king in return for clear title to Aquitaine. C. England defeated France in the opening battle of the Hundred Years' War. D. The English monarch died, setting off the Hundred Years' War.

What factors encouraged working-class British women to withdraw from paid labor in the nineteenth century? A. Passage of laws that restricted their employment B. Government welfare incentives that encouraged them to stay home C. The domestic ideals promoted by middle-class women D. The drop in women's wages that occurred after passage of the Factory Act of 1833

What happened across Europe regarding witchcraft trials during the Reformation? A. The number of trials increased dramatically just as the Reformation began. B. The number of trials went into steep decline after the Reformation began. C. Secular authorities lost interest in prosecuting witches during the decades after the Reformation. D. The number of trials was increasing before the Reformation but increased even more rapidly after 1560.

What happened in the Hundred Years' War after Joan turned back the English at the siege of Orleans in 1429? A. After her initial success, the English defeated and captured Joan. B. The French successfully invaded England. C. Joan led the French to recapture most of the country before she was defeated by the Burgundians. D. The French nobility eventually rebelled, refusing to be led by a woman.

What happened to Napoleon as a result of the Battle of Borodino in 1812? A. He coerced Alexander I of Russia into supporting his Continental System against Britain. B. He gained control of Russia. C. He finally defeated the Austrian army. D. He retreated from Moscow with disastrous results.

What happened to a female domestic servant in the eighteenth century if she became pregnant? A. She usually sought an abortion. B. She was fired and then often not accepted back into her own home. C. She went to a birthing house to have her baby. D. She lived with the employer's family, who undertook care of her child.

What happened to infant mortality as a result of the increased use of wet-nursing in the eighteenth century? A. It increased marginally B. It decreased. C. It increased substantially. D. It did not change.

What happened when the Estates General met in May 1789? A. It quickly deadlocked over the issue of voting procedures. B. The first and second estates outvoted the third, angering the latter. C. The first and second estates walked out after the king agreed to expand the power of the third estate. D. The third estate walked out before the proceedings began and formed the National Assembly.

What have historians shown to be generally true about domestic service as a job for young girls in the eighteenth century? A. It offered a young girl protection and security. B. It was easy work, allowing a young girl to get experience. C. It often resulted in mistreatment or abuse of the servant. D. It required girls to work hard but allowed them a new degree of independence.

What inspired Maria Theresa (r. 1740-1780) to undertake reform in Austria? A. The peasant uprising led by Emelian Pugachev B. The loss of Silesia in the War of the Austrian Secession C. Her religious convictions D. Her correspondence with Voltaire

What institution did Italian states of the Renaissance innovate in order to monitor political and commercial relations? A. Networks of spies B. A fast courier system C. Organized cultural exchanges D. Permanent embassies and resident ambassadors

What is one reason that the number of illegitimate births in Europe dramatically increased after 1750? A. Fewer social controls also meant fewer pressures to marry in case of pregnancy. B. More pregnancies were carried to term, resulting in a greater number of live births, including illegitimate births. C. Women no longer waited for promises of marriage before intimacy. D. The definition of illegitimacy was broadened to include more babies.

What is signified by the influence that Bridget of Sweden obtained in Rome during the fourteenth century? A. The power of abbesses in the church of that time B. The corruption of the church, especially in Rome C. The widespread belief in the reality of mystical experience D. The widespread lack of confidence in the pope

What is the name of the art form that championed emotionalism, imagination, and spontaneity? A. Classicism B. Impressionism C. Romanticism D. Rococo

What led China to turn away from external trade in the mid-fifteenth century? A. Court conflicts and struggles against Mongolians distracted the Chinese. B. European encroachment into the Indian Ocean drove China from the region. C. Chinese voyages of exploration across the Pacific took most Chinese resources after 1433. D. Chinese religious leaders began to discourage maritime activity.

What led John Calvin to decide in the 1530s that he should reform the church? A. As a priest, he witnessed the corruption of the church firsthand. B. He believed he was visited by an angel who charged him with reforming the church. C. He was convinced by friends to become a spiritual leader. D. He believed he was called by God to reform the church at Geneva.

What led to the Reformation in England beginning in the 1520s? A. Martin Luther's ideas had particular appeal to English university students. B. King Henry VIII married into Martin Luther's family. C. King Henry VIII broke with Rome over a mix of political, social, and economic reasons. D. Queen Catherine became increasingly interested in Protestantism.

What lesson can be drawn from Portuguese success in trading during the fifteenth century? A. States that closely cooperated with existing trading powers would be the most successful. B. Even a poor country could profit enormously from serious efforts to expand trade. C. The time of the Italian trading empires was long past. D. Trade focused on local commerce could still produce enormous profits.

What limited the careers of female artists in the Renaissance? A. Legal barriers prevented women from painting. B. Women were encouraged to take up only sculpting. C. Artistic careers, because of their public character, were thought to be unsuitable for women. D. Women were not believed to possess the strength of character to be great artists.

What major addition to the Habsburg Empire came after the 1490s? A. Spanish colonies in the Americas were added to the inheritance of Charles V. B. Rome became part of the territory controlled by Maximilian beginning in the 1490s. C. Charles V gained control of most of France after a series of wars. D. Frederick III acquired most of Portugal when he wed Mary of Burgundy.

What name is given to the storming of the prisons by angry crowds, which killed jailed priests and aristocrats, in 1792? A. The second revolution B. The September Massacres C. The Directory D. The Reign of Terror

What new circumstance encouraged European exploration in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries? A. The collapse of Spanish authority in Granada led to a flood of dispossessed adventurers. B. Sailors became more willing to undertake long-distance voyages. C. The pope became increasingly willing to finance voyages of exploration. D. More powerful governments were better able to finance voyages.

What new responsibility was given to seminary professors by the Council of Trent in the sixteenth century? A. To root out heresy B. To prove the existence of God to the Holy Office C. To recruit their best students into the Jesuit order D. To determine if candidates for ordination had a true vocation

What part of Europe had the largest proportion of people of African descent in the fifteenth century? A. Portugal B. The Italian states C. France D. Germany

What place did Portugal occupy in the emerging sixteenth-century global economy? A. Portuguese merchants traded a wide range of goods across the globe. B. The Portuguese specialized in trading with Asia, leaving trade in the Americas to Spain. C. Portuguese and African merchants traded primarily with India. D. Portuguese merchants primarily transshipped Asian and African goods to other major European ports.

What policy did Adam Smith endorse? A. The rise in real wages B. The imposition of tariffs to protect local industry C. The formation of labor unions D. The action by government to equalize access to economic benefits

What question underlay the Renaissance debate about female rulers? A. Did God or the Devil create women? B. Was gender or rank the stronger determinant of social role and character? C. Could women be allowed to have authority and influence? D. Were women as intelligent as men?

What role did Maximilien Robespierre play in the French Revolution? A. He was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety. B. He was the head of the Girondists. C. He was the leader of the VendÃe. D. He was a general in the French army.

What role did material considerations play in the success of the Reformation in sixteenth-century Germany? A. The opportunity to confiscate valuable church lands led some local rulers to endorse Martin Luther's ideas. B. The threat of war and retaliation meant that only rulers sincerely convinced of Martin Luther's ideas opposed the Catholic Church. C. Many rulers were bribed by Martin Luther and by others to support his new ideas. D. The Catholic Church offered substantial sums to those who would remain loyal, but few German rulers accepted them.

What role did sumptuary laws play in Renaissance culture? A. They regulated the right of the lower classes to eat certain foods. B. They helped keep strict boundaries between merchants and nobles. C. They reflected both wealth and honor. D. They strengthened the social position of the poor.

What role did the great imperial powers of the Middle East play in shaping European participation within trading systems of the early modern period? A. Ottoman and Safavid merchants served as go-betweens for trade and provided trade goods. B. The Safavids willingly traded with Europeans, but the Ottomans did not. C. Ottoman and Safavid merchants blocked European access to markets in Africa but not Asia. D. Ottoman merchants supplanted European ones and dominated European trade.

What role did the sixteenth-century religious reformer John Calvin argue that predestination played in human salvation? A. He argued that those who believed they were going to heaven would surely be damned. B. He argued that God had determined beforehand whom he would save. C. He argued that to accept God's will for human salvation was impossible for most people. D. He argued that only those who earned God's mercy were guaranteed to be saved.

What statement best describes the lives of indigenous peoples in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus? A. Most native peoples were hunter-gatherers organized into tribes. B. Most native peoples lived in large, multiethnic imperial confederations. C. Most native peoples were scattered in small settlements across the Americas. D. There were thousands of widely varying groups, totaling some fifty million native people.

What statement describes the early sixteenth-century French and British exploration of the Americas? A. French and British explorers quickly followed into Spanish-explored territories and reaped profits. B. French and British explorers quickly established permanent trading bases in the Americas. C. Persistent French and British exploratory efforts were largely fruitless. D. Initial French and British efforts failed, leading to a disengagement from exploration for more than a generation.

What statement summarizes Shakespeare's literary genius and its place in seventeenth-century culture and society? A. Although brilliant, Shakespeare's works typically focused on the issues of the medieval era. B. Shakespeare's works sought to come to terms with contemporary questions of racial and religious change. C. Shakespeare's works show a traditional perspective on contemporary issues. D. Shakespeare's works dealt almost exclusively with English concerns about their own society.

What steps did eighteenth-century manufacturers take to gain greater control over their workforce? A. Offering higher wages and incentives B. Moving workers into small workshops C. Demanding a pledge that workers would not strike D. Gaining new police powers over workers

What two social groups established communes in cities across northern Italy? A. Members of merchant guilds and the nobility B. The wives of craftsmen and local shopkeepers C. Local clergy working with confraternities D. The urban poor working with mendicant friars

What was a major obstacle to national unity in the nineteenth century? A. The appeal of liberalism B. The lack of literacy among peasants C. The numerous local dialects that existed even in cohesive countries D. The presence of well-defined borders coinciding with each people or ethnic group

What was a result of the new pressures from population growth in Europe by 1600? A. Farmers saw production and incomes rise as they fed more people. B. Population growth resulted in a surge of urbanization. C. Overseas colonization absorbed the surge of population. D. There was a substantial decline in living standards.

What was an advantage that cottage workers were reluctant to give up by shifting to factory work? A. Children were not expected to work long, hard hours. B. Workers benefited from improvements to their cottage. C. Cottage workers could work as much or as little as they wanted. D. Women and children could break up long hours of work with other tasks.

What was an effect of women earning their own wages in the eighteenth century? A. They took on a greater role in household decision making. B. They sought more help with household chores. C. They used wages for nonessential goods, ignoring family necessities. D. They demanded greater political rights.

What was an important effect of Enlightenment ideas on the European colonies in the Americas? A. They promoted greater commerce and trade. B. They emphasized the shared culture of the colonies and mother country. C. They diminished the influence of religion in the colonies. D. They encouraged colonists to aspire toward greater autonomy.

What was an important reason that rural women of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries nursed their babies? A. They believed the Bible commanded them to do so. B. It was believed that the woman would develop a closer relationship with her child. C. Doing so decreased the likelihood of becoming pregnant again. D. There was fear that cow's milk was bad for the baby.

What was ironic about the sixteenth-century scholar Erasmus of Rotterdam's approach to religion? A. He embraced Christian morality but did not accept the divinity of Christ. B. He believed in humanistic education, but only through Christian sources. C. He embraced scripture reading in Latin but rejected it in the vernacular. D. He praised activities that were important to the Reformation but rejected Protestantism.

What was one implication of the compromise at the Constitutional Convention that stipulated a slave would count as three-fifths of a person for determining representation in the U.S. House of Representatives? A. The South would have a greater say in the House, but this influence would be balanced by the Senate. B. The South would pay higher taxes but would also have greater representation in Congress. C. The South would have to fight to maintain the existence of slavery in the United States. D. Those opposed to slavery would have no voice in the new Congress.

What was one of the major challenges on the continent when trying to catch up with British industrialization? A. Continental industrialists had a hard time finding large sums of money to invest in the new methods of industry. B. Continental developers faced greater resistance to the spread of mass-market consumer goods. C. Continental industrialists lacked the land on which to build their factories. D. Continental governments saw no advantage to the Industrial Revolution and supported traditional manufacturing methods.

What was romanticism's general conception of nature? A. Romantics sought peace in nature's quiet solitude. B. Romantics were inspired by nature's tempestuous beauty. C. Romantics preferred the beauty of industry. D. Romantics thought that nature should be exploited in the interest of humankind.

What was the British reaction to the Great Famine in Ireland in the 1840s? A. The British introduced a series of important reforms to mitigate the worst of the famine. B. The British ideology of free trade helped moderate the impact of the famine. C. The British reacted slowly, and efforts were inadequate. D. The British sent food relief, but the effort ended too quickly.

What was the result of Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot's 1776 decision to abolish guilds in France? A. His rise in the French bureaucracy B. Vociferous protests C. Riots across the country D. An economic boom

What was the source of Florence's prosperity by the early fourteenth century? A. Banking, commerce, and industry B. The wealth of natural resources available near the city C. The city's prominence as a pilgrimage site D. Thriving agriculture that generated tremendous profits

When comparing the lives of peasants in eastern and western Europe, it is fair to say that A. no comparison can be made, because their lifestyles were so different. B. peasants in both areas enjoyed a comparable standard of living. C. peasants in eastern Europe had a higher standard of living. D. peasants in western Europe were somewhat better off.

Which Scottish manufacturer argued against employing young children in factories during the 1810s? A. Charles Fourier B. Edwin Chadwick C. John Stuart Mills D. Robert Owen

Who were the targets of the economic warfare established by the Navigation Acts of 1651 and the 1660s? A. The Dutch and French B. Spain and the Italian states C. The thirteen colonies D. The Prussians and Austrians

Who wrote The Declaration of the Rights of Woman? A. Madame de Pompadour B. Mary Wollstonecraft C. Abigail Adams D. Olympe de Gouges

Why did European governments sponsor scientific expeditions in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A. To better understand the indigenous peoples they encountered B. To learn more about God C. To advance scientific knowledge D. To learn about and profit from their imperial holdings

Why did Irish peasants live in abominable conditions during the nineteenth century? A. Absentee Protestant English landlords set high rents and easily evicted tenants. B. Class discrimination in Ireland created stark disparities with landowners. C. Irish cultural tradition and religion limited the impact of the Industrial Revolution there. D. The Irish population subsisted on the potato, which was not very nutritious.

Why did Latin American countries not industrialize in the early nineteenth century? A. They were caught up in wars of independence. B. Aristocrats and merchants there opposed industrialization. C. The land was too sparsely populated to meet the demands of industry. D. Initial attempts to industrialize failed, which halted the process.

Why did Protestants of the Reformation reject Catholic teachings on the sacraments? A. They believed that God did not bless believers. B. They believed that corrupt priests had made the sacraments impure. C. They believed that most sacraments had no biblical basis. D. They believed that the sacraments corrupted the faithful.

Why did many of Niccolò Machiavell's Renaissance contemporaries reject his political ideas? A. He was too concerned with perfection. B. He had been too critical of the Medici family. C. His approach was too pragmatic. D. His ideas depended too much on abstract ideals.

Why did most survivors of the fourteenth-century plague experience a higher standard of living? A. The deaths of so many land-owning nobles decreased taxes and allowed many peasants to acquire land. B. Because of the scarcity of labor, wages rose faster than prices increased. C. Rapidly declining food prices, especially for wheat, allowed survivors to live cheaply. D. A great deal of money was made treating and burying plague victims.

Why did religion play an important role in the spread of education after 1750? A. The state mandated that churches and other religious institutions provide education. B. Many churches established charity schools to teach poor children. C. Competition among different Protestant sects for membership was strong. D. Religious reformers sought to use education to combat new scientific ideas.

Why did some French nobles support the claims of Edward III of England to the French throne in the 1320s? A. They hoped to weaken the power of the French king. B. They feared English military might. C. Based in Aquitaine, they had close ties to the British wool industry. D. They felt allegiance to Edward's mother, Isabella.

Why did the Dutch win so much foreign capital and investment? A. Ethical attitudes and religious toleration created a strong basis for development. B. The centrality of the Netherlands meant that all capital had to pass through its lands anyway. C. Their high shipping rates in Europe guaranteed large returns. D. Their strict trading practices were effective.

Why did the Jesuit order come under attack in the mid-eighteenth century? A. As they became more involved in politics, the Jesuits also gained a broad coalition of enemies. B. They became more rigid and conservative in their style of teaching and education. C. They usurped power from Rome and often worked against the pope. D. They resisted reform of the Catholic Church.

Why did the sixteenth-century reformers Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli argue that they should be released from their clerical vows of celibacy? A. They believed that celibacy went against both human nature and God's command. B. They insisted that although it was scriptural, celibacy was unrealistic. C. They pointed to the scriptural example of Jesus's wife, Mary Magdalene. D. They believed that only by establishing families could they guarantee their reforms would be continued.

Why did workers in France first begin to embrace the socialist message? A. They were more exposed to the ideas of socialism. B. They tended to favor collective action and government intervention. C. France had the most restrictive conditions for workers in all of Europe. D. Unions and collective action in France were already very strong.

Why was Britain in a strong commercial position by the eighteenth century? A. Low taxes meant that people had more money to spend on goods. B. Tied to the land, British farmers were able to produce more food. C. Britain was in a strong trading position in the Atlantic economy and in both India and China. D. Britain had severed its connections with the continent and avoided costly wars against Napoleon.

Why was Mary, Queen of Scots, executed by Queen Elizabeth I in 1587? A. Mary, the wife of Philip II, represented a political threat. B. Mary was demanding that Elizabeth move the English Protestant church in more radical directions. C. Mary was at the center of Catholic plots to overthrow Elizabeth. D. Elizabeth wanted to gain control of the Scottish throne.

Why was the province of Aquitaine disputed between the French and English kings in the medieval era? A. Henry II's wife was from Aquitaine, giving the English a right to the territory. B. The expansionist French monarchy sought a foothold in southern England. C. Both monarchs believed the neutral territory owed allegiance to them. D. The French monarch had inherited the French province from his mother.

Why were the salons, or drawing rooms, of elite women important in the Enlightenment? A. They brought together the ruling classes and the leaders of the Enlightenment. B. They were a place where anyone could drop in and share ideas. C. They were places where people could come, study, and read more about the Enlightenment. D. They ignored all social rank and therefore helped break down the inequalities in society.

One implication of the Copernican sun-centered hypothesis was that A. the universe was much smaller than once thought. B. the earthly world was different from the heavenly one. C. the stars were stationary and only appeared to move as a result of the earth's rotation. D. the sun revolved around the earth.

Printing with movable type was developed in the 1440s by A. metalsmiths. B. papermakers. C. monks. D. Muslim scholars.

The Muscovite princes consolidated and built their power in part by A. winning loyalty from the boyars, or highest nobility. B. freeing weaker Slavic principalities from Mongol tribute. C. building a large cavalry force to expand their control. D. modeling their rule on that of Western states, especially Prussia.

What contributed to an increase in crime committed by the nobility during the later medieval era? A. Many knights felt obliged by the chivalric code to lead lavish lifestyles. B. Many knights sought to punish nobles out of a sense of anger over their privileges. C. Many knights sought to punish the church for its corruption. D. Knights sought to raise money to purchase their way out of military service.

What contributed to the increase in prostitution in Europe during the late Middle Ages? A. The growing poverty of many women B. The large numbers of single men and the late marriage ages C. The inability of town officials to regulate prostitution D. The relaxation of church teaching against prostitution

What did the Columbian exchange demonstrate about the nature of the relationship between Europe and the New World? A. Europeans were not interested in learning from native cultures. B. The relationship generated considerable change in both societies. C. Both cultures maintained an essentially fixed character. D. In matters of diet, people were very set in their ways.

What does the relationship between Venice and Mamluk Egypt in the fourteenth century suggest about Christian-Muslim relations? A. Trade rivalries were likely to lead to war. B. Christian and Muslim states could cooperate to advance trade. C. Trade relations could lead to military alliance. D. Mamluk Egypt was determined to conquer the Italian states.

What major form of Renaissance art was most commonly practiced by women? A. Sculpture B. Architecture C. Painting D. Embroidery

What new model did the slave trade follow in the eighteenth century? A. Use of the middle passage B. Use of fortified trading posts C. Reliance on the shore model D. The Arabic model

What required the greatest outlay of cash for many elite urban families in late Renaissance Italy? A. Building mammoth country estates B. Building grand urban palaces C. Providing charity to the poor D. Establishing a mercenary militia

What role did sixteenth-century Geneva play in moving the Reformation forward? A. Geneva influenced a generation of Spanish and Italian reformers. B. It convinced most reformers that Calvinism was too strict and challenging. C. Calvinism became the compelling force in international Protestantism. D. Calvinism was effective only in Geneva and Scotland.

What thinker of the mid-nineteenth century claimed that "property is theft"? A. Pierre Joseph Proudhon B. Count Henri de Saint-Simon C. Louis Blanc D. Charles Fourier

What was a reason that France became the center of Enlightenment thought? A. It was the home of John Locke, whose work influenced later philosophes. B. The French language was the international language of the educated classes. C. France had the greatest colonial empire. D. France had the most universities.

What was part of the enlightened rule of Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796)? A. Restricting noble privilege B. Improving education and local government C. Maintaining peace throughout her rule D. Limiting serfdom

What was the core message of the Dance of Death, a literary and artistic motif of the late Middle Ages? A. Death is a great evil that all must struggle to avoid. B. Death offered peace and salvation and should not be feared. C. Dying from plague was a sign that one's soul was damned. D. Death was a great social equalizer and would come for people of all classes.

What was the fundamental social condition advocated for in the excerpt offered from Thomas More's 1516 work Utopia? A. Prosperity B. Justice C. Nobles' rights D. Freedom

What was the impact of the Napoleonic wars of 1793 to 1815 on industrialization in continental Europe? A. The Industrial Revolution was temporarily halted in continental Europe by these wars. B. Industrial development was stimulated. C. Continental industrial production was biased toward heavy industry and not consumer goods. D. The Napoleonic wars had little impact on the development of industrial production in continental Europe.

What was the impact of the early eighteenth-century shift toward wage work? A. People could afford more leisure time. B. People did not have to work as hard as peasant farmers. C. People worked harder, and more wage workers per household were employed. D. People had little incentive to work harder.

What was the major reason why serfdom rose in East while it declined in the West? A. During the Black Death, peasants in the West acquired more land, while peasants in the East lost the ability to own land. B. Peasants in the East suffered greater population losses as a result of the Black Death. C. Peasants in eastern Europe agreed to the protection of their nobles more readily than peasants in the West. D. Peasants in the West were better able to organize their opposition to serfdom.

What was the result for Louis XV of his affair with Madame de Pompadour? A. Challenge to his son and heir by an illegitimate son B. Loss of prestige C. Revolution D. Forced abdication when she was found to be treasonous

What was the typical family structure in western and central Europe during the eighteenth century? A. Extended family including three generations B. Nuclear family C. Single-parent family D. Kinship family

Which economic policy was favored by Jean-Baptiste Colbert? A. Laissez-faire B. Capitalism C. Classical economy D. Mercantilism

Which group formed natural allies with the emerging scientists of the seventeenth century? A. Church officials B. Islamic scientists C. Merchants D. Artisans

Why did Oliver Cromwell go to war with Ireland? A. He believed Catholicism in Ireland to be treasonous. B. The Irish refused to go along with the Navigation Acts. C. The Irish refused to compromise with Cromwell's Instrument of Government. D. He wanted to strengthen the security of England.

Why did wealthy women of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries often hire wet nurses? A. To breast-feed their babies B. To serve as caretakers for their children and family C. To care for elderly parents D. To serve as surrogate mothers, because they did not want to risk another pregnancy

William of Occam, the Franciscan friar and philosopher who wrote in the early fourteenth century, argued that A. the pope had the power to appoint kings. B. kings should have complete secular authority. C. church and state should be separate. D. religious orders should be abolished.

In the Renaissance, what was an important distinction between "minor" and "decorative" arts on the one hand and "major" arts on the other? A. "Minor" or "decorative" arts were more likely to be pursued by women. B. "Major" arts were taught only at universities. C. "Minor" arts were reserved for the clergy. D. "Minor" arts were practiced by apprentices rather than by masters.

In which country did efforts at industrialization falter under the weight of lower-priced European imports during the early nineteenth century? A. China B. Russia C. Japan D. Egypt

Peter the Great embarked on a massive reform program to increase state power, which included A. establishing a system of fourteen ranks, with everyone starting at the bottom and working toward the top. B. building new schools and universities to educate every peasant. C. guaranteeing noble privileges and protection in return for their support. D. borrowing money heavily from the West, adding massive new state debts.

How did Henry V of England follow up his shocking victory at Agincourt in 1415? A. He ransomed the French king. B. He unwisely retreated to England to rebuild his army. C. He conquered Normandy and forced a marriage with the daughter of the French king. D. He died of disease shortly after the battle was won.

How did Maximilien Robespierre respond to the economic crisis in France in 1794? A. He remodeled the economy based on the principles of laissez-faire. B. He introduced moderate reforms with few results. C. He abolished many economic controls, which resulted in a deeper economic decline. D. He established a planned economy with price regulation and work projects.

For what work is Nicolaus Copernicus chiefly known? A. Rejecting Aristotle's idea of crystal spheres as the basis of his sun-centered universe B. Rejecting Ptolemy's cosmology in favor of the ancient Greek idea of a sun-centered universe C. Using philosophical ideas rather than mathematical calculations to improve the study of planetary movement D. Challenging church authorities over their insistence that the earth was at the center of the universe

How were steam engines first used when they were invented in the mid-1700s? A. To produce iron B. To pump water from coal mines C. To create a more efficient spinning jenny D. To grind wheat and other grains

In Christine de Pizan's advice to the wives of artisans in the early fifteenth century, what did she encourage the women to do regarding their husband's business? A. Ask just enough questions to make husbands think they were interested B. Work alongside them in the workshop every day to keep an eye on them C. To make sure they were the ones who managed the money in the shop D. To know enough to run the business and supervise the workers

In June 1789, the National Assembly, primarily made up of the third estate, swore the Tennis Court Oath, pledging not to disband until A. the king had met all their economic demands and guaranteed them bread and jobs. B. the king agreed to a democratic electoral system based on one person, one vote. C. they were recognized as a national assembly and had written a new constitution. D. the king abdicated and a new form of government had been established.

In Karl Marx's vision, what would bring society to communism? A. The proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie in a violent revolution. B. A dictatorship of the proletariat would lead to communism. C. The creation of mathematically, self-sufficient communities called phalanxes would result in a communist society. D. The reorganization of society into industrial-agricultural communities would result in a communist society.

What important contribution to European culture was made by Slavic romantics? A. They had a deep fascination with death and a sense of abandonment by God. B. They added a fascination with Asian culture. C. They converted spoken peasant languages into written ones. D. They advocated self-determination for the various ethnic groups.

What name was given to those who sold drugs, herbs, and medicines in eighteenth century? A. Physicians B. Apothecaries C. Faith healers D. Midwives

What policy change did the British enact in North America after the Seven Years' War in part as a response to the heavy debt incurred by that war? A. They raised tariffs on American-made goods to increase government revenues. B. They insisted that colonial merchants buy all their goods directly from London. C. They tightened oversight of the colonies in North America. D. They imposed a number of new taxes on the North American colonists to pay down their debt.

What role did the Ottomans play in Europe during the sixteenth century? A. Ottoman expansion into southeastern Europe as far as Vienna was viewed with great alarm. B. The Ottomans had been stopped at Istanbul, but they continued to threaten parts of Europe. C. Because of their role in promoting trade, the Ottoman presence in Europe was welcomed by most. D. Because the Ottomans in Europe were adopting Christianity, they were welcomed.

What role did the port of Malacca play in the trading system that developed from the seventh century in the Indian Ocean? A. It became an important shipbuilding center. B. It was a great center for silk-weaving. C. It was an important opium-growing center. D. It was a vital entrepôt.

What role did viceroys play in colonial New Spain? A. They had largely symbolic duties. B. They were the chief religious authorities in the colonies. C. They served as military commanders who answered to corregidores. D. They had broad civil and military authority.

What statement describes the situation when potatoes first came to Europe from the Americas in the sixteenth century? A. Use as animal feed B. Use as a staple food C. Destruction of other crops by the potato bug D. Failure of the crop to take hold because of the potato blight

What statement is true of women's wages in the eighteenth-century English textile industry? A. They were held by the employer until the end of the year. B. They were paid out in kind, not money. C. They were about one-third of men's wages. D. They were based on the number of children she had to feed.

What term do scholars use to define an all-embracing national unity, as envisioned by nationalists in the nineteenth century? A. Imagined communities B. Laissez faire C. Socialism D. Bourgeois

What aspects of the ancient past did fifteenth-century Florentine scholars such as Marsilio Ficino come to admire? A. The political structures of ancient Greece B. The philosophy of Plato C. The medical training of ancient Greece D. The poetic tradition of Ovid

What did Edmund Burke argue for in his 1790 book Reflections on the Revolution in France? A. The advantages of inherited privileges B. The need for the French Revolution C. A constitutional monarchy for France D. Extending equal rights to women

What did Ferdinand and Isabella offer Christopher Columbus for his first voyage in 1492? A. The right to enslave any natives he found who would not trade with him B. A viceroyalty and one-tenth of any material rewards C. All the proceeds of his voyage to support the war against Granada D. Control of recently conquered Granada on his return

What did Magellan's expedition accomplish in 1522? A. It reached Brazil for the first time. B. It circumnavigated the globe. C. It was the first European expedition to reach Japan. D. It was the first successful expedition without royal support.

What did Napoleon gain through the Treaty of Tilsit, signed in 1807? A. The right to reorganize western and central Europe B. The title of emperor of France C. Portions of British territory in India D. Most of the Italian peninsula

What did fourteenth-century physicians believe was the cause of the plague? A. Excessive noise and stimulation B. Contact with rats C. Magical letter and number combinations D. Poisonous or corrupted air

What did the Protestant attitude toward monasticism indicate about their perspective on the Christian life? A. They respected the dedication and piety of certain Catholics. B. They believed that monasteries corrupted the church. C. They rejected the role of the clergy in the life of the church. D. They believed that all people were called to serve God in their own way.

What did the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, fail to resolve? A. Religious conflict across Europe B. Who the rightful pope should be C. Conflict between France and Spain D. Who would dominate Italy

What did the combination of nationalism and increased global interaction mean for Europe by the mid-nineteenth century? A. Aggression and conflict B. Socialism C. The Congress System D. Romanticism

What do the difficulties of Flemish weavers after 1318 indicate about the medieval economy? A. It was dependent on weavers' prosperity. B. It was interdependent across national boundaries. C. It was dependent on trade with non-Europeans. D. It depended on barter rather than the flow of currency.

What was one reason why tea and coffee became popular among the lower classes in the eighteenth century? A. They served as stimulants and helped the working class fight monotony and fatigue. B. Tariffs on beer and wine were making these items too expensive to afford. C. New ideas that warm drinks would prolong life encouraged their use. D. They were cheaper than beer and wine.

What was one result of the custom of late marriage in western Europe from 1600 to 1800? A. High levels of adultery after marriage B. The economic advantage that western Europe enjoyed relative to other regions of the world C. Stagnant population growth that delayed economic growth D. A great number of restless soldiers and thus more wars

What factor contributed to the emergence of Catholic cultures in the Portuguese and Spanish colonies? A. Religious laws forcing conversion of local populations B. The establishment of missions and large-scale conversion in those colonies C. The lack of any meaningful spirituality in the Americas D. The affinity of beliefs between Catholicism and Native American religions

What generated the bulk of Spanish wealth in the Americas? A. The hacienda system of farming and ranching B. Sugar plantations C. The slave trade D. Gold and silver taken from mines

What was the background of Ignatius of Loyola, who founded the Jesuits in 1540? A. He had been a bishop. B. He had been a sailor. C. He had been a courtier. D. He had been a soldier.

What was the first area outside the Holy Roman Empire to accept the Reformation? A. Denmark-Norway B. France C. Venice D. Sweden

Which statement characterizes the discipline of children in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A. Discipline was alternated with rewards to generate positive behavior. B. Discipline was reserved for the worst offenses. C. Children were much more obedient and rarely disciplined. D. The discipline of children was often strict and severe.

Why did the consumption of colonial foods expand rapidly in Europe after 1700? A. They replaced European foods that were no longer available. B. Governments promoted these goods to justify overseas settlements. C. Common Europeans wanted to experience the luxurious lifestyles of the elite. D. Emigrants abroad sent new items to relatives back in the homeland.

With which state did Britain fight a series of wars in the eighteenth century to decide who would become the leading maritime power? A. Prussia B. France C. The Netherlands D. Spain

A boom in what crop helped the Dutch establish international commercial ties? A. Tulips B. Cheese C. Cloth D. Timber

A major goal of Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert in editing the Encyclopedia was to A. challenge the French government and the Catholic Church. B. show that France was the heart or hub of the Enlightenment. C. prove the superiority of European over non-European lifestyles. D. encourage people to think critically and objectively about all matters.

A state is considered to be sovereign when A. it possesses a monopoly on the instruments of justice and the use of force. B. a single ruler declares its independence. C. it has a representative assembly. D. the reigning government has been in power long enough.

Absolutist monarchs were ones who A. sought to control all aspects of public and private life. B. gathered all power under their personal control. C. governed as if the affairs of state should benefit the people. D. were obliged to respect the laws passed by the representative institutions.

After 1750, how did the poor meet the challenges of rapid population growth and inflation that were occurring in European society? A. They became even poorer. B. They began to grow more of their own food. C. They demanded and won greater wages. D. They worked harder and for longer hours.

After 1750, which social group more easily engaged in same-sex relationships? A. Young, unwed women B. Married men C. Nobles and royals D. Adolescent boys

At the Troppau conference in 1820, Prince Metternich and Tsar Alexander I agreed to what principle? A. The balance of power in Europe B. Peaceful cooperation C. Active intervention to maintain autocratic regimes D. Liberal reform

Based on Enlightenment ideas, what did some Catholic rulers of the eighteenth century come to believe about monasteries and convents? A. They supported lifestyles that were too luxurious. B. They were too powerful and wealthy. C. They should make a more practical contribution to society. D. They should provide the state with bureaucrats.

David Hume (1711-1776) argued that because our ideas can only reflect our impressions, or sense experiences, A. we can never know anything for certain. B. reason cannot tell us about anything that cannot be verified by the senses. C. we should not worry about human will. D. we should believe in the power of reason.

Early cotton mill owners relied heavily on what source of labor? A. Pauper children B. Women C. Army veterans D. Entire families

Early leaders of the Scientific Revolution like Nicolaus Copernicus were motivated by their desire to A. explain how the world really worked and separate science from religion. B. catch up with Byzantine scholars, who offered a more advanced view of the world. C. create new military technologies for developing modern states. D. explain and thereby glorify God's handiwork.

Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine for smallpox after A. carefully collecting data for eighteen years on dairy maids. B. hearing about the Muslim practice of inoculation. C. experimenting with a number of different inoculations and vaccines to find the right one. D. trying a vaccine on animals first.

Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that girls' education A. was best served by foundling homes. B. was not necessary. C. should reflect their future domestic responsibilities as wives and mothers. D. should encourage their critical thinking.

Frederick William I transformed Prussia into a military state by A. forcing lifelong conscription. B. encouraging cultural diversions for the people when necessary. C. creating a system of voluntary service that trained Prussian men for life afterward. D. rewarding service with lucrative payoffs.

French art and literature in the age of Louis XIV A. continued to reflect the medieval focus on virtue and chivalry. B. was populated with themes of romance and folklore. C. imitated Roman antiquity and was also influenced by the Renaissance. D. was emotional and exaggerated.

In 1653, in order to govern England, Oliver Cromwell formed A. the Triennial Act of government. B. the "Rump Parliament." C. the Protectorate. D. martial law.

In eighteenth-century Europe, public health in urban areas improved as a result of A. campaigns to eradicate insects. B. regular garbage pickup. C. improved water supply and sewage. D. inspection of the food supply.

In eighteenth-century France, what constituted the "third estate"? A. The clergy B. The nobility C. The commoners D. The courts

In the developing system of global trade, what good was most widely traded during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A. Slaves B. Gold C. Silk D. Fur

In what European countries did baroque art develop most strongly? A. England and France B. Italy, Spain, and Austria C. Italy only D. The Netherlands and England

James I, the first Stuart (r. 1603-1625), was woefully outdated in his view that A. England needed to defeat the Bourbon rulers of France. B. Roman Catholicism should be upheld as the state religion in England. C. a monarch has a divine right to authority. D. the peasants should be more clearly tied to the land.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert's mercantilist policies in France involved A. supporting old and new industries, especially textiles. B. discouraging both guilds and the immigration of foreign craftsmen. C. abolishing trade with foreign countries. D. decreasing tariffs of foreign goods to encourage competition.

Madame du Châtelet, in her Foundations of Physics, argued that A. women should have the right to education. B. the quest for truth should not be tainted by love of country. C. the study of physics was undermining spiritual beliefs. D. governments should be run by intellectuals and scholars.

Many urban workers in Britain during the nineteenth century were immigrants from A. India. B. Ireland. C. Italy. D. Germany.

Marx argued that society was split more clearly than ever between what groups? A. Aristocrats and peasants B. Patricians and plebeians C. Bourgeoisie and proletariat D. Boyars and serfs

Medieval confraternities were voluntary lay groups of the fourteenth century that spent their time A. serving at liturgies. B. ministering to the poor. C. assisting in the education of the young. D. raising money and organizing devotions.

Mercantilism operated on the principle that A. a nation's power was based on its wealth, and to accumulate that wealth, a country had to sell more than it bought abroad. B. trade and merchant goods were the key to national wealth. C. encouraged wealth for wealth's sake. D. the economy served the private interests of the monarch.

Most of the gold arriving in Europe during the fifteenth century came from A. Mamluk Egypt. B. the highlands of Ethiopia. C. the Akan people in the western Sudan. D. the port cities of Mogadishu and Mombasa.

Napoleon's attempt to halt all trade between Britain and the continent, or his Continental System, had what result? A. It failed, in part because of a British counter-blockade. B. It succeeded, seriously weakening British power. C. It led to a British declaration of war against Napoleon. D. It created closer French ties with Russia, because the latter had depended on British goods.

Napoleon's control of Europe by 1810, which included the French core, dependent satellites in central Europe, and independent allies such as Austria, Prussia, and Russia, is generally called A. the Confederation. B. The Grand Empire. C. the Continental System. D. the Holy Roman Empire.

One of the results of Prussian militarization was A. a number of technological innovations and advances in society. B. weak overall economic growth. C. a stilted and rigid society. D. a vibrant and colorful military culture.

Scholars have attributed Martin Luther's success to what factor in particular? A. His public speaking talent B. His communications talent C. His diplomatic talent D. His military talent

Seventeenth-century European families were hierarchical and patriarchal, meaning A. the father commanded his wife, who in turn commanded the servants. B. the father enjoyed total impunity in both religious and secular law. C. the wife and children could not expect that a father would provide for them. D. the father ruled his family like a king ruled his land.

Several enlightened rulers, including Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick II of Prussia, had an extensive correspondence with which philosophe? A. The baron de Montesquieu B. Voltaire C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau D. John Locke

Some scholars argued that Renaissance humanist Niccolò Machiavell was being ironic when he wrote The Prince, because he was trying to disguise his criticism of A. religion. B. common people. C. wealthy elites. D. princely government.

Symptoms of the fourteenth-century disease thought to be bubonic plague included A. a painful and boil-like growth, black spots, and violent coughing. B. diarrhea, severe headaches, and painful cysts. C. vomiting, back pain, and crippling joint inflammation. D. loss of vision, high fever, and violent mood swings.

Tensions between André Rigaud and Toussaint L'Ouverture arose in the late 1790s partly because of A. their differences over the meaning of liberty and equality. B. their different backgrounds. C. L'Ouverture's objection to Rigaud's willingness to compromise with the French. D. Creole elite support for Rigaud.

The 1648 Peace of Westphalia marked a turning point in European history because A. differences between European states were now settled by peaceful means. B. it marked the further strengthening of the Holy Roman Empire. C. it brought the end of the Habsburg grip on Spain and Austria. D. conflicts over religious faith now receded.

The Concordat of Bologna in 1516 A. expanded the French monarchy's control over the appointment of bishops. B. allowed the kings of France to take the first year's income of all new bishops and abbots in that country. C. gave the pope more direct control over the policies of French ecclesiastical officials. D. established papal agreement to move to Avignon.

The Constitutional Charter of 1814 granted by Louis XVIII of France A. created one of the most liberal monarchies in all Europe. B. was a limited constitution intended to appease the people without offering any real reform. C. established a liberal constitution with some individual freedoms. D. created substantial reforms but was often ignored by the king.

The Great Schism of the late fourteenth century refers to A. the split between the western and eastern churches. B. the presence of two men who claimed to be pope. C. the division between Catholic and Protestant churches. D. the conflict between the pope and the Holy Roman emperor.

The Hungarian rebellion against Habsburg rule led by Prince Rakoczy resulted in A. another major war between Austria and the Ottoman Empire. B. the agreement by the Habsburgs to restore many privileges to Hungarian nobles. C. the complete independence of Hungary. D. the creation of the Dual Monarchy.

The Mountain allied with what group to seize power in the National Convention in 1793? A. The sans-culottes B. Jacobins C. Girondists D. The Vendée

The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) began as an effort to A. restore the balance of power and reduce the might of France. B. conquer Prussia and divide its territory. C. colonize America. D. divide Poland.

The Spanish defeat of the Mexica Empire in 1521 was the result of A. widespread disease. B. the unwillingness of Montezuma's subjects to fight for him. C. the widespread unwillingness of the Mexica to fight Spanish "gods." D. a brutal and bloody siege.

The War of the Spanish Succession in 1701 was fought over A. who was to succeed to the Spanish throne after the death of Charles II. B. who was to succeed to the French throne. C. the Spanish colonies in the Americas. D. the right of the English to determine who would take the Spanish crown.

The ancient Greek physician Galen held that A. the blood circulated through veins and arteries. B. bloodletting was the only way to treat an illness. C. the human body could not be cured of most diseases. D. illness was caused by an imbalance of the humors.

The average British family of the eighteenth century could spend more on manufactured goods because A. the government printed plenty of money, giving each family more money to spend. B. food was heavily subsidized by the British government. C. abundant food and high wages meant that each family could spend more on manufactured goods. D. each family worked an average of 10 to 15 hours more per week than before.

The baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) is best known for what theory? A. Social contract B. Tabula rasa C. Political sovereignty D. The separation of government powers

The baroque style of art was so popular in the sixteenth century because A. it reflected the peace, unity, and good order that people craved. B. it transcended religious themes and focused on secular concerns. C. it was simple and easy to imitate. D. it reflected the unrest and controversy in politics and religion.

The careers of John Wyclif, Marsiglio of Padua, and William of Occam, all active in the fourteenth century, provide evidence for A. the vibrancy of orthodox religious thought. B. the support of many churchmen for the Avignon popes. C. the rejection of Christian teaching by many clergy. D. the weakening of papal authority in the church.

The caudillos, who played a role in South America in the nineteenth century, were A. strongmen who emerged after the revolutions to rule on the basis of military strength. B. peoples of mixed heritage who led the initial revolutionary surge in a push for equal rights. C. the Creoles who had begun to question Spanish policy and promoted liberal revolutions. D. the oppressive Spanish colonial officials against whose harsh rule the Creole revolutionary movements rebelled.

The colonies of British North America followed what model of the Enlightenment? A. Scottish B. French C. Swedish D. German

The constitutional government refers to A. a limitation of government by law. B. a monarch with an elected parliament. C. the inclusion of a written document outlining rights. D. a system in which the local governments predominate.

The creation of the Protestant Union in 1608 and the Catholic League in 1609 signified A. the breakup of the Holy Roman Empire. B. the breakdown of the truce between Catholics and Protestants. C. the growing division between the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs. D. the formalization of the truce between Protestanst and Catholics since the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.

The development of baroque art in the later sixteenth century was encouraged by A. artists who wanted to minimize the influence of religion on culture and art in society. B. the revitalization of the Catholic Church. C. the emotionalism of the Protestant Reformation. D. a renewed interest in the Renaissance.

The doctrine of the divine right of kings established that A. the king was next to God and no other moral or political authority could limit his power. B. the king was to be honored and served divinely in every way, meaning that he could not have any personal role in administration. C. God had made kings his rulers on earth, and they were answerable ultimately to him. D. the sovereigns were Gods and were to be worshipped by the people.

The early Enlightenment thinker Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) is generally associated with what view? A. Skepticism B. Rationalism C. Humanism D. Cartesian dualism

The fact that humanist educators had students study Latin and Roman history before teaching them Greek indicates what about their educational ideas? A. They saw Greek as harder to learn. B. They considered Latin to be more fundamental. C. They believed most students already knew Greek. D. They did not value Greek.

The invention of printing using movable type was a response to what fifteenth-century development? A. A decline in the number of monks to copy manuscripts B. A rising tide of religious controversy C. An increased need to communicate over long distances D. Rising rates of literacy and demand for reading materials

The invention that dramatically quickened the pace of thread production demanded by the textile weavers was called A. the Luddite. B. the spindle carriage. C. the steam engine. D. the spinning jenny.

The leaders of the revolutions in South America were chiefly A. mestizos. B. wealthy Creoles. C. newly arrived immigrants from the United States. D. the oppressed indigenous population.

The map shows what region to be the heartland of the Ottoman Empire? A. The area south of the Black Sea around the city of Bursa B. The Balkan territories to the north of Greece C. The area between the Tigris and the Euphrates D. The Arabian area of Mecca and to the north

The monarchy was restored to Charles II in 1660 because A. from his base in France, he had built an army large enough to threaten the weak and exhausted English still under the rule of Cromwell's son. B. England was tired of the ineffectual rule of Cromwell's son and wanted a return to civilian government and social order. C. after Cromwell died, there was no one to become lord protector. D. he agreed to retain the reforms of Cromwell.

The new Legislative Assembly of France, which convened in October 1791, was composed mainly of what group? A. Jacobins B. Girondists C. Sans-culottes D. Members of the Mountain

The new sense of unity and dedication to the state that emerged during the French Revolution became known as A. revolutionary ideology. B. nationalism. C. internationalism. D. citizenship.

The term for the castrated males who were groomed to care for the Ottoman female family members was A. the janissary corps. B. the sultan. C. the eunuchs. D. the millet.

The vision of a people united by a common language, history, and culture and with a common territory is known as A. romanticism. B. nationalism. C. imperialism. D. liberalism.

The world's first machine-powered factories were found in what industry? A. Woolen cloth B. Cotton textiles C. Glass D. Railroads

Virtually all the philosophes of the Enlightenment were motivated by their A. desire to secure their own wealth and position in society. B. deep opposition to religious intolerance. C. hope for revolutionary political changes. D. support for republican forms of government.

According to the map, which country emerged as the strongest after the Thirty Years' War? A. The Holy Roman Empire B. France C. Poland-Lithuania D. Spain

According to the map, which territories were included in the German Confederation? A. All of Prussia and Austria B. The western parts of Prussia and Austria and a number of German provinces C. Prussia, Austria, and Denmark D. Prussia and smaller German states, but not Austria

According to the most widely accepted estimates, what percentage of the population in the West did the fourteenth-century plague kill during its first wave? A. About one-third B. Nearly ten percent C. Over one-half D. Around twenty percent

By the end of the eighteenth century, the new scientific ideas were accepted by A. almost all members of Western society. B. the educated elite. C. Catholic and Protestant leaders. D. Anglo-Americans but not other Westerners.

According to the map, which French province was controlled longest by England? A. Aquitaine B. Dauphine C. Champagne D. Languedoc

An underlying premise of the Scientific Revolution held that A. scholars should no longer rely on established authority. B. religion had no place in science. C. speculation was the best way to improve scientific knowledge. D. scientific truth could be determined by reasoning alone.

Compared to their English counterparts, laborers in western Europe A. adapted more easily to factory work. B. organized unions more quickly and more effectively. C. bitterly resisted the move to factories. D. endured much harsher conditions.

During Spain's long seventeenth-century decline, the aristocrats A. left for the Americas, depriving Spain of a leadership base. B. opposed the growing autocratic measures of the crown, which resulted in a long Spanish civil war. C. maintained an extravagant lifestyle, which in turn forced higher rents on the peasants. D. believed in the scientific method, not moneymaking.

During the early phases of the Industrial Revolution, members of ethnic and religious groups A. denounced the reliance on kinship for employment as corrupt and demanded reform. B. found fewer and fewer opportunities and were further marginalized. C. jumped at new chances to help each other. D. were afforded special consideration to practice their beliefs in return for hard work.

In The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) discussed what two basic concepts or issues? A. The American and French Revolutions B. The role of women and men in society C. General will and political sovereignty D. Good versus evil

In seventeenth-century western Europe, the leaders of peasant villages came from which social group? A. Independent farmers B. Small landowners C. Dependent laborers D. Nobles

In the Dutch government, an executive officer of the Estates, or elected assembly, was known as A. a prime minster. B. a stadholder. C. a president. D. an elector.

In the European social order of the seventeenth-century, merchants A. easily bought or married their way into the nobility. B. gradually and slowly displaced the traditional nobility. C. remained outside the social order because of their transience and small numbers. D. could never rise very high because of the prejudice against commerce and money.

Louis XIV designed life at Versailles to A. reflect an intricate patronage system. B. devolve around a series of trivial and meaningless rituals. C. be closed only to those who mattered. D. be a counterweight to the serious governing decisions that had to be made in Paris.

Over the course of the fourteenth century, the Black Death A. recurred intermittently with less virulence. B. recurred intermittently with increasing virulence. C. never recurred after the middle of the century. D. continued to steadily reduce population as it persisted in its most virulent form.

The decline in mortality in eighteenth-century Europe can be traced in part to A. the disappearance of the bubonic plague. B. advances in medical knowledge. C. an understanding of germ theory. D. a decline in infant mortality.

The decline of Spain in the seventeenth century was precipitated by A. the decline of silver mining in the Americas. B. the Spanish crown's refusal to declare bankruptcy. C. a leadership that lacked energy and ideas. D. a large middle class that refused to take up necessary laboring jobs.

The decline of Spain in the seventeenth century was precipitated by A. the rise of silver mining in the Americas, which only caused inflation in Spain. B. the Spanish crown's refusal to declare bankruptcy. C. a leadership that lacked energy and ideas. D. a small middle class that deprived Spain of skilled workers or merchants.

The humorous stories, fairy tales, and romances that were often included in eighteenth-century chapbooks had what specific purpose? A. To provide moral teachings to help believers cope with their daily struggles B. To give people a brief reprieve from harsh everyday reality C. To subtly undermine the class system dominated by the aristocracy D. To advance the Enlightenment goal of building a better society

The rococo artistic style that decorated the salons of mid-eighteenth century Europe A. combined feminine use of soft pastels and sentimental themes. B. reflected the new often masculine interest in machines and instruments. C. used dark colors and simple lines. D. rejected realism and becoming more abstract.

To Americans, classical liberalism, as formulated by the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights, meant individual freedom and A. democracy. B. equal rights for all. C. limited equality before the law. D. equal opportunity.

René Descartes contributed greatly to the understanding of the universe with the idea that A. everything could be explained by analytic geometry. B. a mechanistic view of the universe was too rigid. C. all occurrences in nature could be analyzed as matter in motion. D. "experimental philosophy" would produce a better understanding of the world.

What characterized the relationship between workers and employers in the eighteenth-century textile industry? A. Mutual respect and dependence B. Frequent sharp conflict C. Familial ties D. Strict monitoring by the government

Historians have criticized Adam Smith's views as supporting A. revisionist socialism. B. conservatism. C. women's liberation. D. unbridled capitalism.

How did Western governments support the growth of domestic industrialization in the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution? A. By enacting mercantilist laws B. By adopting high tariffs C. By negotiating treaties to ensure favorable treatment of exports D. By purchasing much of the output to stimulate production

In the sixteenth-century Portuguese colonial empire, what were captaincies? A. Members of council that advised viceroys B. Military commanders of voyages of exploration C. Hereditary land grants given by the Portuguese monarch D. Portuguese royal governors

Martin Luther's assertion, in his treatise On Christian Liberty, that "it will profit nothing that the body should be adorned with sacred vestment, or dwell in holy places, or be occupied in sacred offices, or pray, fast, and abstain from certain meats" could be seen as contributing to the growth of what movement? A. Calvinism B. Anticlericalism C. Jesuitism D. Indulgences

What distinguished Michel de Montaigne's Essays from earlier works? A. They were a series of short reflections. B. They collected the thoughts of many writers in one place. C. They had no religious themes. D. They rejected conventional notions of authorship.

Who decided that Joan of Arc was a heretic and ordered her burned at the stake in 1431? A. The pope B. A pro-English bishop C. Charles VII D. A Burgundian church court

Beginning in the fourteenth century, Venetian merchants purchased and resold high-value trade goods from middlemen in Egypt, including what major product? A. Salt B. Sugar C. Pepper D. Opium

By the end of the eighteenth century, as many as one-third of Parisian children grew up in foundling homes because A. these homes provided better education for children. B. many single mothers abandoned their babies. C. high rates of disease left many children orphaned. D. children, hoping for an easier life, often fled their homes.

By the end of the seventeenth century, a general doubt and uncertainty brought about in part by the Scientific Revolution was also present in debates on A. whether God did not exist. B. whether religious conformity was necessary. C. the "backwardness" of Asian, African, and American cultures. D. the superiority of Islamic customs.

Despite the late age of marriage before 1750, the number of illegitimate births in Europe A. was relatively high. B. was the same as after 1750. C. was relatively small. D. was not recorded.

In which area were same-sex relations treated more leniently? A. Northern France B. Spain C. Sweden D. Austria

John Locke maintained that A. all governments should protect the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. B. there were natural or universal rights that apply to all people (in his terms, men), because all have the ability to reason. C. the most natural political structure was one ruled by a strong monarch. D. all governments should support economic opportunity for all its citizens.

Hoe did merchants of the Renaissance manage to integrate into the noble social elite? A. The merchant elite used new legislation to break down noble privilege. B. Access to wealth allowed the merchant elite to establish their own social elite. C. The merchant elite bought positions at royal courts and worked with monarchs. D. The merchant elite bought noble titles and married into noble families.

How did Alexander I of Russia act in his battles with Napoleon from 1804 to 1806? A. He gradually firmed up his response and enlarged his army. B. He pulled back his armies after quick victories by Napoleon. C. He slowly turned away from European affairs. D. He surrendered unconditionally to Napoleon.

How did many fifteenth-century Europeans argue that slavery benefitted Africans? A. By helping them live longer and healthier lives B. By being better off economically C. By letting them influence European culture in positive ways D. By exposing them to Christianity

How was the conflict between the papacy and King Philip the Fair of France in the early fourteenth century different from previous disputes between secular and papal power? A. It involved military conflict. B. Philip pressured the pope to relocate to France. C. The pope excommunicated Philip. D. Philip imprisoned the pope in Paris.

According to the map, what can we conclude about Spain's international standing by 1715? A. Spain had preserved its influence in the Habsburg lands of central Europe. B. Spain and England now formed a strong alliance. C. The Spanish Habsburgs were able to encircle France. D. The Spanish Netherlands and kingdom of Naples were now in the hands of the Austrian Habsburgs.

At the core of Enlightenment thinking was the idea that A. people could use reason to build better societies. B. one needed to study the notions of sin and salvation to better understand society. C. all humanity was equally endowed if given the same access to resources. D. without the inequality of the classes, society would no longer need government.

At the turn of the eighteenth century, though society was legally divided into the privileged groups (nobility and clergy) and the groups with burdens (peasants), it was also true that A. no one paid much attention to these distinctions. B. the peasants had long been allowed more privileges. C. various middle-class groups also enjoyed a number of privileges. D. the nobility and the clergy had lost most of their privileges.

Before his death in 1422, what had Henry V accomplished? A. He had seized the throne of France. B. He had utterly defeated the French. C. He had forced a treaty that made himself and his sons heirs to the French throne. D. He had forced the French king to abdicate in his favor.

How was infanticide, if discovered, punished by law in eighteenth-century Europe? A. Payment of a small fine B. Death to the person who killed the baby C. Banishment of the woman who did it D. Two years of imprisonment

In the seventeenth century, Galileo provided further evidence for the Copernican hypothesis by A. developing the law of inertia. B. writing at length on cosmic harmonies and elliptical motion. C. discovering the first four moons of Jupiter. D. experimenting with centripetal force and acceleration.

In what way did the political ideas of the Renaissance scholar Niccolò Machiavell differ from those of medieval political philosophers? A. Machiavelli insisted that governments should be judged by how well they provided security and order. B. Machiavelli said that the scriptures were the only guide for politicians. C. Machiavelli suggested that the best politicians were those who pursued their own interest. D. Machiavelli argued that leaders should pursue the greatest good for the greatest number.

In what way did the sense of rights contribute to urban uprisings in the fourteenth century? A. Journeymen and poor masters who were asked to do work they saw as beneath them often rioted. B. Journeymen denied the status of master that they saw as their right often attacked magistrates. C. Journeymen and masters frequently dueled over task assignments, sparking violent mob action. D. Masters were offended by declining prices and objected with violence.

In what year did Parliament abolish British involvement in the slave trade? A. 1807 B. 1863 C. 1701 D. 1776

The Muscovite princes adopted Mongol practices by A. copying Mongol nomadic lifestyle. B. building a large cavalry force to expand their control. C. borrowing Mongol institutions, such as the tax system, postal routes, and census. D. seeking to incorporate Mongol bureaucrats into their own administration.

The Thirty Years' War involved a struggle between A. the French and the Habsburg powers. B. the English and the French monarchs. C. the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs. D. the Swedish and the French.

The first insurrection on Saint-Domingue was organized in July 1790 by A. André Rigaud. B. Jean Jacques Dessalines. C. Vincent Ogé. D. Toussaint L'Ouverture.

The growth in literacy up to the year 1800 resulted in what situation? A. Women were learning to read at rates comparable to those of men. B. Over half the French and English male population could read. C. Nine out of ten men across Europe could read. D. One-third of all men and women could read.

The philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) argued that A. mind and matter represented the two principle forms in the universe. B. nothing could ever be known beyond a doubt. C. God and nature were two names for the same thing. D. all men were guided by their free will.

The phrase "Thermidorian reaction" refers to A. the French reaction to foreign invasion in 1792. B. the seizure of power by Napoleon Bonaparte. C. the opposition of European monarchs to the execution of Louis XVI. D. the reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror.

The popular eighteenth-century song "The Clothier's Delight" expressed what perspective? A. Workers' bitterness over low wages B. Merchants' delight at their ability to control their workforce C. Cross-class interest in expanding the textile trade D. Workers' desire to please their employers

The reign of Ivan IV, or Ivan the Terrible (r. 1533-1584), is noted for A. his use of a large, well-disciplined military force to expand the lands of Muscovy. B. his imposition of strict reforms. C. his war with the Mongols, earning him his nickname. D. his persecution of anyone he suspected capable of opposing him.

The riots of the seventeenth century spread because A. of local women who marched to protest the patriarchal family order. B. strong leadership of early revolts helped spread their message. C. tax collectors abused their power and illegally collected taxes on tobacco and pewter. D. of higher taxes to pay for war and a series of bad harvests.

The social order in seventeenth-century Europe, from top to bottom, can be expressed as A. monarch, clergy, nobles, merchants, and peasants. B. monarch, nobles, merchants, clergy, and peasants. C. monarch, nobles, artisans, clergy, and peasants. D. clergy, monarch, nobles, merchants, and peasants.

What European state had the most progressive civil rights for Jews in the eighteenth century? A. France B. Austria C. Prussia D. Britain

What European state took the lead in building professional armed forces during the seventeenth century? A. France B. Great Britain C. Russia D. Spain

What action did the Dutch East India Company take in the seventeenth century? A. It revived the Silk Road as a trade route to bring spices and silks to Europe. B. It founded a new spice trade in the Indian Ocean. C. It took control of the Portuguese spice trade in the Indian Ocean. D. It began setting up plantation colonies in Asia.

What additional vow did sixteenth-century Jesuit clergy take beyond the traditional promises of poverty, chastity, and obedience? A. To kill any Protestant clergy B. To be particularly obedient to the pope C. To defend each other in all circumstances D. To practice the Spiritual Exercises daily

What appeal did spices have for Europeans by the fifteenth century? A. Europeans used spices as trade goods to obtain slaves and gold in Africa. B. Europeans had found many uses for spices. C. Europeans used spices primarily as medicines. D. Europeans used spices primarily for religious purposes.

What aspect of Thomas More's ideas in Utopia has been debated by scholars since its writing in 1516? A. His condemnation of the rationality of women B. His endorsement of religious persecution C. His encouragement of reasoned disagreement and debate D. His description of a perfect and hierarchical society

What became the principal trade goal of the Dutch West India Company after 1621? A. To control the Cuban silk trade B. To monopolize the sugar trade C. To seize control of the slave trade D. To capture Spanish silver mines

What best describes the nature of the cultural changes that followed the European presence in the Americas? A. Native cultures were essentially destroyed by warfare. B. Native cultures were transformed by disease and warfare, but those societies also influenced European development. C. Native cultures were transformed by contact, while European cultures remained essentially unchanged. D. Both European and native cultures were devastated by disease and conflict related to their contact.

What best describes the nature of the technologies used in European voyages of exploration? A. Europeans developed important new navigational techniques while borrowing innovations such as the lateen sail from China. B. Europeans, eager to engage in long-distance trade, developed a host of maritime innovations. C. Europeans organized non-Western experts to enable long-distance voyages. D. Europeans synthesized knowledge and techniques from the east in developing their long-distance trade.

What best describes the reaction across the West to Gutenberg's development of a movable-type printing press in the 1440s? A. The invention was suppressed as monks attempted to retain their lucrative text-copying work. B. Because the invention was difficult to understand, many years passed before it was widely available. C. Printing presses were quickly built by many craftsmen setting up their own businesses. D. Gutenberg's sudden death slowed the development of printing presses.

What caused inflation in Spain during the sixteenth century? A. American gold and silver inflated prices. B. Spanish trade with other European states depleted domestic supplies of luxury goods. C. The demand for luxury goods grew in both Spain and the colonies. D. Muslim and Jewish bankers undermined the state's financial security.

What characterized market-oriented estate agriculture in eighteenth-century England? A. Landowners directly hired landless laborers to work the land. B. The state owned the land and hired landless laborers. C. A tiny minority of wealthy landowners owned the land and leased their holdings. D. Small and large landowners focused on growing cash crops for the export market.

What characterized relations between the ducal houses of York and Lancaster in fifteenth-century England? A. They competed with each other to serve the kings of the era. B. The house of Lancaster defeated the house of York in a civil war. C. The two houses were the backbone of the English forces that fought France in the Wars of the Roses. D. They struggled against each other for control of the English crown.

What characterized the Reformation in Norway and Iceland during the sixteenth century? A. The people eagerly accepted Lutheranism. B. The clergy resisted the Reformation, but the people forced them to accept it. C. The Reformation was rejected and never took root. D. An unwilling populace only gradually accepted Lutheranism.

What did the English agricultural innovator Jethro Tull advocate? A. Careful rotation of specific crops to replenish the soil B. The use of enclosure C. Adoption of the potato as a human food D. New methods of plowing and sowing seed

What evidence suggests that the enlightened values of Frederick II of Prussia (r. 1740-1786) only went so far? A. He refused to let scholars publish their findings. B. He was not interested in improving the lives of his subjects. C. His legal reforms resulted in poor laws and administration of justice. D. He continued to accept serfdom and the privileges of the nobility.

What function did carnival season serve in eighteenth-century Catholic Europe? A. To give people a chance to release their frustrations over a rigid hierarchy and hard work B. To show respect for the work of the church in society C. To allow farmers to show off the hard work of their harvest D. To show their affection for children

What threatened Spanish efforts to bring American gold and silver to Europe? A. Insurrections among native populations that disrupted mining B. French and English pirates who attacked Spanish treasure ships C. Slave rebellions that led to attacks on Spanish treasure shipments D. Poor navigation and bad weather that plagued treasure shipments

What was a major advantage enjoyed by industrialists on the European continent? A. Innovators had already discovered and implemented new technologies. B. The continent offered more opportunities for trade, creating a bigger market. C. Coal and iron were more easily accessible. D. There was a rich tradition of the putting-out system on which to build.

What was a major flaw in the demands of the Hungarian revolutionaries in 1848? A. The radical Hungarian socialists did not expect the harsh response of the conservative aristocracy. B. The Hungarian revolutionaries wanted to include other minority groups in a unified, centralized Hungarian nation. C. The Austrian monarchy was able to call on the aid of the German Confederation. D. The Hungarian revolutionaries encouraged the minority populations to follow their example and demand autonomy.

What was a result of the identification of liberalism with upper-class business interests? A. Republicans expanded liberal ideology to include universal male suffrage. B. Conservatism became a much more popular political ideology. C. Liberals became more willing to use violence to uphold their positions. D. Liberalism and nationalism became closely identified.

What was one important consequence of reduced caloric intake in late medieval Europe? A. Increased susceptibility to disease B. Increased political disorder C. Higher food production in the long run, as peasants worked harder D. It led many to abandon their faith in God.

What was the dominant attitude toward the training of young artists in the late Renaissance? A. Artists were supposed to have an inborn, natural genius that only needed to be discovered. B. Artists were expected to develop natural talent quickly so that they could begin to earn money for their masters. C. Artists spent years in formal apprenticeships and academic training. D. All training occurred in academic settings under the instruction of professors.

What was the experience of the Jewish network of mercantile communities along the Atlantic trade routes? A. Jews in European colonies enjoyed an equal status with Christians. B. Jews in European colonies faced little discrimination but lacked some important legal rights. C. Jews in European colonies faced discrimination comparable to that in Europe. D. Jews faced harsher restrictions and greater discrimination in the colonies than in Europe.

What was the general project of the French monarchy after expelling the English from nearly all French soil in 1453? A. Consolidating their rule by introducing legal reform B. Expanding the state through war and curtailing noble power C. Strengthening the state by a strong program of church reform D. Instituting a national legislature to expand participation

What was the impact of the Combination Acts passed by the British Parliament in 1799? A. To outlaw labor unions and strikes B. To outlaw the actions of the Luddites C. To regulate the wages of skilled artisans D. To allow British farmers to establish cooperatives

What was the impact of the revolution in Paris in 1830? A. It encouraged socialists across Europe. B. It led Switzerland to adopt its international policy of armed neutrality. C. It caused Great Britain, Austria, and Russia to support Charles X. D. It helped trigger an armed rebellion in partitioned Poland.

What was the impact of the slave trade on Africa? A. African economies made rapid advances as a result of newfound profits. B. African states were seized by European powers to provide a steady supply of slaves. C. The slave trade brought a new wave of white settlement to Africa. D. Wars among African states increased, and population stagnated.

What was the importance of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 for European imperial competition in India? A. It halted British expansion in India. B. It established European trading rights in India for the first time. C. It established a balance of power between Britain and France in India. D. It ended French influence and gave rise to British ascendancy in India.

What was the influence of the Enlightenment in Spanish America? A. The Enlightenment made even greater strides in Spanish America than in the northern colonies. B. The Enlightenment had no influence in Spanish America. C. The Enlightenment tended to be more accommodating toward the influence of the Catholic Church and the mother country. D. Enlightenment ideas increased conflict between the colonies and the mother country.

What was the initial plan of the general church council called at Trent in 1545 for dealing with the reformers? A. That the reformers would attend and a reconciliation would begin B. That the council would unite Catholics enough to crusade against Protestant princes C. That the reformers would abandon their theology once they saw the unity of the Catholic church D. That the reformers would attack the council, galvanizing Catholic resistance to the Reformation

What was the intellectual origin of the Bill of Rights attached to the U.S. Constitution in 1791? A. Montesquieu's idea of checks and balances B. Rousseau's idea of the social contract C. Greek legal traditions D. English law and the English Bill of Rights of 1689

What was the intention of the delegates at the First Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia in September 1774? A. To find a way to peacefully resolve conflicts with Britain B. To seek French help in the dispute with Britain C. To find more ways to resist concessions to the British crown D. To draft the Declaration of Independence

What was the relationship between governments and the scientific community in the seventeenth century? A. Governments supported and directed research, thus helping shape it. B. Governments generally ignored the scientific community. C. Because the scientific community was international, governments worried that scientists worked against their interests. D. Governments tried to control and direct the scientific community from the start.

What was the relationship between technological changes in ships and fifteenth-century European exploration? A. Developments in shipbuilding learned from the Ottomans allowed Venetians to build caravels. B. The development of caravels in England allowed more long-distance trade. C. Portuguese shipbuilders developed caravels to make long-distance trade more profitable. D. Caravels that had been developed for local trade in Spain turned out to be useful for long-distance trade.

Which class benefited the most from liberal political and economic ideals? A. The middle class B. The newly wealthy and business elite C. The working class D. The aristocrats

Which describes a characteristic of the Church of England during the reign of Elizabeth I? A. A hierarchical structure with bishops and elaborate services B. A continuation of clerical celibacy and confession to priests C. A requirement of regular attendance at services and annual public professions of faith D. An adoption of more radical versions of Protestantism, including Calvinist principles

Which of the following was a method used to treat the plague in the fourteenth century? A. Medicines made from plants that oozed liquid B. The sacrifice of small animals C. Burning the skin of infected persons D. Deliberately exposing healthy persons to the infected in order to prevent the spread of plague

Which of the following was a result of the seventeenth century's "little ice age"? A. Industry suffered, and food prices were high. B. The urban poor were protected by bread subsidies. C. European society saw a great rise in humanitarianism. D. England experienced a golden age of economic development.

Which of the following was a result of the seventeenth century's "little ice age"? A. Most people died of outright starvation. B. Farmers had learned to protect themselves with greater crop yields. C. Peasants were welcomed into urban centers. D. Famines and disease brought malnutrition and exhaustion.

Which scientist explained that the heart worked like a pump to circulate blood? A. Vesalius B. William Harvey C. Paracelsus D. Robert Boyle

Which statement best characterizes Oliver Cromwell's relationship with Parliament? A. Cromwell endorsed Parliament and enjoyed good relations with this institution. B. Despite some ups and downs in the relationship between Cromwell and Parliament, the two learned how to work with each other. C. Cromwell fought the establishment of Parliament from the start of his rule. D. Cromwell had repeated disputes with Parliament, which had been granted the sole right to raise taxes, and by 1655, he dismissed Parliament and governed by use of martial law.

Which statement best reflects the role of women in Louis XIV's court? A. They played no role and were sequestered. B. The king's wives, mistresses, and relatives often recommended favors, policy decisions, and alliances. C. They were at court only for appearances and entertainment. D. They were strictly engaged in cultural pursuits of art, poetry, and theater.

Which statement describes housing in the eighteenth century? A. Families began to erect inner barriers and attributed specific functions to specific rooms. B. Families now used the same room for multiple functions. C. Houses became larger, as did the number of people living in the household. D. Cramped houses were made more efficient with fewer, better items.

Who opposed the reconciliation efforts at the Council of Trent starting in 1545? A. Pope Paul III, who wanted to exclude reformers from the council B. The majority of the bishops, who opposed allowing Protestants to attend the council C. King Henry VIII of England, who campaigned for Protestants not to attend the council D. Holy Roman emperor Charles V, who opposed efforts to reconcile at the outset of Trent

Why was Britain in a strong commercial position by the eighteenth century? A. It had abolished all import tariffs, thereby creating greater competition and efficiency. B. English woolen exports had profited at the expense of Flanders and Italy. C. Britain had shifted away from a mercantilism to laissez-faire economics. D. The British were able to copy inventions and innovations developed elsewhere.

William and Mary of Orange A. were invited by Parliament and the Church of England to take the English throne in 1688. B. seized the English throne after it was clear that their forces could defeat James II. C. resisted Spanish imperialism and declared the independence of the Netherlands. D. fled England after attempting to restore Stuart rule.

Taken together, what do the art, literature, and spiritual lives of fourteenth-century people tell us about their relationship to the plague? A. Most were surprisingly indifferent to its effects and seemed primarily concerned about everyday life. B. Most defied death and adopted a hedonistic approach to art and life. C. Most were gripped by an intense spirituality, while art and literature manifested a morbid concern with death. D. Most used art, literature, and spirituality as distractions from the reality of the plague.

The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 A. guaranteed the triumph of Lutheranism across Germany. B. guaranteed the restoration of Catholicism across nearly all of Germany. C. guaranteed that the French king and the Holy Roman emperor would work together to counter Lutheranism. D. guaranteed that German rulers could determine for themselves the religion of their states.

As a result of the interest by governments in learning more about their overseas empires and holdings during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they A. commissioned the writing of encyclopedias. B. began to support new museums. C. supported indigenous guides and translators. D. sponsored scientific expeditions.

As a result of their agreements with the Hohenzollerns, the Prussian Junkers, or nobility, A. saw a rise in their power. B. preserved their role and even advanced their influence. C. extended control of their estates. D. accepted the need for a permanent standing army.

As a result of reliance on steam power, where were early factories built in the nineteenth century? A. Around rivers and streams in rural areas B. In cities C. In large compounds D. In colder regions

According to the map, the textile industry grew most rapidly A. in areas of high cotton production. B. in areas of high population density. C. in areas of low population density. D. around major rivers, which allowed transportation and trade.

According to the map, the vast majority of printing centers established by the 1480s were in A. Spain and France. B. Britain and Scandinavia. C. central Europe. D. eastern Europe.

According to the map, what had weakened the power of Charles V's massive global empire as it stood in 1556? A. Charles V did not control England. B. Charles V's territory in France was vulnerable to attack on all sides. C. Charles V's territory in Germany was mixed in with enemy states and bordered by a hostile France. D. Charles V had lost control of his empire in both North and South America.

According to the map, where did the vast majority of peasant revolts take place during the fourteenth century? A. In Russia and Ireland B. In Spain C. In the Holy Roman Empire D. in England, northern France, and Flanders

By the end of the eighteenth century, a typical household included A. a common dish for serving, with each person dipping a spoon into the pot. B. cleaner coal stoves. C. a bed for each individual. D. an open fire for easier cooking.

According to the map, after their expulsion from Spain in 1492, the vast majority of Jews who left Spain went to A. Christian areas of the Mediterranean world. B. the Italian peninsula. C. many places throughout the Mediterranean world. D. northern Europe.

Which Cossack soldier mobilized a peasant uprising in 1773 during the reign of Catherine the Great? A. Olaudah Equiano B. Stenka Razin C. Emelian Pugachev D. Gregory Orlov

According to the map, what characterized the voyages of Chinese Admiral Zheng He? A. They headed into the uncharted Pacific. B. They headed primarily to the Malay Archipelago. C. They included many stops but seem to have focused primarily on reaching Madagascar. D. They primarily followed well-established trade routes.

Which Enlightenment figure challenged racist ideas and slavery? A. Immanuel Kant B. Voltaire C. The abbé Raynal D. Thomas Jefferson

According to the map, what was the overall effect of the Hundred Years' War on the territorial holdings of the powers involved? A. France lost a large percentage of its holdings. B. Both powers maintained roughly the same borders throughout the conflict. C. England lost a small percentage of its holdings. D. England lost nearly all of its territories on the European mainland.

According to the map, where was Protestantism most common by 1555? A. Northern Europe B. Central Europe C. Southern Europe D. Eastern Europe

According to the map, where was the Huguenot presence in France strongest? A. Southwestern France B. Northeastern France C. Central France D. Eastern France

According to the sixteenth-century Council of Trent, what was the basis for Catholic teaching and authority? A. The scriptures and tradition B. The infallible proclamations of the pope C. The word of God as received directly by the bishops D. The Holy Office

By the late eighteenth century, ordinary people were exposed to Enlightenment ideas in a variety of ways, including A. the popularity of Enlightenment texts among masses of working people. B. the rumors and gossip that spread across city streets, markets, and taverns. C. lectures by Enlightened thinkers who traveled to reach greater numbers of working people. D. the support of the church, which spread Enlightenment ideas.

By the seventeenth century, the numerous legal restrictions on serfs in eastern Europe included A. laws governing how peasants sold their crops. B. strict protection for dowries and inheritances. C. what to do with surpluses after obligations were met. D. requiring their lord's permission to marry.

After the Thirty Years' War, the Habsburgs A. turned the Holy Roman Empire into a unified state. B. gave up their effort to unify central Europe and turned inward and eastward. C. worked to expand Protestantism in the German lands. D. emerged as a strong force in Europe as a result of their victory in Bohemia.

How effective were the responses of Edward II and the sons of Philip the Fair to the food shortages of the fourteenth century? A. They managed to reduce food prices, and many people survived as a consequence. B. Their harsh measures led to widespread revolts. C. Their efforts had few actual results. D. Their efforts mostly benefited the aristocracy.

How important were profits from colonial plantations and slave trading to the British national income in the eighteenth century? A. Profits from slavery had a significant impact on domestic income. B. Slavery resulted in losses, not profits, for the British economy. C. Only a small portion of direct profits can be linked to slavery. D. Profits from slavery fueled industrialization.

How was French administration of its American colonies similar to that of Portugal and Spain? A. Initial reliance on independent action was replaced by central control. B. French authorities pursed friendly relations with Native Americans. C. All three countries ran their colonies through a body like Spain's Council of the Indies. D. All three powers ruled through a system of military governors.

How were Isabella and the English king Edward III affected by Salic law? A. According to Salic law, Isabella was supposed to become queen of France. B. According to Salic law, Edward III was supposed to become king of France. C. Isabella rejected the assertion that under Salic law, she could never be queen of England. D. French lawyers claimed that Salic law barred Isabella and Edward III from reigning in France.

How were Martin Luther's teachings related to the ideas of the Christian humanists? A. Luther's teachings were too theologically sophisticated for most humanists. B. Luther's determination to translate the scriptures worried many humanists who preferred that they be read in Latin. C. Luther's hostility toward Christian humanism undermined any possible cooperation. D. Luther's teachings resonated with many Christian humanists.

How were journeymen in particular affected by the economic changes of the fourteenth century? A. They were increasingly prevented from becoming masters. B. They were increasingly not needed as producers. C. Fewer of them were taken into guilds. D. They profited from the changes by launching their own businesses.

If the plague was spread in part through long-distance trade, what does the map indicate was the part of Europe with the most localized commerce? A. Southern Europe B. Northern Europe C. Eastern Europe D. The British Isles

In her pursuit of more territory in the 1760s and 1770s, Catherine the Great of Russia won unexpected victories against which power? A. The Ottoman Empire B. Prussia C. Austria D. Britain

Where did Pietism begin in the late seventeenth century? A. North America B. Germany C. Spain D. France

Why did the North American colonies object to the Tea Act of 1773? A. It made tea more expensive in the thirteen colonies. B. It gave the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade, excluding colonial merchants. C. The act forced the tea trade to be conducted through London middlemen. D. It imposed yet another tax on the colonies.

Among what social group was Jansenism most popular? A. The French urban elite B. The French peasants C. The French monarchists D. Monks and other religious

How did Alexis de Tocqueville explain the election of the centrist Constituent Assembly in May 1848? A. The peasants and the middle classes, bound together by their ownership of property, opposed the growing socialist movement. B. The upper and middle classes controlled state power and the National Guard to influence the outcome of the election. C. The influence of Louis Napoleon, Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew, helped determine the outcome of the election. D. The working classes were tired of the ineffective workshops and wanted reforms to address economic problems.

How did France's Legislative Assembly respond to the Declaration of Pillnitz in 1791? A. It threatened to arrest anyone opposing the revolution. B. It declared that France would now become a republic. C. It declared war on Austria. D. It professed its intention to spread the French Revolution abroad.

In 1790, the National Assembly adopted which reform? A. Abolishing the monarchy B. Increasing food subsidies for the poor C. Abolishing the nobility D. Granting full civil rights to women

The end of the persecution of witches across Europe by the start of the eighteenth century is associated with what trend? A. The rise of Pietism B. The growing intellectual disdain for popular beliefs and superstitions C. The strengthening of pagan and other popular beliefs D. The decline of women's legal rights

The industrial development in Britain would not have been possible without A. the period of favorable weather conditions that stimulated agricultural growth. B. the rapid population growth. C. the new era of peace in Europe. D. the loss of the American colonies.

This map of the Atlantic economy shows the importance of A. silver from Spanish colonies and gold from Africa coming to Europe. B. slaves from Africa moving to Europe and the Americas. C. sugar from the Americas and Africa to Europe. D. corn and potatoes from the Americas to Europe.

This map shows that the Napoleon's French empire included what area or areas? A. Norway and Denmark B. The Grand Duchy of Warsaw C. Spain but not Portugal D. Sections of the Italian peninsula

A constitutionalist government was one that A. sought to control all aspects of public and private life. B. gathered all power under their personal control. C. governed as if the affairs of state should benefit the people. D. were obliged to respect the laws passed by the representative institutions.

A country's industrial output most directly related to what factor? A. The country's size B. The country's use of power-driven technology C. The country's resources D. The country's literacy rate

A major result of the new canal and road building in western Europe during the eighteenth century was A. the breakup of family farms to accommodate road building. B. the possibility of bringing emergency supplies into areas suffering from famine. C. greater autonomy for farmers, who could move more readily to avoid taxes. D. more rapid spread of the bubonic plague.

According to the fifteenth-century Renaissance scholar Giovanni Pico della Mirandola in On the Dignity of Man, why did God create humans? A. So man could become whatever he chose to be B. So men could honor women C. So people could fall in love D. To serve as the master of creation

According to the map, what distinguished Spanish from Portuguese explorations in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A. The Portuguese were less likely to establish settlements and trading posts. B. Spanish explorers focused on exploring Asia. C. Portuguese explorers generally stayed closer to Europe. D. Spanish colonies extended across more territory.

According to the map, what had weakened the power of Charles V's massive global empire as it stood in 1556? A. His empire was too focused on northern Europe. B. His empire included vast territories where his control was more theoretical than real. C. His empire was based primarily in North and South America. D. His empire's extensive holdings in eastern Europe were too far from Spain.

According to the map, what three states partitioned Poland? A. Germany, Sweden, and Denmark B. Britain, France, and Lithuania C. Russia, Austria, and Prussia D. Finland, the Ottoman Empire, and Bohemia

According to the map, what was distinctive about the territory of Venice in the fifteenth century? A. Venetian territory was compact and defensible. B. Venetian territory included holdings in France. C. Venetian territory included extensive holdings outside Italy. D. Venetian territory came to include Rome.

According to the map, what was the demographic configuration of the Habsburg monarchy? A. It was a patchwork of nationalities, with Germans and Hungarians widely scattered. B. It was predominantly German. C. Romanians were confined to a tiny area. D. The Hungarians were the most populous nationality in the empire.

After the Troppau conference in 1820, where did Austrian troops restore autocratic rule? A. Spain B. The kingdom of the Two Sicilies C. Bohemia D. The kingdom of Poland

Aristotle distinguished between what types of elements? A. Hot (fire and light) and cold (water and dark) B. Light (air and fire) and heavy (water and earth) C. Lunar (sky and heaven) and sublunar (earth and hell) D. Animal (definitely an element), vegetable, and mineral

As Britain produced more manufactured goods and its gross national product rose fourfold from 1780 to 1850, who consumed the increased output? A. Colonists in India and the Americas B. Continental Europeans C. The British themselves, as a result of rapid population growth D. The huge population of China

As France's national debt soared in the late eighteenth century, how did the government respond? A. By borrowing from abroad B. By printing more money, which caused inflation C. By increasing taxes D. By reducing budgets and subsidies

As Napoleon expanded his empire across Europe, he abolished feudal dues A. and put into effect many other liberal reforms. B. and became an enduring hero among the peasants and middle class. C. but then caused resentment by levying heavy taxes to support his army. D. but was often met with immediate resistance.

As a result of imperialism and economic competition, many non-Western regions A. industrialized at much greater expense than in the West. B. chose not to industrialize. C. became increasingly dependent on the West. D. imposed high tariffs to protect their own domestic industry.

Based on the map of the French colony of Saint-Domingue, what is one reason the French shifted the capital from Le Cap to Port-au-Prince? A. Le Cap was too close to the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo. B. Port-au-Prince was closer to the Atlantic and therefore easier for French troops to access. C. Slave revolts that occurred in the north threatened Le Cap. D. More free people of color lived near Port-au-Prince.

Based on the map, how did the partition of Poland benefit Prussia? A. It united East and West Prussia. B. It expanded Prussia into Galicia. C. It left a small Poland to serve as a buffer with Russia. D. It gave Prussia its first port on the Baltic Sea.

Before the Scientific Revolution elevated and transformed scientific disciplines, what was one of the most important fields of study? A. Natural philosophy B. Chemistry C. Biology D. Mathematics

By 1799, after ten years of revolution, what was the attitude of the French people toward government? A. Most people were happy with its progress. B. Most wanted to continue pursuing revolutionary goals. C. The French were more divided and rebellious than ever. D. Most were ready to end uncertainty with a firm leader in place.

By 1848, Karl Marx's statement about "a spectre" of communism haunting Europe A. was a warning to capitalists that the proletariat was ready to rise against them. B. reflected the seriousness of the Communist movement in the mid-nineteenth century. C. was highly exaggerated. D. illustrated the international ties of the working class.

By the 1700s, Louis XIV's rule had brought France A. destruction and a much smaller state. B. to the height of its power and reflected the ability of Louis to act with impunity. C. much glory and goodwill from monarchs who now strove to emulate his example. D. high taxes, weak agricultural development, and even crop failure and malnutrition.

By the eighteenth century, what was the standard European law on slavery? A. Slavery was inherently evil and should be abolished everywhere. B. Slavery was appropriate only for non-Christian peoples. C. Only Africans and people of African descent were subject to slavery. D. Slavery was acceptable for all who were not white.

By the end of the eighteenth century, Enlightenment critics called for a new approach to childhood and childrearing, and they urged A. the closing of all foundling homes. B. children to be viewed and dressed as miniature adults. C. the use of severe discipline to give children moral instruction. D. treatment based on greater tenderness and new teaching methods.

Charles I was finally forced to recall Parliament in 1640 because A. the Triennial Act mandated that he recall Parliament. B. the members of Parliament were planning to meet anyway. C. he needed to finance an army to put down the Presbyterian Scots, who threatened to invade England. D. he needed more money to continue hostilities with Spain and France.

Charles II's secret treaty with Louis XIV in 1670 provided that A. France would support and defend Charles's return to the throne in England. B. Charles would support France in its foreign wars. C. in return for 200,000 pounds annually, Charles would gradually re-Catholicize England. D. Charles would protect Protestant rights in England.

Classifying humans into hierarchically ordered races A. was new to the Enlightenment. B. had long been a practice by European intellectuals and scientists. C. is supported by the hypothesis that the human race originated in Africa. D. was opposed by many Enlightenment intellectuals.

Cotton that was shipped from India to England, then manufactured and returned, was A. more expensive than cotton spun and woven in India. B. subjected to high tariffs. C. of substandard quality. D. cheaper than cotton spun and woven in India.

Despite the late age of marriage in Europe, the low rate of illegitimacy until 1750 suggests A. that a reliable means of contraception kept birth rates low. B. couples did not engage in premarital sex. C. effective community pressures to marry in case of a pregnancy. D. the high incidence of abortion or infanticide.

During the Reign of Terror, how did the government try to shape life in France? A. By tying the revolution to Catholic beliefs and symbols B. By rationalizing daily life and activity with such steps as introducing the metric system C. By instituting new, strict language laws D. By creating a cult around French military glory

During the height of the French Revolution, in 1793 and 1794, what action did the National Convention take regarding Saint-Domingue? A. It granted new rights only to free people of color. B. It abolished slavery there. C. It refused to grant basic rights to the people of Saint-Domingue. D. It threatened to invade the island of Saint-Domingue.

During the late Middle Ages, what place did Europeans occupy in the global trading system? A. A minor outpost B. A producer of desirable manufactured goods C. Important middlemen D. The controllers of major intercontinental trade networks

During the reign of Louis XIV, Versailles was A. a city in northern France to which Louis XIV moved his court when in danger during times of unrest. B. a former hunting lodge and palace that became the center of the Louis XIV's government. C. the palace to which Louis XIV retreated to get away from the demands of government. D. the palace where his maternal family, the Medicis, tried to gather their opposition to Louis XIV.

Economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property were all principles of what nineteenth-century position? A. Republicanism B. Laissez faire C. Socialism D. Liberalism

Frederick William I transformed Prussia into a military state by A. overlooking the role of the bureaucracy. B. encouraging cultural diversions for the people when necessary. C. eliminating the last traces of parliamentary estates and local self-government. D. creating a system of voluntary service that trained Prussian men for life afterward.

How did Cardinal Richelieu strengthen royal control in France? A. He created a system of intendants, or district commissioners, to oversee army recruitment and economic activity. B. He increased the power of the Parlement of Paris. C. He initiated a war with England in an effort to distract domestic critics. D. He continued the policy of appeasing the Protestants to keep the peace.

How did Christian theologians of the Middle Ages interpret Aristotle's view of the world? A. They rejected his views as contradicting Christian doctrines. B. They thought Aristotle's views fit neatly with Christian doctrines. C. They saw Aristotle's views as irrelevant to Christian doctrines. D. They accepted Aristotle's views without revision.

How did John Wesley help spread the evangelical revival in the eighteenth century? A. He inspired others to leave overcrowded and hostile churches and preach in open fields. B. He used established churches and converted priests and religious officials. C. He established a teaching order to spread Protestant beliefs. D. He traveled to Savannah, Georgia, to spread his Methodist beliefs.

How did King Charles I react in 1629 to his ongoing tension with the House of Commons? A. He began a civil war, splitting the people between the houses of York and Lancaster. B. He turned to the courts to support his rule. C. He dismissed the archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud. D. He refused to summon Parliament for the next eleven years.

How did Louis Blanc, head of the provisional government in France, respond to the depression of 1848? A. He encouraged the creation of a system of national workshops for the unemployed. B. He advocated a combination of strong craft unions and worker-owned businesses. C. He looked to Great Britain as a model to implement laissez-faire reforms. D. He called out the national army to put down the unrest in Paris.

How did Martin Luther's criticism of the church in the early sixteenth century reflect the core complaints of many other anticlericals? A. Like them, he denied that the clergy had any particular spiritual role. B. Like them, he condemned the greed of many clergy within the church. C. Like them, he denied that bishops had any right to make doctrine. D. Like them, he argued that the clergy were too focused on theology rather than on the needs of parishioners.

How did Michel de Montaigne respond to the civil anarchy and war of the sixteenth century? A. He accepted that disunity and conflict were part of human existence. B. He promoted skepticism and cultural relativism. C. He emphasized persistence to overcome conflict. D. He felt confidence in the ultimate victory of absolute truth.

How did Ottoman actions contribute to European expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A. Europeans were inspired by the Ottoman example to move west. B. Europeans were pushed westward by the pressure of Ottoman expansion. C. Europeans sought alternative trade routes to Asia because of Ottoman control over traditional routes. D. European states tried to expand to Ottoman-controlled areas, resulting in war.

How did Peter the Great respond to his defeat at Narva by Sweden? A. He entered an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire to help him fight Sweden. B. He began a series of reforms to strengthen his army and increase his power. C. He quickly ended the war and then sought Western help to reform Russia. D. He turned his attention away from Sweden and the north to the southern areas of the empire and sought to expand into the Ottoman areas.

How did President Thomas Jefferson respond to the independence of Haiti? A. He pledged to support the return of the Creole elite and the French. B. He immediately declared that the United States would protect the new nation. C. He paid little attention to the insignificant island. D. He refused to recognize Haitian independence.

How did Reformation era disputes shape the development of Switzerland? A. Religious conflict led to the fragmentation of Swiss territory into many independent cantons. B. Religious conflict led to a protracted war that destroyed Swiss political power for a generation. C. The triumph of Ulrich Zwingli's armies over Catholic forces led to an independent, Protestant Switzerland. D. Military conflict led to an uneasy acceptance of canton-based religious diversity.

How did Renaissance humanists believe a humanist education would benefit society? A. By promoting a strong martial sensibility B. By reawakening the true spirit of Christianity C. By providing broad and practical training that could serve the public good D. By distracting youths from worldly affairs

How did Richard Arkwright's water frame work? A. The spinning jenny sat in a water frame, making it easier to move the carriages. B. It worked similarly to the spinning jenny but included more spindles on the carriage. C. It took advantage of water currents to power several hundred spindles at once. D. It made the cloth, not the thread, as the spinning jenny did.

How did Spanish monarchs of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries weaken the country? A. They spread imperial power too thinly by colonizing the Americas. B. They refused to pay salaries owed to soldiers, leading to unrest. C. They wrote off state debt on several occasions, weakening confidence in the government. D. Their military adventures led to several defeats.

How did Venice become an enormously rich city by the twelfth century? A. By developing innovations in banking that made it Europe's financier B. By taking advantage of its location on the Atlantic coast to become a trading center C. By building a huge merchant marine and expanding long-distance trade D. By defeating Florence and assuming control of its industries

How did Western governments support the growth of domestic industrialization in the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution? A. By helping pay for railroads B. By adopting low tariffs to encourage trade C. By subsidizing shipment of goods overseas D. By negotiating treaties to ensure favorable treatment of exports

How did artistic portrayals of the human form change during the Renaissance? A. The human form was increasingly portrayed in contemporary clothing. B. The human form was increasingly portrayed in abstract ways. C. The human form was portrayed in idealized but increasingly realistic ways. D. The human form was portrayed in stiffer, more formal ways.

How did changes in dress affect male appearances by the end of the eighteenth century? A. Men now wore brilliant colors with lush fabrics. B. Men wore many more accessories, like gloves, socks, and handkerchiefs. C. Men began to dress in military fashion. D. Men began to wear plain dark clothing and suits.

How did considerations of honor affect the conduct of war by the nobility in the Renaissance? A. Military leaders were considered to have the highest status. B. Nobles often preferred certain honorable weapons or battle tactics. C. War and killing were increasingly seen as dishonorable. D. Single combat often took the place of large-scale battles.

How did dominant ethnic groups control minority populations in the later medieval era? A. They forced them to have smaller families. B. They confiscated their property at every opportunity. C. They forced migration to designated homelands. D. They barred access to church leadership positions and guilds.

How did early modern legal proceedings often lead to additional prosecutions for witchcraft from 1480 to 1680? A. Because the law allowed special mass indictments of potential witches, many were often tried at a time. B. Accusers did not have to face their victims, which made some people more willing to accuse. C. The Spanish Inquisition, because it gave so much power to prosecutors, led to mass convictions of suspected witches. D. Lutheran theologians used scripture-based rules that provided for mass executions of suspected witches.

How did eighteenth-century guilds ensure there was enough work to go around? A. By trying to manage employment even for non-guild workers B. By restricting membership and encouraging family connections C. By encouraging cottage industries D. By reducing prices to encourage sales

How did geography encourage the development of the Industrial Revolution in Britain? A. Numerous rivers and canals meant that transportation could be cheap. B. Abundant iron and coal resources in Ireland fueled industrial growth. C. England had extensive farmland on which to grow cotton. D. A moderate climate meant that few seasonal adjustments needed to be made.

How did guilds in England compare to those in Germany and France in the eighteenth century? A. They were scattered, operating in some cities but not in others. B. They were the most powerful and strictly limited nonguild work. C. They set standards in cities, while nonguild production flourished in the countryside. D. They were subject to greater national regulation, which superseded guild rules.

How did guilds in Germany compare to those in England and France during the eighteenth century? A. They were scattered, operating in some cities but not in others. B. They were the most powerful and strictly limited nonguild work. C. They set standards for production in the countryside. D. They were present but subject to national regulation.

How did medieval universities help advance Europe toward the Scientific Revolution? A. By drawing on the traditions of Islamic scholars B. By inviting Islamic scholars to lecture on ancient Greek texts C. By separating themselves from the study of theology and embracing science D. By serving as havens for intellectual dissidents who challenged orthodoxy

How did monarchs respond to the widespread riots of the seventeenth century? A. They sent in an overwhelming number of troops to quell the crowd. B. They appeased the rioters by suspending edicts and releasing prisoners. C. They were able to deflect anger and criticism by permanently subsidizing the price of bread. D. They quickly closed any channels of communication with the people.

How did owners in the iron industry find ways to undermine the rights of their workers after 1850? A. They revived the Combination Acts, which outlawed unions and strikes. B. They increased the division of labor and the speed of work. C. They sought to expand apprenticeship programs to guarantee a steady supply of skilled workers. D. They looked to outsource production in order to avoid the higher wages paid to British workers.

How did peasant families of the eighteenth century spend their spare time during winter? A. Working on repairs and making clothing B. Making trips to visit distant family and friends C. Reading books and writing letters D. Singing, telling stories, and doing craftwork

How did print culture affect private life in fifteenth-century Europe? A. Early print culture had very little impact, as most people could not afford books. B. Religious convictions were weakened by print culture. C. Printers became celebrities due to the popularity of early print culture. D. Early print culture stimulated literacy among laypeople.

How did sixteenth-century religious leaders respond to Copernicus's theory? A. Religious leaders ignored the Copernican hypothesis until much later. B. Religious leaders were enthusiastic in his efforts to explain God's handiwork. C. A few Protestant scholars accepted some elements of Copernicus's theory, while the Catholic Church paid little attention to it for decades. D. Most religious leaders, Protestant and Catholic, rejected the Copernican hypothesis.

How did the Black Death affect Florence in the fourteenth century? A. Florence was hard hit, as nearly half the population died. B. The plague hit other cities harder than Florence. C. Florence protected itself from the plague by barring city gates. D. The city was not hard hit, but merchants and bankers died in large numbers.

How did the Concordat of Bologna strengthen connections between Catholicism and the French monarchy? A. The French monarchy was guaranteed a veto over the selection of popes. B. The church agreed to support France in its wars against the Habsburgs. C. The French monarchy swore eternal allegiance to the pope. D. The French rulers were given authority over ecclesiastical appointments.

How did the Directory change during the course of its leadership of France during the late revolution? A. It initially pledged to end war but continued to send armies abroad. B. At first, the Directory supported moderate reform, but later, it became corrupt and inefficient. C. It first adopted moderate reforms but quickly became more radical and revolutionary. D. The Directory at first promised to govern democratically but soon ruled dictatorially.

How did the Edict of Nantes in 1598 help to end religious violence in France? A. By offering limited toleration to Calvinists B. By banning Catholicism from most major French cities C. By ordering all Calvinists to leave France D. By adopting Lutheranism as the state religion

How did the Great Famine of the fourteenth century affect peasant life? A. Peasants had to work harder to produce enough food to survive. B. Many peasants assumed the holdings of wealthy, deceased farmers and became free. C. Many peasants lost their land and migrated to towns. D. Peasants married younger and made efforts to produce more children in order to survive.

How did the Great Famine of the fourteenth century affect richer farmers? A. They often benefited as smaller farmers sold their holdings to them. B. They benefited most from rising food prices. C. They were most likely to be ruined as production collapsed. D. They were often killed by angry and hungry serfs.

How did the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand I begin to break the alliance of liberal students, workers, and peasants after the uprisings in Vienna of March1848? A. He offered some reforms to the minority Croat, Serb, and Romanian populations. B. He used the Karlsbad Decrees to close the universities. C. He asked Tsar Nicolas of Russia to send troops. D. He abolished serfdom, splitting peasants from the movement.

How did the Reformation of the sixteenth century similarly affect prostitutes and nuns? A. Both suffered a loss of status as Catholics sought to demonstrate their reforming credentials by closing brothels and convents. B. Both had opportunities for social and economic advancement as religious disorder weakened restrictions on their actions. C. Both were targeted by Protestant reformers as symptoms of corruption and immorality. D. Both groups were eliminated across much of Europe as the reformers altered society.

How did the Scientific Revolution affect women? A. Women were increasingly allowed to study at universities and other professional institutions. B. The new thinking did not result in a questioning of gender inequalities. C. The new thinking elevated the status of women. D. The Scientific Revolution worsened gender relations.

How did the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) open the door for widespread radical action? A. Neither Austria nor Prussia was satisfied with the settlement over Silesia. B. At the war's end, several countries had large debts, and France was humiliated. C. Many colonial boundaries remained undetermined. D. England suffered defeat in the war and was embittered.

How did the Statute of Kilkenny (1366) illustrate widespread medieval beliefs about the nature of cultural groups? A. The statute quarantined the Irish, demonstrating widespread concerns about racial infections. B. The statute designated the Irish as "like Jews," demonstrating the fluidity of medieval concepts of race. C. The statute forbade intermarriage, demonstrating widespread belief in the heritability of culture. D. The statute forbade the Irish from practicing Christianity, demonstrating belief in the connection between religion and race.

How did the Wars of the Roses affect the power of the monarchy in fifteenth-century England? A. The monarchy gradually grew stronger. B. The monarchy was hurt because of the loss of lands in France. C. The authority of the monarchy was seriously undermined. D. The monarchy was restored to power and prestige by Richard III's defeat of the Lancastrians.

How did the beliefs of religious reformers contribute to the increase in witchcraft trials from 1480 to 1680? A. Most reformers saw their opponents as diabolical and likely to practice witchcraft. B. Reformers had extreme notions of the Devil's powers and his presence in the world. C. Reformers believed in the Devil, while most medieval Christians did not. D. Reformers incited mob violence in order to force secular authorities to prosecute witches.

How did the doctrine of predestination influence the behavior of many sixteenth-century Calvinists? A. It encouraged many to take their salvation for granted. B. It led many to neglect their worldly responsibilities. C. It led many to eventually rebel against the idea. D. It led many to exhibit moral conduct to show that they were part of the "elect."

How did the emerging values of the Italian Renaissance elite influence the themes of art? A. Religion became a far less important theme. B. Artists increasingly worked independently of patronage, showing the increased value placed on artistic genius. C. Artists were increasingly interested in shocking their audiences. D. Patrons and their families were increasingly incorporated into artistic works.

How did the fourteenth-century poet Francesco Petrarch understand the relationship of his own time to the era of the Roman Empire? A. He believed most of the progress in the West since ancient Roman times had been spiritual. B. He believed that ancient Roman culture was corrupt but contained important insights. C. He believed that ancient Roman writers and artists had reached the pinnacle of perfection. D. He believed that ancient Roman documents threatened to corrupt emerging Western learning.

How did the ideas of the Enlightenment filter down from the educated elite to the rest of society? A. Enlightenment thinkers directed their message to the common people. B. New education requirements opened schooling to all. C. Government laws and regulations implemented Enlightenment reforms. D. Lending libraries and coffeehouses popularized Enlightenment ideas.

How did the interest in navigation during the age of exploration help encourage the Scientific Revolution? A. It brought the Europeans into contact with more advanced societies. B. The problems of navigation were the central focus of the writings of Copernicus. C. It brought the development of new instruments and enabled the rise of experimentation. D. Navigation was the chief scientific study accepted at universities.

How did the inventions of Henry Cort in the 1780s affect the iron industry? A. It became possible to produce iron products in every shape and form. B. Iron became much softer and more malleable. C. Processing iron became much more expensive. D. Local producers and individuals could not manufacture iron.

How did the peace settlement in 1815, following Napoleon's second defeat, compare to the initial peace plan in 1814, after his first defeat? A. The settlement in 1815 was even more lenient. B. The settlement in 1815 was still moderate, but with more sanctions. C. The settlement in 1815 was much more harsh. D. He settlement in 1815 was the same as the first.

How did the printing press affect the Renaissance "debate about women"? A. Women could finally circulate some of their own writings. B. The expense of printed materials meant the debate mostly involved the wealthy. C. Governments used tax laws to ban the printing of controversial material. D. Printers published much material on the subject, contributing to popular interest in the debate.

How did the rising consumer economy of the eighteenth century affect opportunities for female labor? A. Women had more opportunities as the demand for skilled female labor rose. B. Fewer women were able to find work as more young boys took the jobs. C. Female employment was increasingly limited by restrictions and laws. D. It had no effect on female employment, which was heavily discouraged by male-dominated society.

How did the role of women in guild work change during the later Middle Ages? A. Female family members and servants gradually took on more and more of the work. B. The role of women in production was gradually restricted by many guilds. C. Young women were increasingly recruited into guilds. D. Women were barred from working as skilled craftsmen.

How did the seventeenth-century thinker René Descartes view the world? A. As consisting of two fundamental entities that could be reduced to mind and matter B. As best viewed in purely physical terms C. As one in which all elements were composed of the same matter D. As explainable through the use of mathematics

How did the sixteenth-century emperor Charles V respond to the suggestion by his grand chancellor that God had placed him on a "path toward world monarchy?" A. He rejected the suggestion unequivocally. B. He claimed that his power derived only from the authority granted him by the pope. C. He embraced the idea that he was the guardian of Christendom. D. He agreed that only a ruler as powerful as he was could successfully defy the pope.

How did the university system influence the Reformation in Denmark? A. University-trained Danish scholars rejected Martin Luther's ideas. B. Many university-trained Danish priests considered themselves to be better judges of theological truth than their bishops. C. Many Danes studied at the University of Wittenberg, where Martin Luther was active. D. University communities in Denmark were fertile ground for new theological ideas that went beyond those of Martin Luther.

How did the work of German thinker Georg Hegel influence Karl Marx? A. Hegel argued that a scientific analysis could solve economic problems. B. Hegel presented a romantic view of life, filled with emotion and imagination. C. Hegel offered realism and an analysis of balance-of-power politics. D. Hegel argued that history had patterns and purpose.

How did workers in the early nineteenth century accommodate to the new factory system? A. They entered mills and mines as family units. B. They tried to negotiate better working conditions in factories. C. They insisted on having one day off every fifth day. D. They moved to factory housing.

How do historians know that the climate changed after 1300? A. From temperature records kept by monks B. From pollen left in bogs and tree rings C. From records of crop yields that show increasing production D. From the appearance of new settlements in Greenland

How was Brittany added to the French state during the early sixteenth century? A. Louis XII conquered the province. B. It had been part of France since the time of Charlemagne. C. Louis XII married Anne of Brittany. D. At the death of Louis XII, the duke of Brittany became the king of France.

How was Prussia's Frederick William finally forced to give up schemes to unify German territories in 1850? A. Austria, supported by Russia, forced Prussia to renounce all plans for unification. B. After he rejected the crown offered by the Frankfurt parliament, smaller German states resisted his efforts to establish an authoritarian rule. C. The Prussian aristocracy, tired of his adventurism, withdrew their support for him. D. The economic troubles forced him to give up efforts to unify German lands.

How was Thomas Malthus's prediction that population growth would outstrip growth of the food supply proven wrong? A. Population stopped growing, largely because of a decline in fertility. B. Malthus did not foresee the reform efforts by the upper classes that helped better distribute food. C. Malthus did not account for the impact of colonialism and the opening up of new land. D. Industrialization improved productivity in all areas, including agriculture.

How was William Shakespeare's work seen by his sixteenth- and seventeenth-century contemporaries? A. It was little known in his own time. B. It was considered just one example of the contributions by many very talented playwrights. C. It was best known outside of England. D. He was seen as the master dramatist of his era.

How was prostitution affected after harsher laws against that activity were introduced in the 1700s? A. It continued to flourish. B. It virtually disappeared. C. Prostitutes became social pariahs. D. Clients of prostitutes were scorned.

How was the Biblical story of Ham applied to justify the enslavement of Africans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A. Africans were seen as being descended from Ham's son Canaan, who had been cursed by Noah to be a "servant of servants." B. Africans were thought to be related to Ham, who had been cursed, because he had dark skin. C. Ham, who had betrayed Jesus to the Romans, had fled to Africa. D. Ham, who had fought against the Hebrews and been cursed by God, was an Ethiopian king, so his curse was extended to all Africans.

How was the Protestant conception of the church during the Reformation different from the Catholic understanding? A. Protestants believed in an "invisible" church served by a spiritual priesthood of all believers. B. Protestants believed that formal churches and congregations were not necessary. C. Protestants believed that church could only exist if the pope was replaced. D. Protestants believed that churches did not require clergy.

How was the course of the Reformation in Sweden different from its course in Denmark? A. The monarchy in Sweden rejected the Reformation and suffered a revolution. B. The Swedish king Gustavus Vasa took control of the church but did not initially accept Lutheran theology. C. The Reformation was much faster and more thorough in Sweden. D. The Catholic Church in Sweden was strong enough to head off the Reformation there.

How was the reign of Louis Philippe brought to an end in February 1848? A. Workers and radical republicans single-handedly demanded and won the abdication of the king. B. A diverse group of opponents rose against the king. C. General Louis Cavaignac, with the support of the working class, marched against the king. D. Louis Napoleon stormed Paris and was elected only to establish an authoritarian regime.

How was the romantic movement captured by musicians and composers? A. They used a wide range of forms to evoke a host of powerful emotions. B. They chose a simple, rhythmic style to allow individual interpretation. C. They blended unusual instruments and sounds. D. They chose a quiet, sublime sound to evoke a thoughtful response.

How was the social status of wealthy merchant families during the Renaissance different from that of the nobility in the Middle Ages? A. They were more likely to seek political power. B. They were more likely to live in splendor. C. They were more likely to rise or fall economically in a single generation. D. Their wealth was more likely to be managed by women within the family.

How well acquainted with African societies were fifteenth-century Europeans? A. Europeans knew little of African societies but generally held them to be inferior. B. Europeans had extensive connections to Africa and respected African cultures. C. Africans were respected as fellow Christians. D. Africa was virtually unknown.

How were Anabaptists treated by their fellow Christians over the course of the sixteenth century? A. They were offered quiet acceptance by most Christians. B. They were viciously persecuted by Catholics and Protestants alike. C. They were usually accepted by Protestants but persecuted by Catholics. D. They were usually accepted by Catholics but persecuted by Protestants.

How were European attitudes about Africans at the beginning of the slave trade era similar to their attitudes about peasants? A. In both cases, physical labor under the sun was thought to have caused their dark skin and depraved habits. B. In both cases, savage social customs and habits were thought to make them a lesser form of humanity. C. In both cases, the groups were thought of as superior to Jews in important respects. D. In both cases, the groups were considered to be essentially the equal of other people, if properly educated.

How were the conciliarists of the fourteenth century different from supporters of traditional church governance? A. They believed the church should be run by abbots and abbesses meeting in conference. B. They believed the church should be run by periodic assemblies representing all Christians. C. They believed the pope should hold regular conferences with cardinals to determine church policy. D. They believed church leaders had a duty to tolerate diverse opinions about Christ's divinity.

How were the experiences of the English monarchy different from those of the French monarchy in the fifteenth century? A. The English monarchs lost power and influence relative to the English nobility, while the French kings gained power. B. The English monarchy rejected the authority of the pope, while the French monarchy grew closer to the papacy. C. The English monarchy was much more popular with its own people than the French kings were. D. The English monarchy enjoyed a sustained period of peace, whereas the French monarchy was wracked by war.

How were the rational and classical values of the Renaissance reflected in art? A. By a new interest in proportionality, balance, and perspective B. By an emphasis on statuary and tapestries that told stories C. By an increased use of asymmetry and dark colors D. By an experimentation with abstract images and stylized representation

How widely adopted across Europe was the cultural relativism that Michel de Montaigne promoted in his Essays? A. His ideas quickly caught on. B. His position was widely accepted only among elites. C. His thoughts were condemned by the pope. D. His argument was not generally accepted.

How widespread was anticlericalism by the early sixteenth century? A. It was uncommon outside of Italy. B. It was rare except in cities. C. It was almost universal, as few saw much virtue in the church. D. It was widespread, as many people criticized some clerical behavior.

In "A Sermon of Savonarola," the friar urged Florentines to "go to confession and be purified of sins" and to "attend to the common good of the city" in order to make Florence "glorious because in this way she will be reformed both spiritually as well as temporally." How might Giovanni Pico della Mirandola have reacted to this idea? A. He would have opposed Savonarola's overtly religious approach. B. He would have claimed the people could not be reformed. C. He would have appreciated the appeal to people's spiritual and material natures. D. He would have opposed the idea of seeking after glory.

In "A Sermon of Savonarola," what two measures did the friar urge Florentines to adopt? A. A crusade against the French and the overthrow of the pope B. An end to marriage and a war against Venice C. The creation of a new university and erection of a cathedral D. An end to same-sex relations and cooperation for the common good of the city

In 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and in a new law A. reassured the Protestants that their rights would be protected. B. forced the Huguenots, or French Calvinists, to be baptized. C. declared that France would no longer recognize Catholicism or Calvinism. D. jailed all the Huguenots.

In 1790, the French Jews petitioned the National Assembly for citizenship, stating: "Everything is changing; the lot of the Jews must change at the same time; and the people will not be more surprised by this particular change than by all those which they see around them everyday. This is therefore the moment, the true moment to make justice triumph: attach the improvement of the lot of the Jews to the revolution; amalgamate, so to speak, this partial revolution to the general revolution." In this statement, what did the Jews of Paris suggest? A. If Jews were granted rights of citizenship, they would profoundly support the French Revolution. B. Jews were suffering even more than the poor of Paris in their poverty and deprivation. C. The Jewish population was ready to revolt against the French government. D. Freedom of religion should be added to the French understanding of liberty and equality.

In 1804, Jean Jacques Dessalines declared the independence of Saint-Domingue and the creation of Haiti, which became A. the first state born from a large-scale slave revolt. B. the first independent state in the Americas. C. the first state to abolish slavery. D. the first state to repatriate former slaves to Africa.

In Michel de Montaigne's Essays, published in 1580, what attitude toward Brazilian natives did the author take? A. He suggested that but for their cannibalism, they would be the equal of Europeans. B. He argued that the term "barbarism" is used to condemn what is different. C. He said that Brazilians consciously chose barbarism over civilization. D. He said that Europeans were the actual barbarians, because they enslaved native peoples.

In Shakespeare's seventeenth-century play The Tempest, the character of Caliban A. clearly demonstrates the author's contempt for native peoples. B. clearly reflects Shakespeare's admiration for "savage" peoples. C. encourages European oppression of native peoples. D. reflects ambiguous attitudes about race, civilization, and the nature of native peoples.

In Thomas More's dialogue Utopia, written in 1516, how did adults spend most of their time? A. In leisure and recreation B. In labor or study C. In the worship of God D. In exercise and competition

In Utopia, published in 1516, Thomas More explained that in "other 'republics,'" a person was "compelled to give his own interests priority over those of the public," whereas the lack of private property in Utopia meant that "everyone gets a fair share." More's readers most likely would have assumed he was being critical of A. ancient Rome. B. the society of Utopia. C. the Ottoman Empire. D. Florence and Venice.

In addition to low yields, what other problem made life difficult for European peasants through the late seventeenth century? A. The spread of the plague B. Raids by roving bands of knights C. Low birthrates that reduced the supply of labor D. Continued high taxes and rents

In addition to producing and selling certain goods, guilds A. served social and religious functions. B. welcomed migrants to cities. C. established tax rates for members. D. developed trading networks to ensure foreign markets.

In fifteenth-century Europe, slaves typically A. worked on sugar plantations in southern Europe. B. worked as seamen. C. worked in a diverse range of occupations. D. worked in skilled trades.

In general, what was the attitude of the educated elite toward the status quo of the late eighteenth century? A. Either satisfaction with the status quo or lack of will to challenge it B. Confidence that the ruling class would reform the status quo for the benefit of all C. Desire to incite the masses to challenge the status quo D. Yearning for revolution to end the status quo and bring equality to society

In guild-dominated production work, how was the participation of the widows of master craftsmen limited in the later Middle Ages? A. They were prohibited from inheriting a husband's shop. B. They were forced to move into guild-run hostels. C. They could only run a shop for a limited time, and they often could not hire journeymen. D. They were forced to marry eligible masters or advanced journeymen.

In her advice to women in the middle class, Sarah Stickney Ellis stated: "Much more congenial to the highest attributes of woman's character, are inquiries such as these: 'Is any one sick, I must visit their chamber without delay [...] Is any one about to set off on a journey, I must see that the early meal is spread [...] Did I fail in what was kind or considerate to any of the family yesterday?'" What is Ellis's main message in this excerpt? A. Women should devote themselves to health and happiness of those around them. B. Women should work for women's rights and suffrage. C. Women should adopt a philanthropic cause and work for the good of society. D. Women should focus on themselves and enjoy their own day-to-day life.

In her injunctions about religion, Elizabeth I insisted that the clergy obey the laws "restoring to the crown the ancient jurisdiction over the state ecclesiastical" and reject "all foreign power repugnant to the same." These injunctions were directed against what authority? A. That of her father, Henry VIII B. That of the kings of France C. That of the English bishops D. That of the pope

In his 1528 work The Courtier, what did Baldassare Castiglione argue was the most important attribute of an educated man? A. Having an understanding of theology B. Having travelled widely C. Being prepared to manage a household D. Having the ability to speak and write eloquently

In his book On Crimes and Punishments, Italian Enlightenment thinker Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) argued for what idea? A. Capital punishment B. Punishment of crime rather than prevention of crime C. Reform of the penal system D. Social restrictions and unequal privileges as the cause of crime

In his early sixteenth-century work The Prince, what did Niccolò Machiavell say rulers should avoid at all costs? A. Lawbreaking of any kind B. His subjects' fear C. Cruelty D. Weakness

In the Renaissance, what was the association between wealthy merchants and political power? A. Wealthy merchants gained political power in many cities by dominating city councils. B. Merchants acquired political power by purchasing country estates. C. Merchants were effectively kept from acquiring political power in these years. D. Merchants acquired political power by loaning money to nobles with political influence.

In the early eighteenth century, how did Jewish merchants and bankers often help states? A. By providing loans to raise armies and run the administration B. By facilitating diplomacy C. By saving their currency from collapse D. By encouraging smaller businesses

In the late eighteenth century, Adam Smith argued for laissez faire because he believed A. that the government could best ensure a fair and equal opportunity for everyone. B. that free of restriction, the new upper classes would bring benefits to all society. C. that it would give all citizens of a country a free and equal opportunity to succeed. D. that high tariffs were the best way to protect national industries.

In the negotiations ending the American War of Independence, the Americans A. were divided and weak, delaying the end of the war. B. relied heavily on the support of their French allies against the British. C. pushed for recognition of Native American rights to traditional homelands. D. quickly accepted the favorable terms offered by the British.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, why did local lords or landowners often not give permission for poor rural couples to marry? A. They believed that early marriage would result in higher costs for welfare. B. They feared that an individual's productivity would decline after marriage. C. They thought that young couples tended to be poorly matched. D. They worried that the married couple would move away, costing them labor.

In the seventeenth century, both absolutist and constitutionalist governments increased authority by A. establishing closer ties with the church. B. establishing a direct line to local governors. C. establishing parliaments through which they could compel obedience. D. establishing larger and more efficient bureaucracies.

In the seventeenth century, the peasant diet consisted of A. poor-quality white bread. B. bread with soup and occasionally a small piece of pork. C. brown bread and an abundance of meat. D. bread accompanied by a variety of vegetables and sugar from America.

In the seventeenth-century European social order, God was linked to his creation by A. the importance of the local churches. B. a semi-divine monarch and a clergy who interceded with God for the people. C. the strict authority of the pope in Rome. D. a vague moral authority that everyone recognized but did not discuss.

In the testimony she gave at her trial, Joan of Arc indicated that "she herself bore her standard during an attack, in order to avoid killing anyone." What fact about Joan's leadership of the French army does her testimony reinforce? A. Her symbolic and inspirational presence B. The feminine appearance she gave in battle C. Her avoidance of risk in combat D. Her marginal role in France's victory

In the transcript of Joan of Arc's trial, the questions about her conduct on the battlefield and her manner of dress indicate that her interrogators were concerned about A. whether or not she wore armor. B. discrediting her courage. C. her choice of male dress. D. how she managed to lead France to victory.

In their efforts to unify their domains, the Habsburgs created a common identity by A. encouraging multiple cultural centers all across their lands. B. seeking to wrest powers away from the church. C. negotiating with the leaders of internal opposition. D. making German the language of the state.

In their response to Franciscan missionaries seeking to convert them, defeated leaders of Tenochtitlán stated: "We are not satisfied or convinced by what you have told us, nor do we understand or give credit to what has been said of our gods [...] As for our gods, we will die before giving up serving and worshiping them." This statement reveals what about the attitudes of native peoples of the Americas? A. They had little confidence in their own traditions. B. They sought revenge against their conquerors. C. They attributed their conquest to the power of the Christian God. D. They were often still determined to retain their traditions.

In what sense did Christopher Columbus's first voyage fit the religious spirit of the late fifteenth century? A. Columbus doubted that the Catholic Church had any particular spiritual authority. B. Columbus was willing to defy church prohibitions on voyages of exploration. C. Columbus's religious zeal was inspired in part by the Spanish reconquista. D. As a Genoan, Columbus had experience of religious diversity and sought to learn more about eastern faiths.

In what sense did people of the Renaissance use the terms "race" and "people"? A. "Race" referred to skin color; "people" belonged to a particular nationality. B. "Race" primarily characterized political divisions; "people" referred to religious differences. C. "Race" and "people" were used interchangeably for ethnic, national, or religious groups. D. "Race" referred to ethnic divisions; "people" suggested class differences.

In what sense was Chaucer's fourteenth-century masterpiece the Canterbury Tales a Christian work? A. The religious characters were the most sympathetic. B. It depicted the religious characters as corrupt fools. C. Many of the pilgrims are materialistic and worldly, suggesting ambivalence about religion. D. It rejects the notion of judgment and an afterlife.

In what sense was Dante's fourteenth-century masterpiece the Divine Comedy a Christian work? A. It was a profoundly Christian interpretation of the realms of the next world. B. It satirized the church and the pope. C. It mocked pagan ideals and classical "learning." D. It urged Christians to trust church authority without reservation.

In what way did Niccolò Machiavelli's writings reflect the shared values of Renaissance civic humanism? A. He called on leaders to combine Christian and classical virtues. B. He called on all other leaders to respect the superior virtù of Savonarola. C. He used classical and contemporary examples to support his arguments about government. D. He urged conflict and violence as the best means of testing leaders.

In what way did Renaissance patronage of certain artists reflect new notions about the individual? A. For the first time, artists were ordered to paint portraits of patrons. B. Artists became known for focusing on either male or female figures. C. Artists depicted individuals as standard types rather than as real people. D. Artists considered to be geniuses were particularly valued for their originality.

In what way did courtly culture reflect the evolving power structures in cities during the Italian Renaissance? A. Courtly culture provided an opportunity to model popular governance. B. Courtly culture reflected the dominance of local monarchs and displayed their power. C. Courtly culture allowed oligarchs to display wealth and power. D. Courtly culture, by excluding the people, strengthened and concentrated power.

In what way did embroidery change in the Renaissance? A. Embroidery became a male-dominated art form. B. Embroidery was transformed into a "major" art form. C. Embroidery became less popular among the upper classes. D. Embroidery, like painting, increasingly depicted more classical themes in a naturalistic style.

In what way did the American War of Independence take the form of a civil war? A. Farmers fought merchants and wealthier citizens. B. Patriots, who were supporters of independence, fought Loyalists, who remained loyal to Britain. C. Colonists fought Native Americans. D. Colonists from the thirteen colonies fought those from Canada.

In what way did the late fifteenth-century rulers Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain pursue a strategy similar to that used by Henry VII of England for strengthening royal power? A. They eliminated many noble ranks and privileges. B. They introduced a Star Chamber system. C. They used marriages to strengthen unity within the kingdom. D. They excluded high-ranking nobles from powerful royal councils.

In what way did the late fifteenth-century rulers Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain pursue a strategy similar to that used by the French monarchy for strengthening royal power? A. They built powerful standing armies. B. They used military power to subdue aristocratic power. C. They gained the right to appoint important church offices. D. They used conflict with Islam as an opportunity to build loyalty to the monarchy.

In what way did the outcome of the civil war in the Netherlands between 1568 and 1578 mirror the progress of the Reformation in Germany? A. Many of the seventeen provinces became Lutheran. B. Religious affiliations of the seventeen provinces were divided between Catholic and Protestant states. C. As Charles V had done, Philip II accepted the division into Catholic and Protestant states. D. The state emerged from the civil war as a united whole.

In what way does the medieval story of Robin Hood reflect the rising culture of fur-collar criminality? A. Most of his enemies were corrupt knights and soldiers. B. He championed the peasantry over townspeople. C. His enemies were corrupt fur-collar criminals. D. He was a fur-collar criminal who stole from rich and poor alike.

In what way does the term "triangular trade" oversimplify Atlantic trade patterns? A. By ignoring substantial trade with states in the Indian and Pacific oceans B. By overemphasizing raw materials and downplaying the importance of colonial manufacturing C. By not including the intercolonial trade that existed D. By not accounting for trade with South America

In what way was the progress of the Reformation in England during the sixteenth century similar to its progress across much of the European continent? A. The actions of a monarch were critical in moving the Reformation forward. B. The Reformation was driven by dynastic concerns about succession. C. The Reformation was initiated by university-trained scholars who struggled with their consciences. D. The Reformation was driven by theological, not secular, motivations.

In what way was the values of the Roman statesman Cicero attractive to Renaissance humanists? A. Cicero wrote extensively and eloquently about the ideal of republican government. B. Cicero's service as Julius Caesar's spokesman made him a hero to many Italians. C. Cicero's efforts to establish public education in ancient Rome impressed many humanist scholars. D. Cicero's letters and speeches were seen to mark the beginning of a golden age of literature in ancient Rome.

In what ways did Spain contribute to economic difficulties across Europe in the final decades of the sixteenth century? A. Spanish bankers were the most important in Europe. B. The Spanish, who controlled gold and silver supplies, kept both metals within Spain. C. To expand its empire, Spain engaged in sustained war against all her neighbors. D. As mounting Spanish foreign debts were paid with silver, Spanish inflation spread across Europe.

In what ways did sixteenth-century haciendas lead to the encomienda system? A. Miners were needed for the haciendas. B. Haciendas needed closer control by the government. C. Haciendas required labor for ranching and sugar plantation work. D. Haciendas were established to spread Christianity through the encomienda, or mission, system.

In what ways did the conditions of native life in the Americas from 1492 to 1700 contribute to the emergence of the slave system? A. The success of native peoples within the labor systems of the colonies led to increased demand for workers. B. Astronomically high death rates among natives led to the need for a new source of workers. C. Native peoples were unwilling to work hard enough within the colonial system of labor. D. Once natives became Christian, they were no longer kept as slaves.

In what ways did the ideas of Aristotle affect the attitudes of many early modern Europeans about slavery? A. Aristotle had suggested that Africans made ideal slaves. B. Aristotle had suggested that slavery was a natural condition for some people. C. Aristotle had suggested that Noah's son Ham had been cursed by God. D. Aristotle suggested that heavy labor was best carried out by slaves.

In what ways was the violence on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572 typical of the French wars of religion? A. Gruesome and bloody mob action was characteristic of the popular violence of the era. B. Catholic violence against Protestants was extremely common. C. Catholics often used violence to defend religious images from attack. D. Protestant mob action often led to large-scale riots.

In what ways were European women essential to the development of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European colonies in the Americas? A. European women tended to treat native peoples with more sympathy. B. Where women accompanied men in settlement, European language, religion, and ways of life tended to endure. C. European settlements that did not include women clashed more intensely with native societies. D. European women frequently served as political and military leaders in colonies that were less concerned about expected gender roles.

In what ways were native women essential to the development of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European colonies in the Americas? A. Native women were more likely than native men to accept the presence of Europeans. B. Native women were more likely than native men to provide labor for the colonies. C. Native women were frequently relied upon to serve as translators and guides for explorers. D. Native women were typically the leaders of native rebellions and insurrections.

In what ways were the social transformations affected by Renaissance artists and humanists similar? A. They occurred primarily among the wealthy and urban classes. B. They were felt most profoundly by women. C. They were most dramatic among the poor. D. They were centered around universities.

In which country was nonguild production permitted in the countryside and some urban neighborhoods? A. Germany B. The Dutch Republic C. France D. England

Maintaining a permanent standing army required A. more soldiers, resulting in a much larger army size. B. noble officers to lead their troops into battle. C. new techniques, training, and taxes. D. new value placed on the importance of noble privileges and tradition.

Niccolò Machiavell's early sixteenth-century work The Prince suggested the state of even a resourceful ruler could be undermined by A. ruthlessness. B. the operation of fate. C. women. D. the pope.

One implication of the Copernican hypothesis was the idea that A. the universe was much smaller than once thought. B. the earthly world was no different from the heavenly one. C. the stars moved around the earth. D. the sun revolved around the earth.

Over the long term, what enabled the Spanish to conquer both the Mexica and Inca empires in the early sixteenth century? A. Spanish military force was overwhelming. B. Native peoples were unwilling to fight the Spanish. C. Their small armies prevented the empires from resisting the Spanish effectively. D. Native allies strengthened the Spanish, and disease weakened the empires.

Peasants in which European country reacted most strongly to efforts by religious authorities to purify church practice during the eighteenth century? A. Austria B. France C. Germany D. England

Prussian society by the eighteenth century can be described as based on A. strong leadership combined with peasant bondage and Junker tyranny. B. a leadership that balanced the interests of the Junkers and the peasants. C. strong leadership that shared power with the Junkers and enslaved the peasantry. D. a leadership that was influenced by the Junkers in a representative assembly.

Republicans in the mid-nineteenth century were more radical than liberals in what way? A. Republicans had greater support for government programs to meet social needs. B. Republicans demanded higher property qualifications to vote. C. Republicans had a greater willingness to endorse violence to achieve their goals. D. Republicans supported higher wages for workers and more rights for farmers.

Robert Boyle discovered how to make a vacuum and, with this understanding, found that (how dare...) A. the pressure of gas varies inversely with volume. B. the heart worked like a pump. C. all events in nature were based on matter in motion. D. gravitation was a fundamental force of nature.

Robert Owen was known for what pioneering effort in 1834? A. Founding the First International B. Establishing the first poorhouses in England C. Forming the first workers' cooperative in LiÃge, Belgium D. Helping organize an early national trade union

Sir Robert Walpole is usually considered to be A. an unpopular adviser to kings George I and George II. B. the minister who freed cabinet rule from responsibility to Parliament. C. the minister who freed the cabinet from the influence of the Crown. D. the first "prime" minister.

The "Rump Parliament" in 1649 is best known for A. creating the New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell. B. its efforts to end the English Civil War. C. beheading Charles I, after he was put on trial and found guilty of treason. D. its efforts to restore the house of Stuart.

The "reading revolution" of the eighteenth century refers to A. the newly developed patriarchal and communal nature of reading. B. the individual reading of a greater range of books. C. the more highly specialized nature of reading. D. the burning of books by absolutist governments.

The Bill of Rights adopted in 1688 stipulated that A. England would be guided by the principle of equal rights. B. law was to be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the Crown. C. Parliament would hereafter protect the rights to life, liberty, and property. D. only a small standing army would be allowed in peacetime.

The English Civil War (1642-1649) was fought between what two sides? A. Forces loyal to Charles I versus the Scots B. Northern versus southern England C. The Angles and the Saxons versus the Britons D. An army recruited from the nobility by Charles I versus the Parliament's New Model Army

The English thinker John Locke (1632-1704) broke new ground with his idea that A. human development is determined by a person's environment and social institutions. B. human development and behavior are determined by free will. C. the basis for human behavior can never be known. D. human behavior is at its base evil and needs to be restricted and controlled.

The Industrial Revolution in the United States, occurring after 1860, has been termed A. the "great leap forward." B. the "borrowed revolution." C. the "second industrial revolution." D. the "accelerated industrial revolution.''

The Luddites, who emerged in early nineteenth-century Britain, were A. peasants and farmers who protested worsening agricultural conditions. B. a Jewish group that protested continued discrimination. C. mine workers in northern England who protested their working conditions. D. handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England.

The National Convention, France's new legislative body formed in 1792, was divided between what two groups? A. Revolutionaries and counter-revolutionaries B. The Girondists and the Mountain C. Sans-culottes and aristocrats D. Nationalists and interventionists

The activities of Italian merchants in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries had what important consequence for the future? A. Their activities led to increased production of manufactured goods in Europe. B. Their activities led to increased military conflict with Islamic powers. C. Their activities led to the Christianization of significant portions of Africa. D. Their activities provided a model for Iberian expansion into the New World.

The combining of pagan tradition and the Christian faith during the early eighteenth century was evident in what practice? A. Peasants asked priests to bless salt and bread for animals. B. The persecution of witches increased. C. Peasants tried to purify their spirituality. D. Elites increasingly abandoned critical rationalism.

The decline in mortality during eighteenth-century Europe can be traced in part to A. numerous advances in medical knowledge. B. improved efforts at safeguarding the food supply. C. cooler, wetter weather that helped wheat harvests. D. a greater concern for infants and children.

The dominant religious reactions to the great disaster of the fourteenth-century plague were A. the rejection of faith and spiritual despair. B. charity and a call to virtuous living. C. anger at God and attacks on religious officials. D. a retreat into personal piety and private prayer.

The early scholarship of Voltaire (1694-1778) was dramatically impacted by A. his study with Isaac Newton. B. the marquise du Châtelet. C. his noble connections and elite standing in society. D. his international travels, particularly to the Persian Empire, which he later wrote about.

The early sixteenth-century humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam was known for what kind of popular works? A. Descriptions of the ideal courtier B. Satires of political and religious institutions C. Advice manuals for married women D. Descriptions of an ideal society

The enclosure movement of the eighteenth century was most popular among which groups? A. Experimental scientists, some government officials, and a few big landlords B. Noble landowners and grain merchants C. Peasants and the urban poor D. Civilian and military government officials

The humiliating public ritual designed to limit improper behavior in rural communities of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was called A. rococo. B. charivari. C. enclosure. D. putting out.

The involvement of Prince Henry in Portuguese exploration offers evidence for the importance of what aspect of European expansion? A. Personal participation of royalty B. Royal patronage C. Mathematical talent D. Protestant willingness to defy church restrictions on commerce

The major contribution of the Encyclopedia to European culture was its A. groundbreaking contributions to virtually every topic. B. direct challenge to the French government and the Catholic Church. C. gathering of knowledge with the goal of promoting economic, social, and political progress. D. collection of knowledge from forgotten ancient Greek and Islamic sources.

The major importance of Isaac Newton's law of gravitation was that it A. correctly described the movement of the planets. B. finally disproved Aristotle's crystal spheres. C. explained the whole universe in a unified, coherent system. D. applied the experimental method to astronomy for the first time.

The majority of Peter the Great's regular standing army consisted of A. Cossack regiments and foreign mercenaries. B. peasant soldiers under the command of officers brought in from the West. C. peasant volunteers. D. peasant soldiers drafted for life and commanded by noble officers.

The majority of women in the eighteenth century preferred to deliver their babies with A. the aid of a midwife. B. the help of family. C. the presence of a surgeon-physician. D. a female physician.

The palaces constructed by the wealthy elites of Renaissance Italy indicated what about the place of religion in society? A. The palaces were filled with statues of family members as opposed to saints, suggesting a decline in religious observance. B. Many palaces were built facing Mecca, suggesting that Islam was becoming more widely accepted. C. Most palaces were built near churches, suggesting that religion remained important. D. The most elaborate expenditures were on domestic chapels, suggesting that religion remained important to society.

The rise of illegitimacy in some parts of Europe during the late eighteenth century can be explained by what social change? A. New romantic notions convinced young people that they should only marry in cases of true love. B. More fathers of illegitimate children were already married and had committed adultery. C. There was a growing disregard for the institution of marriage, and more young people preferred to live together without marriage. D. Economic instability meant that if the man's life was insecure, he also often hesitated to take on the burden of a wife and child.

The role or function of the intendants created by Cardinal Richelieu was to A. reformulate a new Code of Law for France. B. find a way to live as a commoner in local communities and thereby spy on the people. C. oversee the conversion of Protestants to Catholicism. D. supervise the collection of taxes, the administration of the law, and the nobility.

The serfs in seventeenth-century Russia A. never rebelled against oppressive rule. B. enjoyed a modicum of rights and privileges. C. allied with the boyars to limit the role of the tsars. D. had no rights.

The seventeenth-century scientist Isaac Newton is most famous for his work on A. heliocentrism. B. the law of inertia. C. empiricism. D. the law of universal gravitation.

The signori who came to rule many Italian cities during the Renaissance provide good evidence for A. the weaknesses of republican states. B. the power of the popolo in Italian affairs. C. the declining influence of the very wealthy in Italian cities. D. the relative unimportance of the military in Italian society.

The so-called "debate about women" in the Renaissance focused on the belief that A. women could be rational. B. women were devious and domineering. C. women should be allowed to become priests. D. women should not be allowed to own property.

The statement from the 1351 English Statute of Laborers that workers were "bound to serve him who has seen fit so to seek after him; and he shall take only the wages . . . or salary which, in the places where he sought to serve, were accustomed to be paid in the twentieth year of our reign of England " provides evidence for A. a labor shortage in England during the 1350s. B. the growing evenhandedness of the king's justice. C. declining wages. D. belief in the power of the marketplace to set fair wages.

The system whereby the Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities with an autonomous self-government was called A. the janissary corps. B. the sultan. C. the eunuchs. D. the millet system.

The term "ship money" refers to A. the medieval law requiring coastal dwellers to help pay for their defense, used by Charles I to fund his army. B. money used by Charles I to build the great English navy. C. the tariffs levied on goods brought into England during the 1630s. D. the profits from the merchant marine, which traded goods with America during the reign of Charles I.

The trade in cowrie shells during the eighteenth century A. shows the primitive nature of trade in the Indian Ocean. B. indicates the ease with which slaves could be bought in Africa. C. reveals the interest of the Chinese in exotic items. D. demonstrates close connections between the Asian and Atlantic trading worlds.

The transformation of large numbers of small peasants into landless rural wage earners in eighteenth-century Europe is termed A. the putting-out system. B. proletarianization. C. ruralization. D. enclosure.

The unrest in the French countryside that occurred in the summer of 1789 worsened with the Great Fear, which refers to the peasants' fear that A. nobles would punish them. B. economic hardships would worsen with another bad harvest. C. the king would use violence to restore his rule. D. the middle class was dominating the French Revolution.

To what did the term "Creole" refer in the eighteenth century? A. French fur hunters in North America B. People of mixed ancestry born in the Americas C. Colonists as opposed to those living in the home country D. People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas

To what source of labor did the owners of early cotton factories in Britain turn? A. Young orphans and abandoned children B. Women and men C. Young men D. Displaced farm families

Voltaire is representative of the philosophes in his A. belief that legal protections were the best way to deal with social and economic inequalities. B. reluctance to challenge the Catholic Church. C. willingness to doubt the existence of God. D. belief that government was perfectible.

What Catholic religious sect of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries emphasized original sin and predestination? A. Moravianism B. Pietism C. Jansenism D. Methodism

What English aristocrat learned about Muslim inoculation against smallpox and relayed that information to Europeans? A. Susannah Wesley B. Madame du Coudray C. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu D. Rose Bertin

What Enlightenment argument appealed to liberals in their opposition to despotism? A. Voltaire's enthusiasm for English liberties and institutions B. John Locke's argument that a government which overstepped its functions could be overthrown C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's idea of a "general will" to guide society D. Denis Diderot's efforts to combat intolerance and injustice

What action in the 1530s by Henry VIII of England would have been approved of by more radical Protestant reformers? A. He rejected the Catholic Mass as idolatrous. B. He had an English-language Bible placed in every church. C. He declared most sacraments to be invalid. D. He ended the practice of confessing sins to a priest.

What actions by Mary Tudor alienated many in England during her reign from 1553 to 1558? A. Mary instituted the unpopular Book of Common Prayer. B. Mary executed several hundred Protestants. C. Mary executed the very popular Thomas More. D. Mary assassinated her popular half-brother, Edward VI.

What activities did John Wesley discourage among his new Methodist converts? A. Extensive contact with Jews or Catholics B. Reading plays, romances, or books of humor as well as singing or talking in a merry way C. Participation in the slave trade D. Believing in gender stereotypes or discriminating against others

What approach to life was advocated by Renaissance humanists who encouraged virtù? A. The need for learning within communities of scholars B. The need for men to protect and respect women C. The need for men to manifest physical strength and courage as well as learning D. The need for men to shape their own world by the strength of their will

What aspect of William Shakespeare's plays is particularly remarkable? A. Their original plots B. Shakespeare's remarkable gift for language C. Comedies as his greatest masterpieces D. Shakespeare's ability to integrate popular songs

What aspect of the Columbian exchange do historians suggest was most consequential? A. The introduction to Europe of new American diseases B. The introduction to the Americas of European diseases C. The introduction to Europe of new foods and agricultural practices D. The introduction to the Americas of domesticated animals as food sources

What aspect of the ideas expressed in Michel de Montaigne's writings was most influential? A. His suggestion that Europeans were not culturally superior B. His notion that Europeans should adopt more native customs C. His encouragement of doubt and wonder D. His recommendation that Europeans withdraw from the Americas

What aspect of the sixteenth-century economic relationship between Spain and China indicated that the economy was increasingly globalized? A. An enormous market opened up in China for Spanish wines. B. Spanish bankers began lending the Chinese government large amounts of gold and silver. C. Chinese demand for silver led to increased trade with Europe. D. China began to provide Spain with additional gold and silver that further fueled inflation.

What aspects of Portuguese culture helped that country become a great maritime power after 1450? A. Portugal played a leading role in the reconquista. B. Portugal had great wealth that its leaders sought to invest. C. Portugal had a tradition of long-distance exploration in Africa. D. Portugal had a long maritime tradition of fishing.

What attitudes that developed after 1700 contributed to changing sensibilities about race? A. Christianity became less influential, leading to a decrease in the acceptability of race-based slavery. B. Increasing emphasis in Europe on rationality led to growing hostility toward the idea of racial difference. C. Science was increasingly used to define racial differences and justify slavery. D. An evangelical revival led to the rejection of the idea of racial inferiority.

What became the principle trade goal of the Dutch East India Company after 1602? A. To gain control of the Indonesian spice trade B. To monopolize the China trade C. To control trade in and out of Calcutta D. To supplant the Spanish in Manila

What belief did nationalists and liberals have in common? A. The laissez-faire movement had created a profound spiritual and moral crisis in society. B. Political and economic control of minority groups would help produce stability in society. C. The benefits of self-government would be possible only if people were united by common traditions that transcended local and class differences. D. The supreme purpose in life was the full development of one's unique human potential.

What caused the Great Famine in the years between 1315 and 1322? A. Widespread military conflict led to declines in production. B. Diseases struck the grain crops, reducing the yield. C. Unusually wet weather ruined grain crops in many localities. D. Food imports from North Africa were cut off by frequent storms.

What caused the marked increase in the number of free people of color in the Caribbean and Brazil during the eighteenth century? A. Intermarriage of poor and middle-class whites and Africans B. Masters freeing their mixed-race children C. The policy of freeing any mixed-race peoples from slavery D. Higher fertility rate among free people of color

What caused the population increases in Europe during the eighteenth century? A. Higher birth rates B. Government efforts to encourage larger families C. A decline in mortality D. Immigration from Asia and Africa

What caused the terrible "June Days" in France in 1848? A. The propertied classes opposed the attempt by the Constituent Assembly to proclaim a new revolutionary state. B. The republican army tried to seize power in a coup against the Constituent Assembly. C. Desperate working people unsuccessfully fought the government's closure of workshops. D. Louis Blanc demanded that the Paris working class receive representation in the Constituent Assembly.

What challenges does the career of Christopher Columbus offer to historians? A. Very little is actually known about Columbus. B. Columbus was an unusual and atypical character. C. Columbus was more of a politician than a sailor, and assessing his accomplishments is difficult. D. Columbus has attracted a great deal of controversy and biased attention.

What change in the consumption patterns of wealthy families accompanied the growing patronage of art in late Renaissance Italy? A. Less spending on military gear B. Rejection of support for church building C. Movement from the cities to elaborate rural manors D. Increased spending on external show rather than on household goods

What characteristic distinguished romantic painting? A. Ornate and gilded accents B. Pastels blending together C. Pure, simple colors that added stark contrasts and sharp lines D. Dramatic, colorful scenes that stirred the emotions

What characterized British colonization of Australia beginning in the late 1700s? A. Migration of whole families B. Reliance on convicted prisoners C. Migration of religious dissidents D. Enslavement of the aboriginal population

What characterized Christopher Columbus's encounters with native peoples on his late fifteenth-century and early sixteenth-century voyages? A. He attempted to subjugate, conquer, and enslave natives. B. He aimed to exterminate native peoples in order to seize their land. C. He tried to transform natives into trading partners. D. He believed that the natives were subjects of the Great Khan and treated them with respect.

What characterized French colonization efforts in the Americas during the sixteenth century? A. Despite large numbers of settlers, the colonies were not a success. B. The French government sponsored large-scale settlement of Canada. C. Most French settlement and exploration took place in the Caribbean. D. Only a small number of French settled permanently, but the French traded and explored over vast distances.

What characterized the foreign policy of Edward IV and the early Tudor monarchs of England? A. Caution and diplomacy B. The goal of restoring lost territories in France C. A challenge to the authority of the Holy Roman Empire D. A focus on building a trading empire

What characterized the lifestyle of the Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life in the late fourteenth century? A. They lived simple, spiritual lives and ministered to the poor. B. They worked to encourage more piety among university students. C. They rejected papal authority while establishing their own liturgical system. D. They established communes that were notorious for sexual libertinism.

What characterized the open-field system of farming used from the Middle Ages to the eighteenth century? A. Long strips of land open to farming or pasture throughout the year B. Narrow strips of land farmed in the same way by all peasants C. Open land claimed collectively by all peasants in the village D. Expanding farmland by bringing unclaimed or open land into the village enclosure

What characterized the political situation on the Italian peninsula in the fifteenth century? A. Venice and Florence struggled against each other to control the peninsula. B. Five powers, controlling smaller city-states, sought to dominate the peninsula. C. The Papal States was the dominant power and controlled the other states. D. The Medici family controlled the politics of most states.

What characterized the relationships of nobles to wealthy merchant elites in Renaissance Europe? A. Merchant elites competed with nobles for power and influence. B. The nobility integrated the merchant elites into their own families, forming a new social elite. C. The nobility successfully isolated the merchant elites from political power. D. Merchant elites quickly came to dominate the nobility in the political realm.

What characterized the response of French nobles to the violent Jacquerie of 1358? A. The nobility worked carefully with sympathetic churchmen to ease peasant difficulties. B. The nobility encouraged the implementation of royal justice in affected areas. C. The nobility offered terms for compromise in order to keep the peace. D. The nobility suppressed the uprising mercilessly.

What characterized the sixteenth-century relationship between the Dutch and the Portuguese? A. As allies of the Spanish, the Dutch also cooperated with the Portuguese. B. The Dutch and the Portuguese worked together to undermine Spanish commercial domination. C. The Dutch and the Portuguese divided up trade routes in order to maximize profits. D. The Dutch attacked Portuguese trade in connection with their rebellion against Spanish authority.

What characterized the workshop system of artistic production in the Renaissance? A. Older artists trained younger ones in their workshops. B. Younger artists formed workshops to outproduce established artists. C. Groups of artists competed with individuals for high-value commissions. D. Workshops were small and focused on supervised, individual production of works.

What characterized witchcraft trials in Europe from the 1480s to the 1680s? A. Catholic authorities were much more inclined to prosecute witches than Protestant ones. B. Protestant authorities were much more inclined to prosecute witches than Catholic ones. C. All secular and religious authorities were eager to prosecute witches. D. Secular authorities seeking to establish their supremacy were increasingly eager to prosecute witches.

What claim made by Isaac Newton was contested by the German scientist Gottfried von Leibniz? A. Newton's claim that the force of gravity allowed bodies to affect one another at great distances B. Newton's claim that empiricism was the best approach to science C. Newton's claim to have invented analytical geometry D. Newton's claim that he was the most important figure in the history of science

What complaint did eighteenth-century surgeon-physicians make about midwives? A. They did not approach women's health and reproduction as related phenomena. B. They performed their services in unsanitary conditions. C. They did not take opportunities to attend school or training. D. They had no education and were universally ignorant.

What conclusion can be drawn based on the development of legal pluralism in the medieval era? A. Areas tended to move from legal pluralism to legal dualism. B. Areas tended to develop from legal pluralism to legal homogeneity. C. Areas typically became more legally pluralistic over time. D. Areas gradually replaced legal homogeneity with legal systems reflecting common European standards.

What conclusion have historians drawn from the growing number of laypeople serving as governmental administrators beginning in the fourteenth century? A. The gap between secular and religious authorities was widening. B. Clerical training was becoming less effective. C. Literacy among laypersons was rising. D. Clergy were increasingly disinterested in government careers.

What conclusions can be drawn about the effects of commercial wealth based on the crises that struck Florence in the fourteenth century? A. Wealth made societies more vulnerable to collapse. B. Wealth left Florence resilient and able to recover from these crises. C. Wealth created a large underclass that fled the city in despair. D. Wealth created an elite who focused on indulging their desires.

What conclusions did many Europeans draw from the capture of Constantinople in 1453? A. The Ottoman Empire was close to collapse. B. The Safavids were likely to invade Europe. C. European armies would recapture the city. D. Islamic expansion into Europe was inevitable.

What consequences did the fourteenth-century Babylonian Captivity have for the papacy? A. Although sympathy for the pope was widespread, the church became disorganized. B. The line of succession of popes was broken, and many Christians lost faith. C. Papal prestige was badly damaged. D. Many national churches became independent.

What contributed to an increase in crime committed by the nobility during the later medieval era? A. The beginning of the Hundred Years' War led to an increase in the number of knights. B. The chivalric code's insistence that knights were entitled to a certain income encouraged crime. C. The end of the Hundred Years' War reduced legitimate employment for knights. D. The belief of many knights that the poor had no property rights

What contributed to making the religious and political situations in Poland-Lithuania during the first half of the sixteenth century unsettled? A. The Polish nobility generally accepted Lutheran ideas, but the common people did not. B. The ethnic diversity of the Polish population contributed to doctrinal differences. C. King Sigismund I accepted Calvinism, but the Polish nobles remained largely Catholic. D. Polish nobles were reluctant to accept the power that Calvinism would give to local churches and their elders.

What contributed to the English Peasants' Revolt in the 1381? A. War with the Holy Roman Empire B. A new system of church tithes C. The imposition of a new tax on adult males D. The government's efforts to organize a defense force for coastal areas

What contributed to the defeat of the Inca Empire by the Spanish in the 1530s? A. The Inca Empire had been weakened by a major civil war. B. The Inca Empire was fragmented into many different native kingdoms. C. The Inca Empire had no organized military forces. D. The Inca Empire was largely united by religious ties and had little political infrastructure.

What contributed to the enduring consequences of Queen Elizabeth I's approach to governing the Church of England from 1558 to 1603? A. Elizabeth's long reign strengthened her influence and legacy. B. Elizabeth's son and heir continued her policies. C. Elizabeth's strong Protestant sensibilities led her to overcome Catholic opposition to her rule. D. Elizabeth's alliances with continental powers left her in a good position to control her own people.

What contributed to the growth of Protestantism in France during the sixteenth century? A. The Catholic Church in France was particularly corrupt. B. Catherine de' Medici encouraged the development of Calvinism. C. Many French nobles adopted Calvinism to assert their independence. D. Popular pressure led many nobles to reluctantly accept Calvinism.

What contributed to the improvement in bodily hygiene throughout the eighteenth century? A. People began to cover more of their body to protect their skin from contaminants in the air. B. People began to use more perfume to mask odors. C. More frequent bathing became the norm. D. Personal hygiene became associated with religious purity.

What contributed to the linkage for Europeans between slavery and sugar cultivation? A. Only Africans understood the particular skills needed to grow sugar. B. Sugar crops had traditionally been grown on Sicily by slaves from the Balkans. C. Sugar harvesting season coincided with the time that Portuguese ships completed their yearly slave trade voyages. D. The difficulty of growing and harvesting sugar created a labor problem.

What contributed to the particular appeal of Calvinism to the sixteenth-century Polish nobility? A. Its doctrine of national church control B. Its early endorsement by the Polish king C. Its origin in France rather than Germany D. Its emphasis on predestination

What critical characteristics of political authority in sixteenth-century Germany contributed to the progress of the Reformation there? A. The Holy Roman Empire was tightly controlled, allowing rapid implementation of new ideas. B. The Holy Roman emperors were hostile to papal authority. C. The Holy Roman Empire was decentralized but had strong local authority. D. The Holy Roman Empire was far from Rome, and little attention was paid to its spiritual development.

What cultural expectations delayed medieval marriages in northwestern Europe during the later Middle Ages? A. The respect for virginity B. The tradition that men delay marriage until their parents had died C. The expectation that men and women would be at least twenty-one years of age before marrying D. The expectation that people would be economically independent before marriage

What defined the romantic art of Eugène Delacroix? A. Somber landscapes B. Remote and exotic subjects C. Nature's power and terror D. Attraction to industrial beauty

What describes the Ethiopian state in 1450? A. It was an isolated but militarily powerful center of Muslim learning. B. It was a prosperous Christian state in occasional contact with Europe. C. It was a Christian state integrated with European trading networks. D. It was a Swahili-speaking empire of city-states integrated into the Indian Ocean trade.

What describes the progress of the Reformation in Bohemia during the sixteenth century? A. Bohemia generally adopted Lutheranism. B. Bohemians were generally reconverted to Catholicism from their previous adherence to the Hussite church. C. Bohemia exhibited a complex mix of pro-Reformation and pro-Catholic sentiment. D. Bohemia became notorious for its rejection of both the Reformation and the Catholic tradition.

What development followed the invention of forceps in the early eighteenth century? A. Midwives had a new tool to help them deliver babies. B. Surgeon-physicians began to criticize midwives as ignorant and dangerous. C. More babies were saved by surgeons than by midwives. D. Surgeons persuaded the majority of women that their services were superior.

What development was confirmed by the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763, which ended the Seven Years' War? A. Spain could hold onto its lucrative West African slave trade. B. Britain had become the strongest naval power and now monopolized a vast trade. C. France would remain a strong power in North America. D. Wars fought in Europe had minimal impact on European colonies.

What did Catherine the Great do after the Pugachev rebellion in 1773? A. She gave nobles absolute control over their serfs. B. She introduced land reform to appease the serfs. C. She reformed her poorly trained army. D. She abolished serfdom.

What did Galileo report in The Sidereal Messenger that he saw as a result of improvements he made to the telescope? A. The discovery of the planet Mars B. The rotation of the moon C. The irregularities of the lunar surface D. The aurora borealis

What did Henry VIII do with the revenues generated by the sale of monastic lands in the 1530s? A. He enriched himself. B. He built schools across England. C. He expanded the universities. D. He redistributed the wealth to the poor.

What did Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet do for France in the 1680s? A. They served Louis XIV as his chief economic and war ministers. B. They founded the French colony in Canada at Quebec. C. They sailed down the Mississippi and claimed land on both sides of the river for France. D. They founded a French colony in the East Indies.

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau think that the concept of the general will reflected? A. The will of the majority B. The results of free and fair elections C. Rationalism and social discourse D. The interests of all the people, but not necessarily the will of the majority

What did civic humanists of the Renaissance assert as the ideal political model? A. That republican governments were best B. That political leaders should be educated men C. That Plato's philosopher-king was the ideal political leader D. That modern leaders, because of their Christianity, were superior to ancient ones

What did fourteenth-century theologians John Wyclif and Jan Hus agree about? A. They were in accord with the goals of the Czech nationalists. B. The pope should have secular authority. C. Christians should read the scriptures in their own languages. D. Jesus was a great prophet but not the son of God.

What did late eighteenth-century liberals believe about equality between men and women? A. It was inevitable in the long run. B. It was neither practical nor desirable. C. It would benefit society as a whole. D. It was possible, but only with many sacrifices.

What did many fur-collar criminals of the late Middle Ages learn when they were accused of a crime? A. They were just as likely as the poor to be convicted and punished. B. They were seldom punished, even when they were convicted. C. Few laws applied to them. D. They could evade justice through bribery and intimidation.

What did nineteenth-century German journalist Friedrich List strongly support? A. Limited liability banks B. Workers' unions to improve factory conditions C. High tariffs to support domestic industry D. Government support for industrialization

What did peasants in Europe do from the Middle Ages to the seventeenth century in order to improve their lives? A. Foraging in nearby woodlands for firewood, roots, and berries B. Traveling to distant cities to sell homemade goods C. Working in urban industries during the winter D. Stealing from their landlords

What did the British social critic Thomas Malthus fear? A. Unrestrained population growth would outpace the food supply and lead to greater poverty. B. Wages would always keep to a level just high enough to keep workers from starving. C. Growing industrialization would result in destructive air and water pollution. D. The world was headed toward a great catastrophe.

What did the Catholic sect of Jansenism, which arose in the seventeenth century, hope to achieve? A. Removal of baroque art from all Catholic churches B. Return to the austere Christianity of its early days C. Collection of funds for poor relief D. Return to cooperation between the church and the monarchy

What did the English borrow from the Dutch in order to advance their agriculture? A. New seeding equipment to improve planting B. Dutch expertise in drainage and water control C. Dutch laws to limit urban growth D. Population control

What did the Navigation Acts, passed in 1651 and extended in the 1660s, require? A. Colonists in the Americas could trade only with their colonizing state. B. Britain would not import any manufactured goods coming from its North American colonies. C. The colonists had to buy virtually all European goods from Britain. D. No British merchants would engage in the slave trade.

What did the Navigation Acts, passed in 1651 and extended in the 1660s, require? A. No goods imported into England could come from the Netherlands or France. B. English merchants could trade only with those from friendly continental states. C. All ships in the Atlantic trade had to be British-built or would be seized. D. Goods imported into England had to be carried on British-owned ships or ships of the country producing the goods.

What did the band of women who marched from Paris to Versailles on October 5, 1789, demand? A. That the king abdicate B. That the king expand women's rights C. That the king act to solve the economic crisis D. That the queen explain her behavior

What did the composition of Henry VII's royal council most likely reflect? A. Because the council excluded bishops, it reflected his goal of weakening the church. B. Because the council was made up exclusively of commoners, it reflected his respect for Parliament. C. Because it included foreign members, it reflected Henry's interest in foreign affairs. D. Because it included only small numbers of important nobles, it reflected Henry's suspicion of the nobility.

What did the defeat of the insurrection at Münster in the 1530s suggest about the religious radicalism of the early Reformation? A. Religious radicalism was likely to overcome all forms of authority. B. Religious radicalism was much more feared by Protestants than by Catholics. C. Fear of religious radicalism was capable of uniting Catholics and Protestants. D. Religious radicalism was a small and relatively unimportant threat to public order.

What did the establishment of the Union of Utrecht in 1581 indicate about the nature of the Reformation in the Netherlands? A. Catholic states were more likely than Protestant ones to unite. B. Protestant unity was going to be difficult to establish. C. Catholic and Protestant states were willing to work together to resist royal authority. D. Protestant states recognized the need for unity to preserve the Reformation.

What did the nineteenth-century thinker Charles Fourier believe about women's rights? A. Women should have the right to vote. B. The total emancipation of women would benefit society. C. Women, the weaker sex, should remain at home. D. Women should take a leading philanthropic role.

What did the opponents of the proposed U.S. Constitution in 1787, who were called Antifederalists, believe? A. The Bill of Rights would do little to safeguard their concerns. B. The new federal government was too strong. C. The country was better off with an unwritten constitution, as Britain had. D. The Constitution did not incorporate the idea of checks and balances.

What did the reaction of the French nobility to the claims of Edward III in 1329 indicate about medieval politics? A. The primary factor affecting the allegiances of the nobles was loyalty to the pope. B. The French nobility acted together as a rule. C. The French nobility were interested in weakening the power of the monarchy. D. The French nobility were primarily concerned with following laws.

What did the reaction to Martin Luther's criticism of the church indicate about the nature of political and religious authority in early sixteenth-century Europe? A. Church and state power were closely intertwined. B. Church authority was both violent and supreme. C. The public had little interest in theological squabbling. D. Luther's ideas were hugely unpopular.

What distinguished slavery as it developed in the Americas from slavery in Europe during the Middle Ages? A. Slavery in the Americas was closely bound up with race. B. Slavery in the Americas came to be characterized by particular cruelty. C. Slavery in the Americas quickly took the exclusive form of plantation labor. D. Slavery in the Americas was driven by a desire to control native peoples.

What distinguished the role of Spain's House of Trade from that of its Council of the Indies in the sixteenth century? A. The House of Trade controlled the movement of people to the colonies; the Council of the Indies guided royal policy in the colonies. B. The House of Trade produced trade goods; the Council of the Indies decided where to establish colonies. C. The House of Trade sent merchants to the colonies; the Council of the Indies sent settlers. D. The House of Trade managed trade with Asia; the Council of the Indies oversaw relations with Asian states.

What distinguished the sixteenth-century Spanish presence in the Americas from their involvement in Manila? A. The Spanish presence in Manila was oriented toward gold as opposed to silver mining, which was the focus in the Americas. B. The Spanish presence in Manila provided a large slave market for Asia, whereas the Americas were a market for African slaves. C. In Manila, the Spanish found native peoples who offered a labor force for their plantations in the Americas. D. The Spanish Empire in the Americas was a land empire, but in Manila, the Spanish ran a seaborne trading empire.

What do developments during the fourteenth-century plague, such as the flagellants, the Dance of Death, and the changes in the university system, suggest about how cultures respond to such crises? A. They tend to seek a complete break with the past and to establish new values. B. They tend to become very traditional and conservative. C. They tend to draw on core qualities while developing in new directions. D. They experience paralysis and rapid cultural collapse.

What do historians now believe about parental attachment to their young in the eighteenth century? A. Parents were not indifferent toward their young and were heartbroken when they died. B. Parents generally did not start to love their children until they reached age 5. C. Parents formed emotional attachments based on the economic potential of their children. D. The biblical idea of children honoring their mothers and fathers became more important in the eighteenth century.

What do the fourteenth-century flagellants indicate about the religious response of many to the plague? A. Many believed that only when Christian sinners were found and beaten would the plague be ended. B. Most abandoned religion and faith when they realized prayers had failed to save so many. C. Many saw the plague as punishment for human wickedness and sought to do penance in dramatic fashion. D. Officials sought to make examples of a few men and women, offering their suffering as penance for others.

What do the multiple causes of the Hundred Years' War suggest about the nature of medieval warfare? A. Economic causes of wars were most important. B. Divisions over religious principles and authority underlay most wars. C. Rivalries between monarchs and their competing territorial claims caused wars. D. National hatreds and tensions pressured kings to go to war.

What does Martin Luther's success in spreading his ideas indicate about the nature of early sixteenth-century Europe? A. It shows that most Europeans were ready to reject Christian teaching. B. It indicates that the papacy had gone into serious decline. C. It suggests the influence that clerical figures had over secular leaders. D. It establishes that printing allowed the rapid spread of new ideas.

What does Shakespeare's treatment of his title character in Othello reveal about Elizabethan racial attitudes? A. The contempt most Europeans had for Africans B. The eagerness of Europeans to reject Islam C. The confusion and uncertainty about race D. The unwillingness of entertainers to depict African characters

What does the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 reveal about the nature of European political and religious authority? A. The pope could mediate disputes between states. B. Spain was increasingly willing to reject papal authority. C. Protestant states sought control of the new world. D. The pope was rejected by all secular authorities.

What does the conduct of the pope during the initial wars of religion in Germany that began in 1546 indicate about the nature of such conflicts? A. The pope's withdrawal of support for the Holy Roman emperor's campaign indicates the importance of political considerations. B. The pope's willingness to fight on the Protestant side indicates the insincerity of religious opinions. C. The pope's eagerness to support the Holy Roman emperor's bloody campaign made it clear that the wars would be brutal. D. The pope's unwillingness to intervene made the fundamentally secular nature of the conflict clear.

What does the fifteenth-century rivalry between Genoa and Venice indicate about the European trading powers of the time? A. They were willing to share trading routes. B. They often pushed each other into new areas of commerce and exploration. C. They could cooperate to gain control of Ottoman trade routes. D. They were guided by religion as much as by economic concerns.

What does the food crisis of the early fourteenth century reveal about Western society? A. The climate was less important to society's well-being than trading networks. B. Society had dedicated too many resources to religious purposes. C. The nobility felt no sense of social responsibility. D. The bulk of the population remained vulnerable to environmental conditions.

What does the history of slavery in European colonies in the New World during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries indicate about the development of the institution? A. Slavery in the New World was pioneered by the Dutch, whose practices were widely imitated. B. There was considerable difference of opinion about the introduction of African slavery to the New World. C. All European states with American colonies adopted slave labor. D. Slaves were primarily imported for Portuguese and Spanish colonies.

What does the pattern by which the fourteenth-century plague spread indicate about medieval society in Europe? A. Medieval Europeans had no understanding of how the plague was passed on. B. Medieval European society was marked by intensely local communities with limited access to the wider world. C. Medieval European society was highly stratified by class, with the wealthy largely unaffected by the plague. D. Medieval European society was closely connected by trade to other areas.

What does the response of fourteenth-century physicians to the plague indicate about the state of medical knowledge at the time? A. There was little interest in understanding the cause of disease. B. They misunderstood the causes of disease. C. Most believed that "evil spirits" were the main cause of disease. D. They had little care or concern for the well-being of their poorer patients.

What economic policy did Adam Smith criticize in his 1776 work The Wealth of Nations? A. Free competition B. The industrial "division of labor" C. Socialism D. Government regulation of the economy

What effect did the development of slavery in Renaissance Europe have on ideas about black Africans? A. As slavery diminished, European experience and knowledge of Africans declined. B. As slavery expanded, negative views about Africans became more widespread. C. The use of Africans as slaves was virtually unknown. D. African slaves were increasingly respected for their skills and abilities.

What effect did the schism and the conciliar movements of the fourteenth century have on the western church? A. Permanent splits within the church B. Making evident the need for reform C. Permanent fragmentation of the papacy D. Abandonment of the church by many

What encouraged acceptance of the Reformation in the Low Countries before 1556? A. Repressive rule from the Habsburgs B. Corruption in the church and the critical spirit of the Renaissance C. The considerable time that Martin Luther spent preaching there D. Charles V's support for Lutheranism

What event in 1556 led to the rapid spread of Calvinism in the Netherlands? A. France attacked the Netherlands. B. Queen Elizabeth I annexed the Netherlands. C. King Charles V abdicated, and control of the Netherlands passed to Philip II. D. The pope demanded the Netherlands accept his direct rule.

What evidence do historians have for rising literacy among laypeople beginning in the fourteenth century? A. The size of nobles' libraries began to increase. B. Book ownership became more common. C. Schools stopped needing to teach reading to small children. D. Novels written by laypeople became more common.

What evidence indicates that the emergence of print culture radically transformed European life? A. Gutenberg was quickly knighted by the Holy Roman emperor. B. Print shops became gathering places for the circulation of ideas. C. Printing presses became extremely rare and highly valued items. D. Print culture allowed individuals to explore new ideas privately.

What factor may have contributed to the willingness of Charles VII of France to allow Joan of Arc to travel with the French army in 1428? A. The French were losing the war badly. B. He became romantically attached to her. C. Women warriors were rare but respected in France. D. Joan had a plan that many thought would defeat the English.

What general attitudes did Renaissance Europeans have toward the blacks living in Europe? A. Blacks were considered to be inferior but were treated as fellow humans. B. Blacks were in great demand as servants and often intermingled with the ordinary population. C. Blacks were widely employed as tutors for the children of the elite. D. Blacks were treated as equals and sometimes became part of the nobility.

What generalization can be made about the movement of people and ethnic pluralism in Europe during the late Middle Ages? A. Large numbers of migrants were present in Europe, creating ethnic diversity. B. The British Isles were a zone of heavy migration, but populations in the rest of Europe were largely static and stable. C. Eastern Europe was a zone of heavy migration, but populations in the rest of Europe were largely static. D. Movement of people tended to be local and on a small scale.

What goal did Henry VIII have in the 1520s, and why was he unable to obtain it? A. Henry VIII sought the right to change some religious practices but was prevented from doing so by his wife, Catherine. B. Henry VIII sought to hold mass in English rather than in Latin, but was prevented from doing so by English bishops. C. Henry VIII looked to build a new university to share Lutheran principles but was prevented by Parliament, which refused the funds. D. Henry VIII sought an annulment of his marriage but was prevented from obtaining it by the pope.

What happened at the Diet of Worms in 1521? A. Martin Luther was forced by Emperor Charles V to recant under threat of execution. B. Martin Luther refused to abandon his ideas and gained publicity for his cause. C. Martin Luther was made to "eat his words" by the papal legate. D. Martin Luther recanted on some questions but refused to change his opposition to clerical celibacy.

What happened in 1830 after Charles X reversed the liberal Constitutional Charter in France? A. Riots in Paris brought down the government, and Charles fled. B. Charles turned to military adventure to rally French nationalism and keep power. C. Charles's reversals triggered the Congress System, and Austria sent in troops to help him. D. The monarchy and aristocracy again enjoyed a resurgence of power.

What happened in the eighteenth century to the general attitude of tolerance toward sexual activities outside heterosexual marriage that had existed earlier? A. Society remained surprisingly open well into the nineteenth century. B. This general tolerance continued its process of decline. C. People accepted bisexuality while shunning homosexuality. D. The general tolerance remained the same except for cases of adultery.

What happened to native peoples under the Spanish encomienda system of the sixteenth century? A. Most died of disease and overwork. B. Most found ways to avoid the system, particularly by retreating into the hinterlands. C. Most avoided the labor obligations of the system by converting to Christianity. D. Most resisted the system and died fighting against it.

What happened to the early liberal governments formed across Latin America after independence had been won? A. Like the French Revolution, they took a radical turn and subsequently failed. B. They were difficult to implement and often failed. C. They were overthrown by the Creole class, who wanted a more conservative rule. D. They managed to survive for quite some time but eventually faded away.

What happened to the population of Europe during the eighteenth century? A. It grew rapidly in the north and west and less so in the east. B. It remained steady, with few dips and few gains. C. It began to grow steadily, and even dramatically at times. D. It suffered severe losses as a result of war and disease.

What happened to the rate of illegitimate births in Europe between 1750 and 1850? A. It skyrocketed. B. It declined. C. It remained the same as before. D. It was obscured by new birth-registration methods.

What impact did romanticism have on music? A. Classical music performance was no longer just for the trained musician but became a more important popular pastime. B. Romantic music displaced the dramatic musical performance of the opera. C. Music no longer simply complemented a church service but became an end in itself. D. Composers turned away from folk music to more intellectual forms.

What important feature of relations among the states in Renaissance Italy anticipated relations among competing European states after the year 1500? A. The states combined against any state that appeared likely to become dominant. B. The different states built a system of formal alliances. C. Rulers of Italian states agreed to disagree about religious differences. D. The states limited their competition to commercial matters.

What important role did the elector of Saxony play in the Reformation during the early sixteenth century? A. By opposing the Reformation, he forced many of his subjects into open rebellion. B. By supporting the Reformation, he accepted the superiority of religious over civil authority. C. By cooperating with the Reformation, he accelerated its reforms. D. By opposing the Reformation, he positioned himself to control the selection of the next pope.

What is a measure of the importance of the American colonies to Britain in the eighteenth century? A. The migration of millions of displaced farm laborers from Britain to North America B. From 1750 to 1800, England's exports to its colonies rose from roughly one-quarter to one-half of its total exports. C. The increasing reliance of the British on manufactured goods imported from North America D. The frequent attacks on those colonies by Spain and France, which tried to gain control of them

What is meant by the term "diwani," which the Mughal shah granted to the British East India Company in 1765? A. The rights to civil administration and tax collection B. Tribute paid by the Mughals C. Trade rights D. The right to marry Hindus

What led Europeans, starting from the sixteenth century, to view Africans as particularly deserving of enslavement? A. They were thought to be particularly brutish and backward. B. They were believed to be docile and obedient. C. They were considered to be particularly skilled agriculturalists. D. They were considered to be particularly unwilling to adopt Christianity.

What led fifteenth-century Portuguese traders to begin importing slaves from Africa? A. Portuguese church officials argued that non-Christian slaves were preferable to Christian slaves brought from the Balkans. B. Portuguese merchants realized that African slaves brought especially high prices. C. The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople cut Mediterranean Europeans off from their traditional source of slaves. D. Africans had few goods to trade for European wines other than slaves.

What led to the outbreaks of peasant violence in the fourteenth century? A. Lack of opportunity to own land B. A combination of difficulties that made life worse for peasants C. Attempts by monarchs to draft peasants to fight new wars D. Loss of confidence in the church

What marked colonial-era English attitudes toward native peoples? A. English colonizers had a particularly strong sense of the boundaries between "civilized" Europeans and "savage" natives. B. Unlike French settlers, English men were particularly willing to form unions with indigenous women. C. English colonizers had particularly strong intentions to "assimilate" natives into European culture. D. English settlers were particularly prone to adopt native ideas about social and political matters.

What marriage made by Emperor Maximilian shaped the sixteenth-century inheritance of his grandson, Charles V, in crucial ways? A. Maximilian's son and daughter with the children of Ferdinand and Isabella B. Maximilian's daughter with the son of Queen Elizabeth I C. Maximilian's grandson with the daughter of the French king D. Maximilian's daughter to the doge of Venice

What model was followed in designing factories during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? A. The organization of the army B. Cottage work C. Poorhouses, where destitute people went to live at public expense D. Small villages

What name was given to wealthy, educated commoners in France during the eighteenth century? A. The proletariat B. The bourgeoisie C. The estates D. The Jacobins

What other significant change took place in Zurich after the city became Protestant in the sixteenth century? A. Protestants subjected the church to civil control and taxation. B. Rebellions there showed that people in many cities would not accept Protestant rule. C. Civic authorities were unable to control the new Protestant churches. D. Protestant religious leaders were determined to assert political as well as religious control.

What period did the fourteenth-century poet Francesco Petrarch consider to be the "dark ages?" A. Ancient Roman times B. The period between the fall of Rome and his own age C. The period of the Avignon papacy D. The time of the Black Death

What place did European voyages of exploration play in the popular imagination during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A. There was enormous interest among the educated in accounts of exploration. B. Most people were more focused on contemporary religious conflicts. C. Outside of court circles, there was little interest in exploration. D. Most preferred the fanciful tales of Sir John Mandeville to more accurate accounts of voyages.

What place did marriage play in determining social status in Renaissance Europe? A. Marriage was considered to be fundamental for establishing independence and authority. B. Marriage diminished social standing for men but benefitted women. C. Married women received lower wages than unmarried women. D. Only unmarried men were considered to be independent enough to participate in politics.

What place did sugar have in European society before the fifteenth century? A. It was imported at great expense from China. B. It was a luxury product available only to a few. C. It was purchased in Africa and used only by royalty. D. Sugar could be grown in the Balkans, but the fall of Constantinople cut off that supply.

What place did the slave trade have in fifteenth-century Mediterranean commerce? A. Italian merchants sold slaves, many of them Christians, to Egyptian Mamluks and others. B. Ottoman merchants were the principle slave traders across the Mediterranean. C. It was nonexistent, as the slave trade had ended in the Mediterranean by 1400. D. Berber merchants traded slaves from Africa in Europe.

What policies were called for in the doctrine of laissez faire? A. Protective tariffs, government regulation, and unlimited liability B. Government programs to meet social needs C. Free trade and universal male voting rights D. Free trade, unrestricted private enterprise, and no government interference

What political consequences flowed from the English Reformation beginning in the 1530s? A. The distribution of monastic lands strengthened the middle class, which began to demand political influence. B. Without the church to support the monarchy, the power of the nobility increased. C. The power of the centralized state increased as the bureaucracy expanded. D. The king and Parliament were increasingly estranged and hostile, as the monarchy kept all monastic lands.

What political system did Renaissance humanists tend to admire, and why? A. Imperial Rome, for its forcefulness and strength B. The papacy, for its durability C. Roman republicanism, for its principles D. Ancient Athens, for its democracy

What position did the British government official Edwin Chadwick take after investigating working-class conditions in the early nineteenth century? A. The middle class was exploiting the working class and robbing them of a fair means of survival. B. Industrialization threatened the health of the working class because of pollution. C. The poor were better able to buy necessities and minor luxuries than ever before. D. The Irish were working for lower wages and undermining English agriculture.

What precipitated the final fall of the French monarchy in August 1792? A. The revolutionary French army defeated Austria and Prussia. B. Rumors spread of the king and queen's treason. C. The Committee of Public Safety took power and began the Reign of Terror. D. The king and queen attempted to flee France.

What reforming activity that the Renaissance popes had resisted was finally begun by Pope Paul III in 1545? A. Establishing new religious orders B. Speaking out against Lutheranism and Calvinism C. Closing Catholic universities D. Calling a general council of the church

What religious policies were pursued during the reigns of Henry VIII's children, Edward VI and Mary Tudor? A. Edward VI rebelled against his father's ideas and reinstated Catholicism; Mary restored the Protestant faith. B. Both advanced the Reformation after their father's death. C. Both worked to restore the Catholic faith in England after their father's death. D. Edward VI advanced the Reformation, but Mary moved sharply back toward Catholicism.

What role did Europeans play in the emerging sixteenth-century global economy? A. They were the major consumers within that global economy. B. As a result of their expansion, Europeans integrated the Pacific and American economies. C. Europeans produced the majority of the manufactured goods traded in the global system. D. Europeans provided mercantile know-how to the still-developing Asian trade.

What role did Persian merchants play in global trade during the fifteenth century? A. They were mostly active in Africa. B. They participated in overland but not oceangoing trade. C. They traded over great distances. D. They limited their trade to other Islamic states.

What role did an appeal to German identity play in Martin Luther's call for a reformation? A. Luther sought to broaden his appeal beyond Germany and avoided direct appeals to German identity. B. The fact that the pope was German reduced the effectiveness of his appeals to German identity. C. Luther appealed to Germans' sense of common identity to reject the authority of the pope. D. As most rulers focused on his theological arguments, Luther said little about being German.

What role did communes play in establishing northern Italian cities beginning in the twelfth century? A. Groups of servants established political systems within the towns based on equality. B. Sworn associations of free men formed by merchant guilds kept civil order. C. Artisans and craftsmen built shared housing and established local militias. D. Women formed associations to strengthen schooling and provide for church maintenance.

What role did humanist education come to play in the wider educational system of Renaissance Italy? A. It did not take hold outside of a small group of scholars. B. It became the basis for the well-to-do. C. It became the preferred way of educating women but not men. D. It was widely offered to all people in public academies.

What role did practitioners of magic and alchemy play in fostering the Scientific Revolution? A. They sought to explain the mysteries they observed without reference to God. B. They inspired scientists to defeat the ideas of magic and alchemy. C. They trained emerging scientists in the use of instruments and equipment. D. They strove to understand and control the hidden connections they perceived among different elements.

What role did the Consistory play in John Calvin's Geneva starting in the 1540s? A. It was charged with disciplining and correcting moral conduct. B. It enforced civil law. C. It interpreted the scriptures and directed theological teachings. D. It spread Calvin's ideas by preaching around Europe.

What similarity did early sixteenth-century British settlements in the Americas have with their Spanish counterparts? A. They engaged in conflict with natives over land and resources. B. Immigrants quickly moved to backcountry areas and established inland settlements. C. Settlers focused on establishing wholesale domination of the local population. D. Colonial officials in both settings focused on extracting gold from native peoples.

What social changes within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah movement? A. Increased religious attention to ritual and ceremony B. Assimilation of Jews into European society C. Reduced rabbinical control and greater interaction with Christians D. Greater freedoms for women

What statement describes the British abolition campaign, in which women were prominent, that began in the 1780s? A. It became the first mass movement of public opinion in British history. B. It highlighted the evils of slavery but made no substantial gains. C. It focused only on the harsh and cruel treatment of African women. D. It was quickly suppressed by the government.

What term describes the process by which rural workers used hand tools to manufacture goods? A. Enclosure system B. Homespun C. The guild system D. Cottage industry

What territorial principles guided the victors of the Napoleonic wars as they debated the peace at the Congress of Vienna in 1814 and 1815? A. They should receive territorial compensation without provoking a desire for revenge in the defeated country. B. They wanted to punish France and guarantee that it would not be able to adopt an expansionist policy for years to come. C. They believed in the aspirations of nationalism and wanted to establish the bases for creating nation-states. D. They were committed to abolishing all problems that would lead to war.

What trade goods did fifteenth-century Africans offer in the Indian Ocean trade system? A. Ivory, shells, and slaves B. Textiles, spices, and grain C. Paper goods and manufactured furniture D. Opium and tea

What trend characterized the development of trade in the Indian Ocean from the seventh through the fourteenth centuries? A. The European share of the trade steadily diminished over this time. B. Indian Ocean trade steadily increased except during the Black Death. C. Indian Ocean trade declined steadily after the era of the Black Death. D. Indian Ocean trade was dominated by Europeans starting from the Middle Ages.

What trend in sixteenth-century culture is represented in Michelangelo's later work, such as the Pietà and the palaces on the Capitoline Hill? A. A shift occurred from large projects to smaller, specialized works. B. A shift occurred from fewer projects by lesser-known artists toward large-scale works by well-known artists. C. Artists were increasingly unwilling to complete their works. D. The artistic center of Renaissance Italy shifted from Florence to Rome.

What trend is represented by Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense, written and published during the American Revolution? A. The ability of an aristocratic author to reach the masses B. The new popular interest in mastering abstract Enlightenment ideas C. The censorship of critical writing by the government D. The spread and reception of Enlightenment ideas among the working class

What trend is signified by the following passage from the excerpt from the poem written by troubadour Raimon de Cornet in the 1330s? I see the pope his sacred trust betray, For while the rich his grace can gain alway, His favors from the poor are aye withholden. He strives to gather wealth as best he may, Forcing Christ's people blindly to obey, So that he may repose in garments golden. A. The controversial nature of criticisms of the pope B. Popular audiences' appreciation of criticisms of ecclesiastical corruption C. The decision by most people to no longer seek spiritual guidance from the church D. Church corruption being taken advantage of by all social ranks

What two countries enjoyed higher agricultural production than others in eighteenth-century Europe? A. Germany and Poland B. France and Austria C. Britain and the Dutch Republic D. Spain and Italy

What two fundamental principles made up the doctrine of liberalism? A. Universal male suffrage and laissez faire B. Representative government and equality before the law C. Representative government and equality of the sexes D. Government welfare programs and laissez faire

What typical accusation did Christian theologians level at supposed witches after the Middle Ages? A. Making a pact with the Devil B. Abandoning the use of magic C. Seeking to control the church D. Spreading the ideas of the Reformation

What typified European settlement in the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century colonies in the Americas? A. Colonial settlements were clustered together in order to provide mutual support. B. Settlements of different European colonial empires were often placed near each other and competed for resources. C. Native peoples quickly moved away from European settlements. D. Europeanized settlements were hedged by immense borderland areas of contact with non-Europeans.

What united many of the different groups of religious radicals that proliferated beginning in the 1520s? A. Many of these radicals sought to create separate, voluntary communities of believers. B. Many of these radicals sought to overthrow the state. C. Many of these radicals rejected the idea of leadership within the church. D. Many of these radicals rejected the divinity of Jesus.

What views dominated the Frankfurt parliament of the German Confederation, which sat in May 1848? A. Conservative B. National liberal C. Radical socialist D. Republican

What was Louis XVI's response to the National Assembly and the Tennis Court Oath of June 1789? A. He restructured his government in an effort to appease the discontent. B. He ignored their pledge and continued to govern by decree. C. He ordered the three estates to meet but sent his army to disband the National Assembly. D. He fled to Versailles to wait out the storm of protest.

What was Matthew Boulton's contribution to the success of the steam engine? A. He provided Watt with capital and salesmanship. B. He made precision parts for repairs. C. He trained installers and managers. D. He made the steam engine even more efficient.

What was a basic principle of cameralism, the German science that predated the Enlightenment? A. Parliament should be divided into two chambers. B. All elements of society should serve the state, which should work to improve society. C. The general will reflects the interests of all the people, but not necessarily the will of the majority. D. Applying reason and rationality to government will never work.

What was a central feature of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, issued by France's National Assembly in August 1789? A. A call for representative government B. Abolishing the nobility C. Abolishing the monarchy D. Extending suffrage to all males

What was a core belief of liberals in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? A. Everyone should enjoy economic equality. B. Democracy was the best form of government. C. Women should enjoy the same liberty and equality as men. D. Individuals should be free from arbitrary laws.

What was a core belief of the eighteenth-century revivalist leader John Wesley? A. Salvation is only granted to a select few B. If people properly feared God and lived modestly, they would find salvation. C. Any person might have a heartfelt, emotional conversion. D. The separation of religion from social life would bring a peaceful world.

What was a goal of the Haskalah movement during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment? A. Freedom and civil rights for European Jews B. Conversion of European Jews to Christianity C. Laws further restricting the movement of Jews D. Stricter religious practice among Jews

What was a key problem in the preindustrial textile industry that hampered production? A. The demand by weavers for thread was greater than the supply. B. The poor quality of cotton needed to be improved. C. The high demand for labor could not be met. D. The British had no way to transport their cloth to market.

What was a major result of late eighteenth-century enlightened rule? A. It helped equalize relations between the classes. B. It paved the way for a constitutional form of government. C. It helped end European rivalries and competition. D. It expanded the role of the state in the life of society.

What was a result of the rise of plantation agriculture in Brazil and the Caribbean colonies during the 1700s? A. Growth of the slave trade B. Massive migration from Europe to those areas C. A series of wars to gain control of the Portuguese and Spanish colonies D. A world economic depression from a flood of cheap raw materials

What was accomplished by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494? A. It settled competing claims to discoveries in the Atlantic. B. It resolved the dispute between Spain and Portugal over Brazil. C. It divided North America between the British and the French. D. It granted papal approval of the slave trade.

What was achieved by the Concordat of 1801 between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII? A. Freedom of worship for all religions in France B. Reimbursement to the church for its losses during the revolution C. Freedom of worship to French Catholics in return for Napoleon's control over church appointments D. Establishment of the Catholic Church as the official church in France

What was an important argument of Niccolò Machiavell's early sixteenth-century work The Prince? A. Rulers should preserve order and security as their first duty. B. Rulers should follow the example of the Medici family. C. Rulers should seek to expand their lands by conquest. D. Rulers should not concern themselves with public opinion.

What was an important consequence of the fourteenth-century movement of lay piety? A. To discourage lay participation in the church B. To encourage many people to appreciate their own spiritual power C. To promote a deep division between the clergy and the laity D. To lead mystics to seek independence from papal authority

What was an important difference between Catholic and Protestant practices in the eighteenth century? A. Protestants participated more actively in formal worship than Catholics did. B. Protestants joined religious associations known as confraternities, where they participated in prayer and religious services, while Catholics did not. C. Catholics removed baroque art and emotional images from their churches, while Protestants did not. D. Catholics participated more actively in formal worship than Protestants did.

What was an important innovation of Charles VII of France during the fifteenth century? A. He signed a concordat with the pope. B. He established the French navy. C. He allowed greater local autonomy to noble elites. D. He strengthened royal finances through a land tax.

What was an important long-term consequence of the fourteenth-century plague on newly established universities? A. The new institutions became more local and national. B. The new institutions were forced to lower the standards for clerical education. C. The new institutions became poorer and more dependent on unpopular tithes. D. The new institutions led to a flowering of new learning, which led to the Renaissance.

What was an unintended consequence of the British Factory Act of 1833? A. The education mandated by the Factory Act helped create a national system of education. B. Inspectors, not factory managers, enforced its provisions. C. It broke the pattern of families working together. D. The number of unions across Britain proliferated.

What was at the root of conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and France after 1477? A. The spread of Lutheran ideas in Germany angered the Catholic French monarchy. B. The marriage of the Holy Roman emperor's son to Mary of Burgundy was seen as a threat. C. Efforts by the Holy Roman emperor to assassinate the French monarch outraged many in France. D. The pope's condemnation of the French monarchy led to a war that generated many territorial disputes.

What was characteristic of the relationship between Jews and Christians in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Spain? A. Most Jews converted to Christianity and were accepted. B. Jews and New Christian converts regularly experienced persecution and pogroms. C. Jews were generally tolerated, although those who chose to convert were regarded with suspicion. D. Jews formed an Inquisition to slow conversions to Christianity.

What was critical in determining which powers supported Clement VII, the pope at Avignon, during the Great Schism? A. Urban VI's insanity B. Clement VII's determination to reform the church C. Clement VII's willingness to give more power over the church to secular rulers D. Clement VII's being French

What was distinctive about the political development of early English settlements in North America? A. English colonies quickly began to send a fair share of representatives to Britain's Parliament. B. English colonies developed local representative institutions with some autonomy. C. Royal governors in English colonies were expected to act with considerable independence. D. English colonies had little or no structured government other than what local proprietors allowed.

What was established through the Karlsbad Decrees, issued by the German Confederation in 1819? A. Goods could move between German member states without tariffs. B. Liberal political organizations and ideas were banned, and a network of spies was created to clamp down on reformers. C. Freedom of the press and universal male suffrage were enacted. D. The gradual process of national unification for the German states was reaffirmed.

What was generally believed to be true about the nature of children throughout the eighteenth century? A. They were individually unique and gifted, and their talents needed to be nurtured. B. They were innately sinful, but with discipline, parents could overcome their bad behavior. C. They were good at heart but did not know how to express this goodness. D. They were more obedient if they understood the larger implications of their behavior.

What was guaranteed to all French citizens by the decrees of the French Provisional Government issued in 1848? A. Safety, a democratic government, and work for all citizens B. A representative government and freedom from oppression and feudal dues C. The rights to free trade, to organize unions, and to vote D. Religious freedom and freedom from oppression

What was involved in the putting-out system of eighteenth-century Europe? A. A merchant loaned raw materials to rural workers to process. B. Manufacturers temporarily hired landless peasants to work in small urban factories. C. Fathers hired out their children to earn extra income. D. Women worked as urban domestic laborers.

What was involved in the three-year system of farming used from the Middle Ages to the eighteenth century? A. Rotating wheat or rye, oats or beans, and pastureland over three years B. Alternating the right to make decisions among peasants every three years C. Giving peasants the right to extra land once every three years D. Planting wheat for three years and then leaving the land fallow

What was notable about the battle of Crécy, fought in 1346 in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War? A. The English used cannon for the first time in European history. B. English knights proved a match for French ones on the battlefield. C. French longbowmen inflicted a defeat on English knights. D. Trenches were used to stop horsemen for the first time.

What was one consequence of the widespread belief in sixteenth-century Europe that the practice of religion was a public matter? A. Believers were expected to be able to "defend their faith," which contributed to public religious controversies. B. Religious practice was seen as being directly connected to the authority of rulers and the security of the state. C. Religious toleration was widely believed to be essential to maintain public order. D. Protestant ideas about the need for religious liberty were seldom accepted.

What was one important consequence of the "debate about women" in the Renaissance? A. Some scholars began to explore the reasons behind women's secondary status. B. Some men were forced to defend the social status of women. C. The social circumstances of women improved. D. Marriage became more egalitarian.

What was one important consequence of the development of cannon during the Hundred Years' War? A. Because of their cost, the military power of central governments increased. B. Because of their devastating power on the battlefield, knights were rendered obsolete. C. Strong castles became more important to warfare. D. Warfare became less expensive, because fewer men could do more damage to the enemy.

What was one important difference between the Spanish political system of the fifteenth century and the French and English ones of that same period? A. The Spanish system reflected more respect for the power of independent lords. B. The Spanish system was less focused on establishing a clearly Christian kingdom. C. The Spanish system was characterized by a loose confederation of separate kingdoms. D. The Spanish system allowed states and royal houses to continue to pursue different foreign policies.

What was one important shared characteristic of the fourteenth-century masterpieces Divine Comedy and Canterbury Tales? A. Both rejected core Christian teachings. B. Both were written in prose. C. Both developed out of folk tales. D. Both used sophisticated vernacular rhythms and rhymes.

What was one of the critical long-term consequences of the Hundred Years' War in England? A. A collection of legislative bodies arose across the country. B. Frequent meetings of Parliament institutionalized the role of the Commons. C. The king developed an effective cabinet system within the court. D. An efficient system of taxation developed.

What was one of the critical long-term consequences of the Hundred Years' War in both France and England? A. Loss of influence within Europe B. Loss of influence by the pope in both states C. Increased nationalism and a sense of unified identity D. Increased power of the monarchy

What was one of the earliest surgeries widely practiced in the eighteenth century? A. Lobotomy B. Appendectomy C. Heart surgery D. Amputation of a limb

What was one reason why Britain turned to coal as a source of heat and power early in the Industrial Revolution? A. Wood was becoming more scarce. B. Supplies of oil had run out. C. It burned much hotter and was therefore a better source of heat. D. Burning coal was better for the environment.

What was one result of the Great Famine for Ireland? A. Alone in Europe, Ireland experienced a declining population. B. Trying to divest its responsibilities there, Britain introduced measures of self-government. C. The Great Famine distracted Irish patriots and crippled the nationalist movement. D. The Great Famine weakened the place of the Catholic Church in Ireland.

What was similar about the foundations of English colonies in New England, Pennsylvania, and Maryland? A. All these colonies were established on land taken from the Powhatan Confederacy. B. All these colonies were established as a result of religious disputes. C. All these colonies were founded by Puritan settlers. D. All these colonies struggled to prosper economically for many decades.

What was surprising about the reign of Charles VII in France during the fifteenth century? A. France revived despite his being an indecisive king. B. He decided not to invade England. C. He tried to conquer the territory of his allies, the Burgundians. D. He was crowned king of France despite being of Spanish descent.

What was the "Congress System" established in the early nineteenth century? A. The fourth and final alliance that defeated Napoleon in 1814 B. The settlement of international crises through conferences and balance-of-power diplomacy C. The liberal constitutional granted by Louis XVIII to govern the French monarchy D. The radical international socialist organization formed by Karl Marx

What was the British reaction to continental efforts to catch up with its industrial development by "borrowing" its technologies? A. The British charged high prices and fees to do so. B. The British believed that they would benefit from other countries industrializing. C. The British created barriers to the departure of machinery and skilled workers. D. The British made no efforts to safeguard their new technologies.

What was the Frankfurt parliament's proposal of a "Greater Germany," issued in 1848? A. A greater German customs union to expand Zollverein B. A proposal for national unification that included Scandinavia C. A proposal of national unification that included German-speaking lands of the Austrian empire D. The parliament's attempt to expand its scope and responsibilities by becoming a national legislature

What was the Gallican Church of the eighteenth century? A. A radical church of Enlightenment ideas B. The national Catholic Church in France C. A missionary order aiming to spread Catholicism D. The church in Ireland

What was the Inquisition, established in 1478? A. A church-established body determined to eliminate Spain's remaining Muslims B. An initiative from the Spanish bishops to strengthen the monarchy by eliminating critics C. A mission sent by the pope to test the faith of Spanish Christians D. A state-established inquiry into the possibility that some Jewish converts were insincere

What was the Pale of Settlement? A. The Jewish settlement in what is now Israel B. The British law offering citizenship to Jews C. The territory in which most Jews of the Russian empire were required to live D. The urban ghetto of Berlin where the Jewish population lived

What was the achievement of the Reform Bill of 1832? A. It mandated new town government, a police force, and reform of the Poor Laws. B. It increased the number of voters from eight to twelve percent of adult males. C. It eliminated the high tariffs on grain imports. D. It introduced new industrial legislation to reduce harsh conditions for workers.

What was the attitude of church authorities to the confraternities of the fourteenth century? A. Toleration, because confraternities were generally not considered to be heretical B. Disapproval, because confraternities challenged clerical authority C. Concern, because confraternities often criticized clerical behavior D. Acceptance, because confraternities were typically led by priests

What was the attitude of peasants toward the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century? A. Most thought they would benefit from enclosure. B. Most were suspicious of enclosure but agreed to go along. C. Most guarded traditional rights and resisted enclosure when they could. D. Most peasants across England organized resistance to enclosure.

What was the attitude of political and religious authorities to the emergence of the print culture in the fifteenth century? A. They both used and tried to control printing. B. Most monarchs attempted to ban printing within their borders. C. Religious leaders were suspicious of printing, but secular leaders promoted it. D. Most printers were employed by governments, and the state effectively controlled print culture.

What was the attitude of the Enlightenment philosophes toward the common people? A. They believed the common people had neither time nor talent for philosophical ideas. B. They believed they could elevate the masses with a concerted reform of education. C. They believed the common people could make their own contributions by engaging in the public sphere. D. They believed the masses were driven by superstition and violent passion and could never be reformed.

What was the attitude of the majority of Europeans to the Greek struggle for independence? A. Many educated Europeans believed they superseded the culture of classical Greece and were not interested in the independence movement. B. Most European states expressed abhorrence of the Ottoman attempts to convert the Greeks to Islam and demanded the Ottomans relinquish control. C. Most Europeans supported Greek independence because it would bring the fall of the Ottoman Empire. D. Leaders in Great Britain, France, and Russia finally yielded to popular opinion and by the end of the 1820s began to support Greek independence.

What was the average age of marriage for both men and women in western Europe from 1600 to 1800? A. Age 20 B. Age 15 C. Ages 25 to 27 D. Ages 33 to 35

What was the background of the fifteenth-century French heroine Joan of Arc? A. She was the daughter of a minor noble. B. She was the illegitimate daughter of a bishop. C. Her origins are unknown. D. She was the daughter of prosperous peasants.

What was the balance-of-power principle in nineteenth-century international affairs? A. An international equilibrium that would discourage aggression by any state B. An agreement that all states should have roughly equal power C. An understanding that no power should acquire territory after the wars against Napoleon D. An agreement that none of the great states should go to war against the smaller states

What was the cause of soil exhaustion in medieval Europe before adoption of different systems of farming? A. Too many fallow years harmed the soil. B. Shifting to cotton cultivation depleted the soil. C. Planting wheat repeatedly caused the land to lose nitrogen. D. Overgrazing by livestock destroyed grasses that provided needed nutrients.

What was the consequence for the Spanish political system of the marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in the fifteenth century? A. The two royal houses were united, but their kingdoms remained only loosely linked. B. A united Spain emerged that allowed rapid growth and expansion of the kingdom. C. The failure of the marriage led to a breakdown of the Spanish political system. D. Angry Castilians rejected the union, and the rivalries between the two kingdoms intensified.

What was the context in which the sixteenth-century church reforms took place? A. The Roman Catholic Church enjoyed unquestioning loyalty from Europeans. B. Popular piety was widespread, and religious practice was thriving. C. City dwellers had largely rejected traditional religious practices, though such practices remained strong in rural areas. D. Religious piety was stronger in southern Europe than in northern or eastern Europe.

What was the contribution of James Watt to mid-eighteenth century Britain? A. He improved the steam engine to make it a practical success. B. He invented the spinning jenny. C. He was a British prime minister influential in promoting the Industrial Revolution. D. He invented the power loom.

What was the focal point of community cohesion in the eighteenth century? A. The village marketplace B. The manor C. The state official in charge of the area D. The local church

What was the goal of French economic minister Anne-Roberts-Jacques Turgot's 1776 reform law? A. Ending all vestiges of feudalism B. Promoting France's exports C. Abolishing French guilds D. Raising taxes to protect domestic industry

What was the goal of the Spiritual Exercises, written by Ignatius of Loyola in the sixteenth century? A. To enable Christians to better fight against heretics B. To enable Christian clergy to know the Bible better C. To meld one's will to God's D. To earn salvation by forcing oneself to suffer

What was the humanist educational program as it developed in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? A. The foundation of education in science and mathematics B. Establishment of a new university system based in Rome C. Admission of women in universities D. Latin and Greek literature as the root of education

What was the major contribution of encyclopedias of natural history to the Scientific Revolution? A. They established the accepted boundaries of research. B. They emphasized the usefulness of animal and plant species. C. They were designed primarily to collect ancient Greek knowledge. D. They were most active in sponsoring research and expeditions.

What was the major provision of the British Factory Act of 1833? A. Limiting the workday of child laborers B. Setting a minimum wage for all workers C. Instituting safety standards and requiring employers to report injuries D. Allowing workers to form unions

What was the major response by the French National Assembly to the widespread dissatisfaction in Saint-Domingue during the French Revolution? A. By forming a committee to investigate the problems on the island B. By supporting the demands for equality by free people of color C. By refusing to extend French constitutional safeguards to the colony D. By relinquishing French monopolies over colonial trade

What was the most notable reform of Joseph II (r. 1780-1790) of Austria, known as the "revolutionary emperor"? A. Abolishing serfdom in 1781 B. Severing ties with the pope C. Ending all forms of noble privilege D. Adopting a neutral foreign policy and shrinking the size of his army

What was the most unusual feature of marriage patterns in northwestern Europe during the late Middle Ages? A. The late marriage age for men B. The small number of children who survived to adulthood C. The late marriage age for women D. The small percentage of people who married

What was the nature of the new sexual division of labor that arose in Europe after 1850? A. Women and men performing different kinds of factory work B. Men as the family's primary wage earner C. The division of labor in the putting-out system D. The new underground work taken on by women as prostitutes and servants

What was the overall purpose of the short pamphlets in the eighteenth century known as chapbooks, which often included stories of saints and exemplary Christians? A. To provide moral teachings that would help believers cope with their daily struggles B. To give people a temporary release from harsh everyday reality C. To give ordinary people access to Bible stories D. To provide practical advice on married life and childrearing

What was the particular mission of the Jesuit order from its foundation in 1540? A. Spreading and restoring the Catholic faith B. Educating the young, especially young women C. Using military force to defend Catholicism D. Strengthening the faith in central Europe and Italy

What was the pattern of revolution across Europe in 1848? A. Traditional forces, such as monarchs and the aristocracy, firmly rejected any reform. B. Liberal middle-class reformers worked hard to secure moderate reform. C. Radical revolutionaries demanded reform and were granted small changes. D. Revolutionary coalitions won easy victories, but monarchs quickly revoked all reforms.

What was the position of the 1787 U.S. Constitution on Native Americans? A. It promised to protect Native Americans and guaranteed that their land would not be taken without consent. B. It gave Native Americans full rights to administer their land as reservations. C. It established that every Native American counted as three-fifths of a person for the right to representation. D. It promised to protect, educate, and represent Native Americans.

What was the prevalence of same-sex male relationships in the medieval era? A. They were common primarily in Florence. B. They were part of shaping masculine gender identity in many contexts. C. They were on the margins of society and were closely regulated. D. They were much more common than same-sex relationships between women.

What was the principle reason the wealthy commissioned works of art in the Renaissance? A. As a mark of respect for the church B. As a way of demonstrating wealth C. As a way of impressing rulers D. As a form of financial investment

What was the principle trade good the Spanish exchanged for their silver at Manila in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries? A. Portuguese wines B. African slaves C. Chinese silks D. Indian tea

What was the problem with the response by Prussian king Frederick William to the riots in Berlin of March 1848? A. He rejected even the most moderate demands for a liberal constitution. B. He agreed to economic reforms but not political reform. C. He vacillated and then fled Prussia. D. He made promises to create a liberal constitution that satisfied no one.

What was the proportion of slaves brought to the Americas compared to the number of European settlers in those colonies from 1518 to 1800? A. Nearly four times as many slaves came to the Americas as European immigrants. B. Slightly more European immigrants came to the Americas than slaves. C. Ten times as many slaves came to the Americas as European immigrants. D. Twice as many European immigrants came to the Americas as African slaves.

What was the purpose of the traditional medical practice of bloodletting, which continued in the eighteenth century? A. To relieve pain B. To test the blood for different illnesses C. To test the patient's ability to take various medicines D. To purge the bad blood causing the illness

What was the reaction of Spain to the liberal uprisings in its South American colonies? A. It reacted strongly and suppressed the movements. B. It nominally held onto power, but its rule was disregarded. C. It negotiated liberal constitutions. D. It sent troops but could not defeat the movements.

What was the relationship between the Powhatan Confederacy and the Virginia colony in the early seventeenth century? A. The Powhatan Confederacy produced tobacco used by the Virginia colony. B. The Powhatan Confederacy destroyed several of the first settlements in Virginia. C. The Powhatan Confederacy supported the Jamestown colony with food. D. The Powhatan Confederacy provided gold and slaves to the settlers in Virginia.

What was the relationship of King Christian III of Denmark-Norway to the Reformation in the early sixteenth century? A. He studied all sides with his theologians before reluctantly agreeing to accept Martin Luther's teaching. B. Fearing public opinion, he pretended to accept Martin Luther's ideas. C. He broke with the church, and most clergy followed. D. He was led to accept Lutheranism by the clergy in his kingdom.

What was the relationship of Pope Paul III, who took office in 1534, to the reform of the church? A. Paul III attempted to reconcile with the reformers, especially Christian humanists. B. Paul III made the papacy the center of reform in the church. C. Paul III's efforts to reform the church were weakened by his personal corruption. D. Paul III was an outspoken opponent of reform and argued that the church needed no change.

What was the relationship of the confraternities of the fourteenth century to the clergy? A. Confraternities were typically led by priests. B. Confraternities often challenged clerical authority. C. Confraternities operated independently from the clergy. D. Confraternities effectively networked their clerical leaders into a reforming elite.

What was the relationship of the politiques to religious conflict in sixteenth-century France? A. They insisted that France needed a single religion, either Catholicism or Calvinism. B. They extended the wars of religion in order to extend their secular power. C. They believed that only acceptance of Calvinism and a strong monarch could bring peace. D. They believed that the nobility needed to assert power over the monarchy to end the wars of religion.

What was the relationship of the popolo to communes in Italian cities during the Renaissance? A. The popolo made up the leadership of most communes. B. The popolo urged religious reforms on the leadership of the communes. C. The popolo used armed force to seize and maintain power in most northern Italian cities. D. The popolo led revolts against the communes that were put down by the merchant elite.

What was the relationship of the sixteenth-century Mexica Empire to the other native peoples? A. The Mexica Empire was one among several rival central American empires of comparable strength. B. The Mexica Empire was simpler and less sophisticated than many of the native cultures it dominated. C. The Mexica Empire was a coalition of local societies that peacefully shared political authority. D. The Mexica Empire was characterized by constant warfare with its neighbors.

What was the response in Saint-Domingue to the news that the French National Assembly, in May 1791, had granted political rights to free people of color who were born of free parents who owned property? A. The white elites tried to forge better relations with the free people of color. B. The white elites were furious and refused to enact it. C. The free people of color and the slaves began a revolt to demand rights for all blacks. D. The slaves feared reprisals and took no action.

What was the response of Tsar Nicolas I to the December 1825 liberal uprising in St. Petersburg? A. His troops suppressed the group, and its leaders were punished. B. He issued the Karlsbad Decrees to establish a spy network and clamp down on liberals. C. He formed a committee to consider the introduction of small liberal reforms. D. He was forced to abdicate his throne.

What was the result of the Seven Years' War, called the French and Indian War in the Americas, which ended in 1763? A. Eviction of the Spanish from North America B. The defeat and humiliation of France C. French victory over the Indians in the Americas D. A British-French stalemate in the Americas

What was the result of war, famine, and disease in seventeenth-century Europe? A. Surprising economic growth and a leveling of classes B. An end to exploration and colonial settlement C. A new influx of migrants from Asia to fill the population void D. A severe demographic crisis and population loss

What was the role of the Holy Office, established in 1542 by Pope Paul III? A. To infiltrate Lutheran territories and assassinate leading reformers B. To maintain the papal household C. To uncover heresy through its judicial authority over all Catholics D. To burn vernacular Bibles in order to head off Protestant ideas

What was the role of urban guilds in the France of Louis XIV? A. To discipline artisans and arbitrate disputes B. To serve as an umbrella organization for all craftsmen in a city C. To encourage high-quality production and collect taxes D. To hire out day laborers to employers in need

What was the role of women in the Scientific Revolution? A. There is virtually no evidence of women having an interest in the developments of the Scientific Revolution. B. Women used informal gatherings in an effort to redirect the progress of the Scientific Revolution. C. Many women used the idea of rationalism in an effort to advance the overall position of women in society. D. Women were involved in informal scientific communities and participated in scientific experiments when they could.

What was the seventeenth-century movement called Pietism? A. A new Catholic reform and revival movement B. A Protestant revival movement that emphasized an emotional religion C. The spread of the Spanish Inquisition into other European areas D. A new secular morality spreading across Europe

What was the significance of Madame de Pompadour, daughter of the disgraced financier, to the reign of Louis XV? A. She was Louis XV's mistress, and her political influence generated much resentment. B. She was Louis XV's wife, and she aroused anger by spending frivolously. C. She was the wife of Louis XV's brother, and her scandalous behavior at court generated much resentment. D. She was a court aristocrat who tried to organize opposition to Louis XV.

What was the significance of the development of the railroad? A. Cottage workers could travel to jobs more easily. B. It reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight over land. C. Families were able to travel much more extensively. D. It replaced ships as the main method for international trade.

What was the social status of the nobility in relation to wealthy merchants during the Renaissance? A. Wealthy merchants had higher social status than poorer nobles. B. Merchants and nobles had equal status depending on wealth. C. Merchants were generally considered to be of higher status than nobles. D. Nobles, even poor ones, had higher social status than merchants, even wealthy ones.

What was true of blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting in the eighteenth century? A. They declined with growing commercialization. B. They declined as people moved away from enjoying violence. C. They were enjoyed across society, from the common people to the elites. D. They remained popular with the masses.

What were the assignats, instituted in France by the National Assembly? A. The assignment of new rights to the church B. The oath of loyalty to the new French government that citizens had to take C. A new moderate group who sought to control the National Convention D. A new paper currency guaranteed with seized church property

What were the consequences for the Reformation in Hungary of the disastrous Hungarian defeat by the Ottomans at Mohács in 1526? A. Because King Louis II was a Lutheran, the defeat discredited Lutheranism. B. Because the Lutheran nobles failed to support the King Louis II, the defeat was blamed on the Reformation. C. Because a priest led the Hungarians into the battle, the Catholic faith was considerably weakened. D. Because the victorious Ottomans allowed Lutheranism to spread, the Reformation was successful in Hungary.

What were the consequences of the relative lack of unity among Italian states over the course of the sixteenth century? A. The region became less and less important in European politics. B. The region was unable to resist becoming a battleground for outside powers. C. The region went into sharp economic decline. D. The region was quickly conquered by France.

What were the economic consequences of the Hundred Years' War in England? A. England spent a huge sum on the war and had to raise taxes to very high levels. B. The English benefited from the fact that the war was mostly fought in France. C. The war stimulated English wool production. D. English agriculture was devastated by the disruptions caused by the conflict.

What were the economic consequences of the Hundred Years' War in France? A. The French government was bankrupted, but the economy remained strong. B. The agricultural economy recovered, but trade suffered enormously. C. France benefited in the long run from increased economic activity. D. French agriculture and commerce were devastated by the long conflict.

What were the long-term consequences of the Great Schism? A. Weakening religious faith, leading many to question church leadership B. Short-term negative consequences that were soon overcome C. Substantial reform of the process for selecting popes D. Abandonment of allegiance to the pope by most rulers

What were the long-term consequences of the sixteenth-century Council of Trent? A. Because of its extreme doctrine, the council marginalized the Catholic Church for several generations. B. The doctrines and reforms proclaimed at the council served as the basis of the Catholic faith and church organization for centuries to come. C. The council failed to stem the growth of Protestantism, which expanded rapidly to several nations in Europe after the 1540s. D. The council achieved nearly all of its goals, effectively ending the Reformation.

What were the political consequences of Florence's prosperity in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries? A. Various European powers sought to control its wealth. B. The pope asserted increasing control over the city. C. Florentine monarchs became power brokers across Europe. D. Banking families came to control the city's politics and culture.

What were the principal effects of the fourteenth-century plague on European agriculture? A. Agricultural production plummeted, as rural communities were hardest hit by the plague. B. As landowners were struck down, peasants abandoned agriculture and fled to urban areas. C. Overproduction of crops for a declining urban population led to rural poverty. D. Farmers abandoned less fertile land, and agricultural production became more specialized.

What, generally, did Martin Luther object to in his "Ninety-five Theses" in 1517? A. The authority of the pope B. The decline in the willingness of laypeople to read the scriptures C. The church's treatment of John Calvin D. The practice of granting indulgences

When King Louis XV tried to raise taxes in the 1750s, what group raised stiff opposition? A. The landed aristocracy B. The peasants C. Women D. The parlements, or high courts

When Napoleon sent General Charles-Victor-Emmanuel Leclerc to Saint-Domingue in 1802, what was the general's purpose? A. To re-establish order and restore the Creole elite to leadership B. To defend the island against the Spanish and the British C. To help Toussaint L'Ouverture in his battle with André Rigaud D. To crush the new regime led by Toussaint L'Ouverture

When the U.S. Constitution was written, the liberal principles it guaranteed extended to A. all white people. B. white men only. C. Native Americans. D. whites and free people of color.

When was the cycle of infection for bubonic plague first identified? A. In the 1890s, when doctors studied a similar outbreak in China and India B. In the 1960s, when scientists studied remains from the fourteenth century C. In the sixth century, by Roman and Greek physicians D. In the 1990s, when DNA from victims revealed it

Where did most men and women in European cities of the eighteenth century work? A. Within the guild system B. Both in the guild system and on the side C. Within the guild system, though they wanted to leave it D. In nonguild trades

Where did the first laws of religious tolerance, including Jews, make their appearance in the eighteenth century? A. France B. Spain C. Portugal D. Austria

Where did the fourteenth-century plague that devastated Europe originate? A. In North America B. In central Africa C. In China D. In the Middle East

Where did the sixteenth-century religious reformer John Calvin believe his ideas were best expressed? A. In his book, The Institutes of the Christian Religion B. In the Christian scriptures C. In the law code he wrote for Geneva D. In the ideas he expressed from the pulpit

Where did workers first begin to embrace the socialist message? A. England B. Russia C. France D. German lands

Where was the Christian humanist movement strongest at the end of the fifteenth century? A. Northern Italy B. Southern Italy C. Northern Europe D. Spain

Where was the Great Famine of the early fourteenth century most severe? A. Southern Europe B. Eastern Europe C. Northern Europe D. Western Europe

Where were mortality rates for the fourteenth-century plague most severe? A. In rural areas where humans and animals were in close proximity B. In Islamic areas of Europe, where religious custom prohibited the lancing of boils C. In northern Europe, where hygienic conditions were poor D. In urban areas, where conditions were ideal for the spread of disease

Where were the first steamships engineered in the 1770s? A. France B. The United States C. Britain D. Canada

Which African state came closest to the medieval European legends of Prester John's kingdom? A. Mamluk Egypt B. The kingdom of the Akan people in modern Ghana C. Ethiopia D. Mombasa

Which Catholic religious order played a prominent role in establishing a particularly staunch form of Roman Catholicism in Poland by 1650? A. The Franciscans B. The Dominicans C. The Augustinians D. The Jesuits

Which Enlightenment scientist developed taxonomies and began the idea of classifying humans? A. David Hume B. Gottfried von Leibniz C. Olaudah Equiano D. Carl Linnaeus

Which Enlightenment thinker helped popularize the idea that humankind could be divided into distinct groups based on race? A. Denis Diderot B. Immanuel Kant C. Olaudah Equiano D. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Which European area, other than Britain, showed a spectacular rise in industrial output? A. The Italian peninsula B. German lands C. Austria-Hungary D. France

Which European country built state-owned railroads during the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution? A. France B. Belgium C. Britain D. Prussia

Which European state invaded Silesia and took it from Austria in 1742? A. Prussia B. Russia C. France D. Poland

Which Greek patriot was responsible for initiating the revolts against the Ottomans? A. Caspar David Friedrich B. Alexander Ypsilanti C. Lord Byron D. Adam Mickiewicz

Which area was the chief exception to the typical pattern of legal pluralism in the frontier regions of the early Middle Ages? A. Scotland B. Poland C. Ireland D. Prussia

Which author charged the English middle classes with "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery"? A. Andrew Ure B. Friedrich Engels C. William Wordsworth D. David Ricardo

Which author's writings exemplify the romantic interest in fantastic characters, exotic historical settings, and deep human emotions? A. Eugène Delacroix B. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm C. Victor Hugo D. William Wordsworth

Which description applies to Louis XVI, king of France from 1774 to 1792? A. He was a bold and aggressive new king ready to quell opposition to the monarchy. B. He was a shy, young king who was eager to please. C. He was careless and carefree, taking mistresses and ignoring the need for reform. D. He was rash and unstable, showing poor judgment.

Which development helped move American colonists toward a declaration of independence? A. Publication of Thomas Paine's Common Sense B. French encouragement of rebellion C. Successive victories in war D. Outrage over British recruitment of Native Americans as allies

Which enlightened absolutist abolished serfdom in 1781? A. Catherine the Great of Russia B. Maria Theresa of Austria C. Joseph II of Austria D. Frederick II of Prussia

Which factor helped stimulate the Scientific Revolution? A. Interest in Aristotle's cosmology B. Developments in printing and navigation technology C. New discoveries emerging from the Byzantine Empire D. The merger of theology and natural philosophy

Which four European states comprised the Quadruple Alliance and were committed to maintaining a balance of power in the early nineteenth century? A. France, Austria, Great Britain, and Russia B. Russia, Great Britain, Italy, and Austria C. Great Britain, Russia, the United States, and Austria D. Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain

Which group triggered several of the South American revolutions that eventually led to independence? A. Liberal Spanish officers B. Former Napoleonic soldiers seeking profit C. Caudillos D. Subordinated people of color

Which list reflects the order, from earliest to latest, in which countries industrialized rapidly? A. Britain, the United States, France, and Germany B. Britain, Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States C. Britain, Belgium, the United States, India, and Japan D. Britain, Germany, Belgium, and the United States

Which more radical Protestant practice was adopted by the Church of England during the reign of Elizabeth I? A. Use of a hierarchical structure with archbishops and bishops B. Establishment of monasteries and convents C. Use of elaborate priestly robes D. Allowance for priests to marry

Which nineteenth-century ideology supported the idea that each national group had a right to its own national government? A. Romanticism B. Constitutionalism C. Socialism D. Nationalism

Which of the following describes the cabinet system of government that evolved in eighteenth-century England? A. A handful of advisors meet privately to determine policy and are not subject to oversight. B. The most important documents of the government are kept in a large cabinet. C. The leading ministers of a government meet to formulate a general policy. D. The ruler appoints a small group of ministers to lead the government.

Which of the following statements is true about romanticism and political beliefs? A. Romantics tended to be conservatives. B. Romantics were skeptical about politics. C. Romantics supported liberalism and nationalism. D. Romanticism was compatible with many political beliefs.

Which of the following statements is true about the 1848 revolution in France? A. After initial successes, the revolution brought class warfare and ended in spectacular failure. B. The revolution resulted in a strong democratic republic in France. C. The end of the revolution saw another restoration of monarchy in France. D. The revolution marked the end of class warfare in France.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War? A. A large transient population moved into the war-ravaged cities and countryside. B. The urban population was reduced by one-third and the rural population by two-fifths, and trade and agriculture were greatly disrupted. C. Small farmers were able to loosen the grip of nobles and assert greater independence. D. It cut off Europe's lucrative trade with the Americas.

Which problem was experienced by employers in the eighteenth-century textile industry? A. The cyclical nature of farm work B. The laziness and drunkenness of workers C. Workers' demands for higher wages D. Lack of demand for their products

Which scientist demonstrated the elliptical orbits of planets and their varying orbital speeds? A. Johannes Kepler B. Galileo Galilei C. Tycho Brahe D. Isaac Newton

Which scientist demonstrated the importance of the experimental method in understanding astronomy? A. Johannes Kepler B. Galileo Galilei C. Tycho Brahe D. Isaac Newton

Which scientist formulated the general theory of inductive reasoning in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A. Isaac Newton B. Francis Bacon C. René Descartes D. Robert Boyle

Which scientist pioneered the use of chemicals and drugs to treat illness? A. Vesalius B. William Harvey C. Paracelsus D. Robert Boyle

Which socialist eventually led the provisional government in France established in February 1848? A. Louis Cavaignac B. Alexis de Tocqueville C. Louis Blanc D. Louis Napoleon

Which state continued to dominate the market in luxury goods during the early phases of the Industrial Revolution? A. Britain B. Germany C. The United States D. France

Which state was Britain's greatest rival in India during the eighteenth century? A. France B. The Dutch Republic C. The Ottoman Empire D. Portugal

Which statement about the War of the Austrian Succession is true? A. It challenged the succession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne. B. It began when Austria declared its independence from the Holy Roman Empire. C. It was started by Maria Theresa, who wanted to expand her realm. D. It was started by a rebellion in Silesia.

Which statement best reflects the style of Louis XIV as a king and ruler? A. He took a backseat approach, letting his ministers, especially Cardinal Mazarin, do all the work. B. He frequently called the Estates General to rubber stamp his decisions. C. He created the Parlement of Paris to quell popular dissatisfaction. D. He worked very hard appointing and guiding councils of state.

Which statement characterizes French factory production in the nineteenth century? A. French factories became a model for industrialization in Japan. B. The French were quick to follow the British Industrial Revolution. C. The French experienced a rapid burst of production in the later nineteenth century. D. French factory production experienced slow but steady growth.

Which statement characterizes the Austrian Empire in the nineteenth century? A. The Austrian Empire contained a large number of different ethnic groups. B. More than half of the Austrian Empire was German. C. Most of the Austrian Empire was composed of Austrians and Germans. D. The Austrian Empire was a multiethnic empire with Germans and Russians as the largest groups.

Which statement characterizes the relationship between the nobles and the wealthy commoners, or bourgeoisie, in eighteenth-century France? A. Distinctions between nobles and wealthy commoners were eroding. B. Wealthy commoners bitterly resented the nobility, and the two groups did not interact. C. The distinctions between the two groups were jealously protected. D. Distinctions between nobles and wealthy commoners were virtually invisible in society.

Which statement describes Aristotle's view of the cosmos, widely accepted in Europe before the Scientific Revolution? A. Planets moved in small circles along a larger circle. B. The earth and other planets revolved around the sun. C. Planets and other celestial bodies were suspended by gravity. D. Stars and planets moved around a central, motionless earth.

Which statement describes Christopher Columbus's search for a westward passage to the Indies in the fifteenth century? A. Columbus had long sought a passage to Asia that would bypass Venetian domination of Asian trade. B. Columbus's discovery of the Americas was no accident. C. Columbus was consciously repeating the westward voyages of the Vikings. D. Columbus was convinced to attempt to reach the Indies from the west by Prince Henry's sponsorship.

Which statement describes Napoleon's actions in drawing up the boundaries of the German Confederation of the Rhine? A. He failed to recognize complicated differences and created more unrest. B. He included Austria in order to diminish its influence in Europe. C. He intended to weaken Austria and Prussia. D. He created a new enemy for himself by garnering Russia's opposition.

Which statement describes a common path for many adolescent boys in eighteenth-century Europe? A. Moving to the city with money from his parents to get his education B. Joining a guild and then learning a trade C. Moving from a rural village to a town seeking an apprenticeship in a trade D. Leaving home with his fiancÃŠe to find a home and work in the city

Which statement describes how eighteenth-century physicians conducted surgeries? A. They commonly used anesthesia. B. They performed operation without anesthesia. C. They usually worked in sanitary conditions. D. They were knowledgeable about infection.

Which statement describes middle-class women in the mid-nineteenth century? A. They found increasing opportunities with the growing Industrial Revolution. B. They were encouraged to concentrate on their roles as wife and mother. C. They were expected to contribute by taking in boarders or doing small putting-out handicraft. D. They were expected to help their husbands with accounts and with entertaining.

Which statement describes opportunities in industry as factories grew larger during the nineteenth century? A. It became easier for skilled workers to rise in the ranks and enjoy better jobs. B. Skilled workers were able to separate themselves from unskilled workers and fared much better. C. Unskilled laborers gained new opportunities for education because of rising wages. D. It became harder for talented workers of modest means to find opportunities for success.

Which statement describes the experience of Fritz Harkort in bringing industrialization to Germany? A. Harkort's ambitious efforts resulted in the building of steam engines but also large financial losses. B. Harkort built steam engines in the Ruhr Valley that brought large profits. C. Harkort had to sneak most of his technologies out of Britain. D. Harkort was an exceptional investor who convinced British entrepreneurs to join his businesses.

Which statement describes the foundling homes of the eighteenth century? A. They were places of disease, malnutrition, and neglect. B. They were run by the church and enjoyed the support of wealthy nobles. C. They were created to restrict the growth of the working class. D. They were attacked by Enlightenment thinkers as encouraging promiscuity.

Which statement describes the nature of popular education in Catholic states during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A. Education in Catholic states lagged behind that in Protestant states by at least a century. B. Catholic states actively discouraged expanding education to common people. C. Catholic states introduced their own programs of popular education. D. Catholic states adopted a more enlightened approach to education.

Which statement describes the new German Confederation formed in the wake of the Napoleonic ears? A. The Confederation managed foreign policy and trade while leaving domestic affairs to each individual state. B. The Confederation was a defensive alliance formed to prevent smaller states from being swallowed up by the Austrian Empire. C. The states in the Confederation retained their independence but met each year at an assembly. D. The states were committed to national unification.

Which statement describes the newly rich industrialists of the mid-nineteenth century? A. They were proud of their achievements and fully aware of the widening gap between themselves and their workers. B. They remained humble and conscious of their recent accumulation of wealth. C. They still identified with the needs of their workers. D. They struggled as much as their parents had in securing their wealth.

Which statement describes the work available for women and girls in the coal mines during the mid-nineteenth century? A. It did not pay particularly well. B. It was illegal, but the laws were never enforced. C. It was campaigned against by the women themselves. D. It was viewed by many to be inappropriate and dangerous.

Which statement explains the significance of the Spanish rebellion of 1808? A. It was a minor matter easily quashed by Napoleon. B. Napoleon used it to model his promises against monarchy. C. Its stunning, quick victory against Napoleon encouraged other areas to rebel as well. D. It was a clear warning that resistance to French imperialism was growing.

Which statement is true about Habsburg rule after the Thirty Years' War? A. The Habsburgs confiscated Bohemian Protestant landholdings. B. The Habsburgs appeased the Bohemian Protestants by recognizing some powers of the Bohemian Estates. C. Habsburg rule depended on a traditional nobility that owed their security to the Habsburgs. D. Habsburg monarchs eliminated many of the numerous political jurisdictions in the Holy Roman Empire.

Which statement is true about Spain in the 1650s? A. Spain avoided wars in Europe to concentrate on its southern American colonies. B. Spain faced revolts in Portugal that would ultimately force Spain to recognize Portuguese independence. C. Spain was attacked by a European alliance led by France, which was afraid of its power. D. Spain enjoyed a period of isolation.

Which statement is true about the building of St. Petersburg? A. Nobles readily flocked to build palaces in St. Petersburg. B. The government drafted twenty-five thousand to forty thousand laborers each summer to help build St. Petersburg. C. The government brought serfs and slaves to work year-round to finish the new capital as quickly as possible. D. Western architects managed the whole process of building the new capital.

Which statement most likely describes a physician in the eighteenth century? A. Someone who studied at university for several years, then served as an apprentice B. A person who diagnosed and treated patients after a physical examination C. Someone who used bloodletting as a cure-all to get rid of "bad blood" that caused the illness or bad health D. A person who sold herbs and drugs and tried to win fame through miraculous cures

Which statement outlines one part of the territorial settlement reached at the Congress of Vienna in 1815? A. French territorial losses meant that its borders were awkward and indefensible. B. Russia won a large piece of Poland. C. Austria expanded into Belgium, southern Germany, and the Italian provinces of Venetia and Lombardy. D. Prussia received territory on France's eastern border.

Which statement reflects the lives of Irish families in the nineteenth century? A. Widespread poverty encouraged couples to marry late, but families remained large. B. Despite the difficulties, Irish couples married early and often lived with extended families. C. Irish couples married early but were separated as the men went to England to work. D. Needing only a potato patch, young couples married early and had large families.

Which statement summarizes the life of Karl Marx? A. He was a Prussian intellectual and philosophy instructor in Berlin. B. He fled Prussia, traveled Europe, and was able to write thanks to Friedrich Engels. C. He was a journalist in France and then the United States. D. He was a Russian intellectual who fled and settled in England.

Which statement summarizes the state of official Protestant churches at the end of the seventeenth century? A. They continued to transform medieval practices of idolatry and pageantry. B. They were responsive to the needs of the common people. C. They had settled into a smug complacency. D. They were the home of a warm, emotional religion.

Which statements describes the use of medicines in the eighteenth century? A. Medicines were advertised and became part of the burgeoning commercial revolution. B. Medicines were used equally by all segments of society. C. Medicines were used most often by peasants who believed it could help drive out evil spirits. D. Medicines were only administered after bloodletting.

Which states formed the Holy Alliance in September 1815? A. Great Britain, Russia, and France B. France, Russia, and Austria C. France, Spain, and Austria D. Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Which type of area had high infant mortality rates in eighteenth-century Europe? A. Rural areas where women tended to be busy in agricultural work and had less time to care for infants B. Urban or rural areas where there was less access to medical care C. Regions where nuclear, not extended, families were more common D. Areas where severe restrictions were placed on wet-nursing

Which writer of the early nineteenth century argued that conditions for the majority of industrial workers were in fact quite good? A. Andrew Ure B. Friedrich Engels C. William Wordsworth D. Robert Owen

While some scholars lament the new stiff work regimen that accompanied the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the early eighteenth century, others argue A. that peasant workers were lazy and benefited from the training. B. that the work regimen was not as stiff as typically portrayed. C. that social progress depended on the sacrifices of the wage workers. D. that households sought wage income to participate in the emerging consumer economy.

While under the control of the Ottoman Empire, Greek national unity was encouraged in part by A. the incredible cohesiveness of the Greek people. B. the Greek Orthodox religion. C. the autonomy of Greece within the Ottoman Empire. D. the romantic revival of Greek language.

Who developed the "iron law of wages," the idea that wages would always sink to subsistence level? A. David Ricardo B. Thomas Malthus C. Josiah Wedgwood D. Henry Cort

Who developed the idea that the world was made of an infinite number of "monads"? A. René Descartes B. Baruch Spinoza C. Pierre Bayle D. Gottfried von Leibniz

Who introduced the successful use of inoculation against smallpox? A. Jethro Tull B. Louis Pasteur C. Robert Koch D. Edward Jenner

Who invented the spinning jenny in 1765? A. Richard Arkwright B. James Hargreaves C. Edmund Cartwright D. James Watt

Who led the new Greek state in 1830? A. Alexander Ypsilanti B. A German prince C. A Greek prince D. A Russian governor

Who opposed the presence of Lutherans and Calvinists at the Council of Trent starting in 1545? A. The Polish nobility, which sought to weaken the reforming cause in Poland by opposing any compromise B. The Spanish, who opposed the reintroduction of any "heretics" to the council C. The French, who did not want German Lutherans and Catholics reunited D. The leaders of the Holy Office, who opposed any and all compromises with reformers

Who saved the Austrian Habsburg monarchy in 1848? A. Austrian foreign minister Klemens von Metternich returned to defend traditional conservative forces. B. The emperor's sister-in-law, Sophia, demanded that Ferdinand abdicate in favor of her son, Francis Joseph. C. The Habsburg emperor Francis Joseph agreed to a dual monarchy with the Hungarians. D. The Prussian king Frederick William IV sent troops to help restore order in Austria.

Who was Adam Mickiewicz? A. A romantic intellectual who worked to revive Slavic languages in eastern Europe B. A general in the Russian army who helped put down the Hungarian revolution in 1848 C. A Russian revolutionary who wanted to overthrow the tsarist regime D. A Polish poet and romantic dedicated to reviving the Polish nation

Who was Simón Bolívar? A. The "people's liberator" who defeated the Spanish forces to form "Gran Colombia" B. The liberal military commander who threw off Spanish rule in Argentina C. A hero of the Haitian revolt who was determined to bring revolution to South America D. The liberal Spanish governor who defected to create an independent Bolivia

Who was an early critic concerned about the industrial pollution of land and water in the nineteenth century? A. John Cockerill B. Friedrich Engels C. Andrew Ure D. William Wordsworth

Who were mestizos in colonial Spanish America? A. They were the children of master-slave relationships, who were typically made free. B. They were the descendants of the original conquistadores. C. They were indigenous peoples who resisted Spanish rule. D. They were people of mixed Native American and European descent.

Who were the Cossacks? A. A group of nobles who served the tsar B. Peasants who fled noble control and created free groups and warrior bands C. The tax collectors in Muscovy D. The peasants of Muscovy

Who would most likely agree with the general message of Raimon de Cornet's poem about the papacy from the 1330s? A. Joan of Arc B. The flagellants C. Martin V D. Chaucer (this is the answer)

Who wrote, "to every natural form, rock, fruit or flower [...] I gave a moral life"? A. William Wordsworth B. Voltaire C. Germaine de StaÃl D. Victor Hugo

Why did Austrian foreign minister Klemens von Metternich not want to see the breakup of the Ottoman Empire? A. He feared the British would establish a protectorate in southeastern Europe. B. He believed that the Ottomans kept a tight lid on nationalist movements in southeastern Europe. C. He thought that a stable but weak Ottoman Empire would limit Islamic expansion. D. He wanted a stable Ottoman Empire to serve as a check against Russian power.

Why did Britain and the Dutch Republic enjoy higher agricultural production than other countries in eighteenth-century Europe? A. Farmers there worked harder and longer hours. B. They discovered new ways of crop rotation. C. Their land was naturally higher in nitrogen. D. The weather was more mild in these regions.

Why did Britain create the English East India Company? A. To compete with the Dutch in the Pacific Ocean B. To engineer the British seizure of India as its newest colony C. To establish a presence in India itself and evade Dutch influence in the Indian Ocean D. To manage Indian Ocean imports from England

Why did Catholic patrons of the arts support the baroque? A. In addition to their religious views, they wanted to elevate nationalist interests. B. They wanted to show off the wealth and glory of their religion. C. Catholic patrons wanted to rekindle the faith and confidence of ordinary churchgoers. D. They believed they could use it to secretly enhance their own wealth.

Why did Charles V not respond militarily to the alliance of German Protestant states after the Augsburg Diet in 1530? A. He was attempting to preserve the unity of the empire and sought a diplomatic solution. B. He was consulting with the pope about the possibility of compromise with Martin Luther's ideas. C. He was already at war with the French over territorial disputes. D. He was considering adopting Lutheranism himself.

Why did Enlightenment critics mount a harsh attack against wet-nursing in the late eighteenth century? A. They said the practice robbed society of its full potential. B. They believed that milk from lower-class wet nurses transferred undesirable characteristics to higher-class babies. C. They believed that wealthy women were exploiting lower-class wet nurses. D. They believed that the babies did not get enough to eat.

Why did Erasmus's ideas, written in the sixteenth century, spread more widely than Petrarch's thinking, written in the fourteenth century? A. Erasmus wrote his ideas in the vernacular language. B. Erasmus's ideas were spread by the printing press. C. The church opposed Petrarch's ideas but supported those of Erasmus. D. Petrarch addressed his ideas to women.

Why did Europeans suffer even in nonfamine years during the fourteenth century? A. Middlemen increased the prices of food supplies even when there were no shortages. B. Weak workers on reduced diets were less productive. C. Although the cost of grain declined, peasants still could not afford to purchase supplies. D. Laws were passed reserving extra food for the nobility.

Why did France become the center of Enlightenment thought? A. France was the least repressive country in Europe. B. France had been the center of the Scientific Revolution. C. The educated elite in France was dedicated to the idea of reaching a larger audience. D. The French monarchy actively sought to promote French thought.

Why did Frederick William of Prussia reject the crown offered by the Frankfurt parliament? A. He feared it would be impossible to control the multiethnic state. B. The crown offered to William did not include Austria. C. He was a Prussian nationalist and not interested in uniting German lands. D. The offer of the crown was made by radical revolutionaries.

Why did Galileo break his silence regarding his beliefs in 1623? A. He was placed on trial for heresy and thought he had no choice but to explain his views. B. He was urged to do so by Johannes Kepler. C. He decided to abandon his devout Catholicism. D. He thought he could appeal to the new pope, Urban VIII.

Why did Henry VIII dissolve the monasteries in the 1530s and end nine hundred years of monastic life in England? A. He rejected monasticism as a drain on national resources. B. He argued that monasteries had become centers of rebellion and discontent. C. He wanted the wealth of the monasteries for his own purposes. D. He was forced into the radical step by his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, who resented the power of monks.

Why did Jules Michelet's works appeal to romantics in the nineteenth century? A. Michelet wrote passionate historical romance novels. B. Michelet wrote about the values of public life and civic affairs. C. Michelet advanced ideas about the wondrous nature of man. D. Michelet promoted the growth of France's national aspirations.

Why did Philip II assemble the Spanish Armada in 1588? A. To place Mary, Queen of Scots, on the English throne B. In response to the pope's urging C. In response to Elizabeth I's threats to attack Spain's colonies in the Americas D. To transport a Spanish army to the Netherlands

Why did demonologists of the early modern era believe that women were particularly prone to becoming witches? A. Women were considered to be more ambitious than men. B. Women's nature was considered to be close to the Devil's. C. The powerful sexual desires of women were thought to make them vulnerable to demonic seduction. D. The Devil was particularly eager to corrupt women because they had more social power than men.

Why did initial efforts at industrialization in Russia not enjoy extensive success? A. Agricultural workers remained mired in servitude. B. Russia was too far away to be influenced by industrialization efforts on the continent. C. Russia preferred to continue trade with China rather than the West. D. The Russian government did not have the capital to invest in industrialization.

Why did many during the Renaissance consider maintaining the dominance of men over women to be essential? A. The belief that women were seeking to corrupt the human race B. The belief that the gender hierarchy was linked to the natural order of the world C. The belief that women were incapable of maintaining spiritual balance D. The belief that women were incapable of leadership

Why did many object to pluralism in the sixteenth-century church? A. They felt that pluralism led clergy to say too many masses in one day. B. They were concerned that having multiple bishops in a diocese could lead to confusion. C. They felt that pluralism led clergy to neglect their religious duties. D. They felt that pluralism required the people to pay too many clerical salaries.

Why did military service provide chances for eighteenth-century surgeons to practice their skills? A. They were not accepted elsewhere. B. They had plenty of opportunity to practice on battlefields. C. The army had given them extensive training. D. They could test their ideas on camp hygiene.

Why did other people view the French armies with hostility after those armies won victories against Austria and Prussia in 1792 and 1793? A. The French tried to force others into joining their armies. B. Napoleon unseated the local leadership and installed puppet rulers. C. The French armies acted in a high-handed way. D. They preferred the Austrian and Prussian monarchs to the French republicans.

Why did population decline in fourteenth-century Europe? A. Warfare related to food shortages took many lives. B. Famine and food shortages led to many deaths and much disease. C. Weakening political systems led to invasions from outside Europe. D. Peasant communities dispersed as they sought to farm more land, reducing opportunities for marriage.

Why did royal efforts to lower medieval grain prices during the food crisis of the fourteenth century fail? A. Kings did not have enough power to effectively enforce their laws. B. The efforts of other monarchs undermined their policies. C. Kings attempted to discourage the speculation that was essential to making grain available on the market. D. Merchants were too powerful and refused to accept royal authority.

Why did secular authorities tend to support witch trials in the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries? A. They used witch trials as an opportunity to gain control of the legal system. B. They competed with each other for the distinction of prosecuting the most witches. C. They saw the trials as a way to demonstrate their willingness to obey the pope. D. They wanted to demonstrate that they were pious and strong in maintaining order.

Why did several hundred people storm the Bastille, a royal prison, on July 14, 1789? A. To seize weapons for the defense of Paris against the king's troops B. To protest government restrictions and arrests C. To free the prisoners D. To force the king to release the National Assembly, which he had arrested

Why did the British Parliament impose high taxes in the early eighteenth century? A. To pay down the growing British debt B. To strengthen its army, which was challenged by Prussia C. To fund creation of government-owned industries D. To fund a navy to protect commerce and an army to quell unrest among workers

Why did the British Parliament repeal the Combination Acts in 1824? A. Widespread riots and protests continued against the law. B. The reform efforts of Robert Owen and others convinced Parliament that unions would benefit society as a whole. C. Workers disregarded the acts, and union activity was widespread. D. A nationwide strike, beginning in Bradford, ground the economy to a halt.

Why did the British colonies of North America have a greater increase in the white population than other colonies in the Americas? A. The British were more racist than other Europeans. B. The British migrated in larger numbers to the colonies. C. Whole families rather than individual men migrated to the colonies. D. British colonists were much healthier than their counterparts in other colonies.

Why did the Dutch have a major influence in shaping a new and modern worldview? A. Because of their dominance in shipbuilding B. Because of their overseas colonization C. Because they had established a republic with an elected assembly D. Because of the ascension of William and Mary to the throne of England

Why did the French focus on production of artisanal luxury goods in the nineteenth century make sense? A. The French had a long history of dominance in the luxury goods market. B. Other countries had already invested heavily in producing mass-market goods. C. They could make more money by doing so. D. The French labor force could not be retrained to make mass-market items.

Why did the German Peasants' War of 1525 greatly strengthen the authority of lay rulers? A. It allowed rulers to weaken the economic position of the peasantry. B. It allowed rulers to suppress the ideas of Martin Luther and his followers. C. By producing fear among church and political rulers, the war encouraged order. D. When Martin Luther supported the peasants, Protestant princes were able to call on the loyalties of their subjects who remained Catholic.

Why did the Holy Roman emperor Charles V abdicate in 1556? A. Frustrated by his failure to unite the empire under one faith, he sought peace in a monastery. B. Discouraged by his son's adoption of Lutheranism, he lost heart in the wars of religion. C. Rejected by his generals after a series of military failures, his power was severely diminished. D. Opposed by German bishops organized by the pope, he was forced to do so.

Why did the common people eat less meat in 1700 than in 1500? A. Most game had disappeared from the continent. B. Their standard of living had declined, and meat was more expensive. C. Less salt was available to preserve meat safely. D. Superstitions emphasized the ill effects of eating meat.

Why did the enclosure movement cause social upheaval in eighteenth-century England? A. It eliminated common rights and peasants' access to the land. B. It forced peasants into the cities, where urban slums appeared. C. It split families depending on where the enclosure lines fell. D. It forced peasants to work for poorly run, state-owned farms.

Why did the general public like to read about scientific expeditions? A. To know more about the indigenous guides who taught naturalists B. To learn more about animal behavior C. To learn about the newly founded museums D. To know more about the naturalists who braved the unknown

Why did the ideas of liberalism and nationalism go hand-in-hand during the early nineteenth century? A. Both supported rule by constitutional government. B. Liberals believed that each national group had a right to its own national government. C. Both agreed that the only way the conservatives would let go of power was through another revolution. D. Both supported universal male suffrage.

Why did the latent conflict in Britain between the aristocracy and the working class became an open conflict in 1815? A. The rise of the Chartist movement B. The end of the Napoleonic wars C. The passage of the 1815 revisions to the Corn Laws D. The passage of the Combination Acts outlawing unions

Why did the papacy of Urban VI break down almost from its start in 1378? A. The pope was notorious for corruption, and the church was rocked by scandal. B. The pope resigned in 1378 rather than be deposed by an angry Roman mob. C. The pope was excommunicated by the French king. D. To defend themselves from his criticisms, some cardinals declared the pope's election invalid.

Why did the sixteenth-century religious reformer John Calvin reject the idea of free will? A. He thought that humans were incapable of pure reason. B. He thought that the scriptures left no room for private judgment. C. He believed that human free will would detract from God's sovereignty. D. He believed that free will was an illusion.

Why did the tsars claim that Russia was the "Third Rome"? A. They argued that the city of Moscow was as large as Rome and Constantinople. B. Ivan IV reconquered the former territory of the Roman Empire. C. Ivan III married the daughter of the last Byzantine emperor. D. They wanted to link Moscow with Roman Catholicism.

Why did urban governments have particularly strained relations with the church in the early sixteenth century? A. Urban governments endured intense controversies over who they would choose for ecclesiastical offices. B. Urban governments tended to include many individuals who did not practice Christianity. C. Urban governments resented the amount of tax-free, church-owned property in their cities. D. Urban governments resented the number of church buildings they were forced to maintain.

Why did young people in eighteenth-century western Europe marry in their late twenties? A. There were many more young women than men. B. Young people were considered immature until that stage of life. C. Expectations and suitable matches were hard to find. D. They waited until they could support themselves.

Why have some historians questioned whether the Black Death was caused by the same bubonic plague that affected millions in the 1890s? A. The fourteenth-century outbreak killed its victims more slowly. B. The nineteenth-century outbreak was seldom fatal. C. The fourteenth-century outbreak spread more quickly and was more deadly. D. The nineteenth-century version did not appear to be spread by fleas.

Why was Robespierre sent to the guillotine in July 1794? A. National Convention members feared he would turn against them, so they executed him first. B. He was charged with betraying the revolution and allying with monarchists. C. He had failed to defend France against foreign invasion. D. The sans-culottes demanded his arrest.

Why was Zollverein adopted in the German states from 1818 to 1834? A. It allowed goods to move between member states without tariffs. B. It established a parliament for the German principalities, fostering greater union. C. It was a policy of expansion into central Europe. D. It cemented the Austrian union with Hungary.

Why was managing a household so hard for poor women living in cities during the nineteenth century? A. Shopping, washing clothes, and feeding the family constituted a never-ending challenge. B. They tended to have more children. C. They were expected to provide work to landlords. D. They had to travel long distances to care for garden plots.

Why was population growth slower in France during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries than in other areas? A. France had a small population to begin with. B. France had a high population density. C. The Thirty Years' War had a lingering impact. D. There was massive migration to France's North American colony.

Why was the Council of Constance (1414-1418) so much more successful than the Council of Pisa in 1409? A. It led to the reassertion of the authority of a single pope. B. It included theologians, not just clergy. C. It led to the resignation of the Avignon pope. D. It promoted church reform.

Why was the Dutch Republic one of the most advanced countries in Europe during the eighteenth century? A. It was one of the smallest territories. B. The Dutch learned new agricultural techniques from the English. C. Its soil was richer than in other parts of Europe. D. It was densely populated, forcing the Dutch to seek a greater food supply.

Why was the Great Famine in the late 1840s so disastrous for Ireland? A. All remedies of relief tried by the British were ineffective despite their large scale. B. Already impoverished peasants were struck with sickness and disease. C. The disease affecting the potato crop was entirely unexpected. D. The Irish refused help from Britain unless coupled with political reform.

Why was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559 important? A. It ended conflict between Catholics and Protestants. B. It allowed for France to dominate the Netherlands. C. It ended the Habsburg-Valois wars. D. It ended religious conflict in Germany.

Why was the millet system was successful? A. It created a bond between the Ottoman rulers and the local religious leaders. B. It helped bring about a unified culture and state for the Ottomans. C. It created a representative assembly for the Ottoman Empire. D. It secured succession procedures and stabilized the leadership.

Why were cities such as Milan, Liege, and Nuremberg largely spared from the effects of the fourteenth-century plague? A. Urban areas were generally spared the worst effects of the plague. B. More advanced sewage systems limited the spread of disease. C. Authorities closed the gates to all outsiders during times of plague. D. Central Europe was less affected by the plague.

Why were limited liability banks a key feature of industrial development during the nineteenth century? A. They guaranteed that stockholders would pay for their losses. B. They allowed stockholders to decrease their risk. C. They offered easier loan conditions to borrowers. D. Governments established them to participate in industrial growth.

Why were many Germans particularly unhappy with Roman Catholic Church authorities in the early sixteenth century? A. Weak government in Germany resulted in heavy demands from the church for payments. B. Germans resented the overwhelmingly French character of the church hierarchy. C. The church maintained far fewer monasteries and religious institutions in Germany. D. The German clergy were particularly prone to immorality.

Why were many Renaissance humanists unwilling to consider the value of a humanist education for women? A. They believed that women should not be exposed to some of the themes of classical literature. B. They believed that women fared better in the existing university system. C. They believed that women should not be taught by men. D. They believed that eloquence and action were inappropriate for the domestic realm of women.

Why, according to Martin Luther, did he have the right to undertake the reform of the early sixteenth-century church? A. He pointed to his position as a theology professor. B. He claimed that an angel had spoken to him. C. He insisted that all Christians had a duty to criticize church leadership. D. He pointed out that the Holy Roman emperor had called for reform of the church.

With the Edict of Nantes in 1598, Henry IV A. allowed Protestants the right to worship in 150 towns across France. B. sharply raised taxes among Protestants. C. declared his intention to strengthen royal control of the courts over which the robe nobles dominated. D. announced the end to the Thirty Years' War.

Workers in the early factories found leisure time A. on Saturday night, which became a time of relaxation and drinking, especially for men. B. hard to find and rarely enjoyed. C. in the summer, when factory work slowed. D. on Sunday afternoon after church services.

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