Massive AP US History Review

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Samuel Slater

"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.

112. Election of 1824

"corrupt bargain" and backroom deal for JQ Adams to win over Jackson

142. James K. Polk

"dark horse" Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury

· Virginia Resolves

"no taxation without representation," introduced by Patrick Henry

117. Spoils System

"rotation in office;" Jackson felt that one should spend a single term in office and return to private citizenship, those who held power too long would become corrupt and political appointments made by new officials was essential for democracy

Miranda v. State of Arizona, 1966

(Warren) Criminal suspect's rights include being informed of rights to counsel and to remain silent.

margin

..., (finance) the net sales minus the cost of goods and services sold

arbitration

..., (law) the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management)

Open Door Policy

..., A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

John Marshall

..., Created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court

Pilgrims

..., English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

Red Scare

..., a period of general fear of communists

freedmen

..., former slaves

yellow journalism

..., sensationalist journalism

Luftwaffe

..., the German airforce

laissez faire

..., the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs

The Great Railroad Strike

...pullman strike

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Francis Willard

1839-1898, founder of the WCTU and dean of the Women at Northwestern University

Smoot-Hawkey Tariff

1930 - raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Popular Sovereignty

A government in which the people rule by their own consent

The Nation of Islam

A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans

Progressives

A group of reformers who worked to solve problems caused by the rapid industrial urban growth of the late 1800s.

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

National Women Suffrage Association

A group that worked for a constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote

Guerrilla Warfare

A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

Jack Kerouac

A key author of the Beat movement whose best selling novel, On the Road helped define the movement with it's featured frenzied prose and plotless ramblings.

Great Railroad Strike (1877)

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike

Great Railroad Strike, 1877

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike (example of how government always sided with employers over workers in the Gilded Age). The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Hartford Convention, 1814

A meeting of Federalist delegates from Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont, at Hartford, Conn., inspired by Federalist opposition to President Madison's mercantile policies and the War of 1812. The convention adopted a strong states' rights position and expressed its grievances in a series of resolutions against military conscription and commercial regulations. The convention contributed to the death of the Federalist Party after the war as there was an upsurge of nationalism during the "Era of Good Feelings"

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Second Bank of the U.S.

A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit; modeled after Hamilton's original bank and fixing Revolutionary War debt

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

Big Government

A negative term, used mainly by conservatives to describe government programs in areas where they believe government shouldn't be involved, especially those that spend money on social problems.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Abolitionist

A person who wanted to end slavery

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery (1847-1848)

AIDS

A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles, caused by the HIV virus

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Eisenhower

Allied commander in WW2 in Europe; helped plan the D-Day invasion at Normandy; 34th President

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

A. Philip Randolph

America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries.

AIM

American Indian Movement. demanded greater rights for Native Americans, use violence to make its point

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States, advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

53. George Washington

American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for future presidents, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule

Melting Pot Theory

American culture is a blend of many different cultures

Gloria Steinem

American feminist icon, journalist, and social and political activist, published Ms. Magazine

57. Battle of Saratoga

American general Horatio Gates was victorious over British general Burgoyne

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

134. Hudson River School

American landscape painting rather than Classical subjects

Frederick Winslow Taylor

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants

Phillis Wheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Maize

An early form of corn grown by Native Americans

Political Machines

Appealed to immigrants and urban poor; provided services in exchange for support. Think Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall

smuggling

As a way of ignoring British restrictions on colonial trade, colonists engaged in widespread smuggling. Smugglers who got caught were often often freed by sympathetic American juries.

Supreme Court Decisions during this time (Think Marshall Court)

Asserted federal power of states (McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden); judicial branch determined the meaning of Constitution (Marbury v. Madison)

Reverend Martin Luther King Jr.

Atlanta-born Baptist minister, earned a Ph.D. at Boston University, the leader of the civil rights movement and president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, advocated nonviolent resistance, was assassinated outside his hotel room in Memphis

Why 1800 - 1848 was chosen as the dates for period 4

Beginning with Jefferson's presidency (Revolution of 1800), ending with the Seneca Falls Convention and Mexican American War

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency

· Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion

Haymarket Square Riot (1886)

Chicago labor protest organized to protest the treatment of workers at the McCormick Harvester Company as well as methods used by police in dealing with protesters; ended abruptly when an unknown assailant threw a bomb that killed 7 police officers; 8 anarchists were convicted of conspiracy. The public blamed trade unions for the violence.

Dred Scot v. Sandford, 1857

Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott's residence in a free state had not made him free, that blacks have "no rights a white man is bound to respect," & Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), voiding the Missouri Compromise and seemed to imply that no state could ban slavery at all. Outraged the North and helped make Civil War inevitable. Considered worst decision in Supreme Court history

George Whitefield

Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening.

Apologists

Christian thinkers who defended and explained Christian beliefs

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943, turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union

99. War hawks

Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain (War of 1812)

Gilded Age

Coin termed by Mark Twain; period from 1870s - 1890s, businesses grew at a rapid rate and many problems lied below perceived prosperity

Containment

Coined by George Kennan; urged the US to keep communism from spreading (Contain communism)

Term "Manifest Destiny" first used, 1845

Coined by John L. O'Sullivan, this expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and spread the American way of life, by force if necessary (conquering Indians and half of Mexico). This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. Example of "American Exceptionalism" - that God and US uniqueness justify actions

Indentured Servant

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

First Great Awakening, 1730s-1760s

Evangelical religious revival that swept through Britain's North American colonies. The Great Awakening strengthened beliefs in religious freedom and challenged the status of established churches.

Xenophobia

Fear of foreigners - helped give rise to a nativist movement that was Anti-Catholic

32. French and Indian War

French threat at the borders was no longer present, therefore the colonies didn't need English protection; more independent stand against Britain

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Rugged Individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Hires jobless people to build public buildings and parks.

California gold rush, 1849

Hundreds of thousands of people from around the world, mostly young men, came to California in 1849 after gold was discovered in search of instant riches. Led to quick population of California, and new conflicts over slavery as California petitioned for admission as a free state. Led to Compromise of 1850

laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

New South

Idea that the south should industrialize after the Civil War. Despite calls for industrialization, sharecropping and tenant farming persisted in the South

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Interchangeable Parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing, invented by Eli Whitney

Southern secession, 1860-61

Immediately following Lincoln's victory in November 1860 election, 11 southern states seceded from the US, led by South Carolina, to form the Confederate States of America (CSA) because they feared the Republican Party under Lincoln would try to abolish slavery. Lincoln's refusal to allow the Union to dissolve and the Confederate attack on Ft. Sumter began Civil War.

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society with socialism in the year 2000. He was against capitalism.

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Sacco and Vanzetti

In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly

Berlin Airlift, 1948

In June 1948, the USSR-who wanted Berlin all for themselves-closed all highways, railroads and canals into Berlin from West Germany. This, they believed, would make it impossible for the people who lived there to get food or any other supplies and would eventually drive Britain, France and the US out of the city for good. However, the US and its allies decided to supply their sectors of the city from the air. The "Berlin Airlift," lasted for more than a year and carried more than 2.3 million tons of cargo in 277,000 flights into West Berlin.

Eisenhower's Farewell Address, 1961

In his Farewell Address, Eisenhower warned of the necessary, but dangerous combination of the military and the industrial sector he called the MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX. This combination ensured that the U.S. would constantly be prepared for war. Although realizing the need to have this alliance between the defense and industries, Eisenhower also recognized the potential for the rise of mis-placed power, and urged citizens to be alert so this power would never threaten democracy (as miltiary power had in the past - Caesar and Napoleon for example)

encomienda system

In the economies of the Spanish colonies, Indian labor, used in the _______________ to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. EX: sugar, silver

Poverty

Inability to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter.

Second Great Awakening

Inspired many to achieve perfection on earth; helped influence reform movements (abolitionism, women's rights, temperance, etc.)

Red Phone Hotline

Installed between Washington DC and Moscow so that they could be in immediate contact.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Stimson Doctrine, 1932

Issued by Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, it was in response to Japan's violation of the Open Door policy when it attacked Manchuria in 1931. It stated that United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force. It was ignored by the Japanese and they moved towards to Shanghai in 1932.

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

It was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. Why it was important? The decision in this Supreme Court Case established the right of the courts to determine the constitutionality of the actions of the other two branches of government.

Sacco and Vanzetti executed, 1927

Italian immigrants who in 1921 had been convicted in a Massachusetts court of committing robbery and murder. Liberals protested that the two men were innocent, and that they had been accused, convicted, and sentenced to die simply because they were poor Italians and anarchists. After six years of appeals and national and international debates over the fairness of their trial, Sacco and Vanzetti were executed in 1927. This proved to be a major dilemma in the course of the 1st red scare against foreigners and suspected communists within the US.

· Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson used personal friends as unofficial advisors over his official cabinet

116. Indian Removal Act

Jackson was allowed to relocate Indian tribes in the Louisiana Territory

Panay Incident

Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.

Japanese Internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans were placed in camps beginning in 1942; upheld by Korematsu v. US

General Tojo

Japanese army officer who initiated the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and who assumed dictatorial control of Japan during World War II

XYZ Affair, 1797-98

Jay's Treaty angered France. As a result, Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's 3 agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe. The delegates came back to the US as heroes. Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. It would later lead to the undeclared Quasi War between France and the US.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

Jefferson sent Monroe to Paris in 1803 to purchase New Orleans and as much land east of it at a maximum price of $10 million. Monroe ended up spending $15 million, because he was able to get all of Louisiana, doubling the size of the United Sates at the low price of 13 cents/acre. Jefferson was conflicted about the purchase, since he didn't feel he had the authority to do so under the Constitution, but the deal was too good to pass up and provided more than enough land to fulfill his dream of an America populated with small farmers.

· Pottawatomie Creek (May 1856)

John Brown and his sons slaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud in Lawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress

John Brown's raid, 1859

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an attempt by the white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt in 1859 by seizing a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's raid, accompanied by 20 men in his party, was defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee and he was executed for treason. Many in the North hailed him as a martyr, while the south saw him as a terrorist. Help make Civil War inevitable.

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

94. Marbury v. Madison

John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional

133. John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community

John Noyes, New York; utopian society for communalism, perfectionism, and complex marriage

Election of 1824

John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the House of Representatives in what was termed the Corrupt Bargain. Notable for being the only election to have been decided by the House of Representatives, where no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received the most electoral votes did not become president (Andrew Jackson). The faction led by Andrew Jackson would evolve into the modern Democratic Party.

"City on a Hill"

John Winthrop wanted Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a Puritan model society based on Christian principles. Puritans tried to live perfect lives.

Andrew Johnson impeachment trial, 1868

Johnson was impeached by the U.S. House of Representatives on the primary charge of Johnson's violation of the Tenure of Office Act. Specifically, he had removed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton (whom the Tenure of Office Act was largely designed to protect) from office as a way of trying to block Congressional Reconstruction. The Senate trial concluded on May 16 with Johnson's acquittal, with the votes for conviction being one less than the required 2/3rds tally. Johnson backed off afterwards to his opposition to Congressional Reconstruction

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Jonathan Edward's sermon

New York Draft Riots

July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Labor Unions

Knights of Labor - skilled and unskilled; AFL - skilled labor only; sought to improve working conditions and increase pay

Great Society

LBJ's platform; increased the size and involvement of the government in society. Extension of New Deal programs and Civil Rights (24th amendment, Civil Rights Act of 1964.)

Anglican

Major religion of the southern colonies

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law (1819)

Great Migration

Mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North during WWI for economic opportunities

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Constitution

Replaced the Articles - series of compromises (Great, 3/5, Slave Trade); provided limits on federal power (separation of powers); did not address problems of slavery

Suburbs

Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people. Many people moved here after WWII

War on terrorism

Response to 9/11, US would actively fight terrorism throughout the world

Bill of Rights, 1791

The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public. The Bill was influenced by George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, the English Bill of Rights 1689, and earlier English political documents such as Magna Carta (1215).

Camp David Accords, 1979

The Camp David Accords were the peace accords signed by Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat after the 1973 Arab-Israeli War to finally end the Israeli-Egyptian disputes. The achievement by Carter is considered his greatest while in office.

G.I. Bill, 1944

The G. I. Bill of Rights or Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s) as well as one-year of unemployment compensation. It also provided loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. Considered an extremely successful government program to both help veterans and boost the US economy.

Spanish-American War, 1898

The Maine mysteriously blew up in the Havana harbor from internal explosion. Yellow journalists like Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst sensationalistically influence public opinion in newspapers ("Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain"). Americans declare war on Spain. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans; the U.S. also wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico as well as control over the Philippines.

Describe the general characteristics of the New England colonies

The New England colonies, founded primarily by Puritans seeking to establish a community of likeminded religious believers, developed a close-knit, homogeneous society and — aided by favorable environmental conditions — a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.

My Lai massacre made public, 1969

The Pentagon Papers revealed American troops brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai. Led to the opposition to the war of Vietnam

Tet Offensive, 1968

The Tet Offensive was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army against the forces of South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. It failed militarily, but had an enormous psychological impact on the US, showing that the war was far from over, and proving that the government was lying about the war.

Wilmot Proviso, 1846

The Wilmot Proviso was a rider to a bill proposed by Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot in 1846 that sought to ban slavery in any territories or new states acquired from Mexico. Essentially the argument was over whether there would be slavery in Texas, New Mexico, California, and other new western states. The debate is considered a crucial part of the lead-up to the Civil War.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

The court case in which the Supreme Court validated the South's segregationist social order; ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause in the Fourteenth Amendment; in reality the quality of African American life was grotesquely unequal to that of whites. Later overturned by Brown v. Board in 1954

Describe the general characteristics of the Middle Colonies

The demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops (wheat, corn, barley, etc)

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

plantation system

The division of the land into smaller units under private ownership

Watergate

The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Potsdam Conference, 1945

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

House of Burgesses, 1619

The first elected lawmaking body in North America, established by the Virginia Company to allow representative government in Virginia.

The Jazz Singer, 1927

The first movie with sound, this "talkie" was about the life of a fictional jazz singer, portrayed by actor Al Jolson. It was the first movie that included dialogue and music on the filmstrip itself. Before The Jazz Singer, there were silent films that were often accompanied by music (usually a piano player or an orchestra).

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) of 1774

The four Massachusetts acts by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party which closed Boston port, revoked right of trial by a jury of peers, imposed martial law, and forced colonists to quarter troops. Became key event leading towards the revolution.

Declaration of Independence, 1776

The fundamental document establishing the US as an independent nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. The declaration was ordered and approved by the Second Continental Congress and written largely by Thomas Jefferson. It declared the 13 colonies independent from Britain, offered reasons for the separation (that the colonists rights as Englishmen had been trampled on by King George III), and laid out the principles for which the Revolution was fought (based on Enlightenment principles of natural rights, especially those of 17th century English philosopher John Locke).

What are the big issues that separated England and its colonists?

The goals and interests of European leaders at times diverged from those of colonial citizens, leading to growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic, as settlers, especially in the English colonies, expressed dissatisfaction over territorial settlements, frontier defense, trade and other issues.

Headright System

The grant of 50 acres of land for each settler brought to Virginia by a colonist. Established a pattern of small wealthy planter elite and a large, landless, powerless majority that would characterize politics/society in the South until the Civil War and beyond.

Compact Theory

The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority.

King Phillip's War

The last significant effort by the Indians of southern New England to drive away English settlers. The Indians were led by Metacom, the Pokunoket chief whom English setters called "King Philip."

Continental Congress

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional

French Revolution

The revolution that began in France in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

KKK marched on Washington, 1925

The second KKK reached its peak in 1925 with over 4 million members, and demonstrated its power with a massive march on washington. It was later hurt by a series of financial and sex scandals. New KKK was not only anti-black, but also anti-immigrant, anti-pacifist, anti-Catholic, anti-socialist, basically anti-anything that wasn't WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant)

Historiography

The study of how history is done, such as how different people perceive past events and how a source's point-of-view impacts its portrayal of the past.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945

The two Japanese cities on which Truman ordered the dropping of atomic bombs; August 6 and August 9, 1945, respectively. About 250,000 Japanese died, either immediately, or as a result of prolonged suffering caused by radiation poisoning as a result of the two bombs. Reasons for dropping bomb: save American soldiers lives, end war more quickly, prevent Soviet claims in Japan. Criticisms: Japan had already asked for surrender terms, nukes dropped more to show off to Soviets (first shots of Cold War) than to win WWII which was already near-certain to be won by US.

Interventionists

These are people who favor intervention, especially by a government, in the affairs of others, such as nations. Woodrow Wilson finally adopted such a policy in 1917 when he chose to finally participate in WWI.

Prohibition (Volstead Act)

This 1920 law defined the liquor forbidden under the Eighteenth Amendment and gave enforcement responsibilities to the Prohibition Bureau of the Department of the Treasury.

Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations

Treaty that ended WWI; League led to debates over the role of the US in the world; ultimately, the US did NOT join the League

Charles Lindbergh's flight, 1927

US aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. His plane was the "Spirit of St Louis" flew from Long Island, New York to Paris, France. Total flight time: 33 hours, 30 minutes, 29.8 seconds. He gained great publicity for this effort and was widly praised by all Amerians.He was a huge figure in the eyes of common people and created a new sense of pride within the US.Lindbergh would then go on to advocate isolationism during the years before WWII. As an orator he spoke for the America First Committee to try and steer away from war.

Louis Sullivan

United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase "form follows function"

John Muir

United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914)

How did Europeans justify the subjugation of Africans and Natives?

White racial superiority, bible, view of groups as "savages"

68. Connecticut Compromise

advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senators per state and representation in the House based on population

Erie Canal

an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo

Corruption

dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery.

· Colonial strengths and weaknesses

fair amount of troops, short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington); nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles

137. Yeoman Farmers

family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners

131. Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

for women's rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requests after the Declaration of Independence

American liberty league

formed in 1934, primarily by conservative Democrats to oppose the New Deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

· Republican Party

formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act, banned in the South, John C Fremont first presidential candidate

Militias

groups of citizen soldiers

S.O.S. red phone

hotline between nation's presidents during cold war

49. Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

in reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), murder in the name of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony

9. Pocahontas

key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617

Pentagon

military base in the US, one plane flew into it, killing 125 people on the ground, in the 9/11 attacks

102. William Henry Harrison

military hero from War of 1812; elected president 1840, died of pneumonia a month later, gave presidency to Tyler

Immigration

moving to a country

Wagner Act, 1935

officially "National Labor Relations Act"; established National Labor Relations Board to administer labor laws and union elections; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. Highest legislative achievement for unions in US history.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, passed by Lyndon Johnson

155. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

over Senate seat for Illinois (Douglas victor), Lincoln stated the country could not remain split over the issue of slavery

· Specie

paper money; specie circular decreed that the government would not accept specie for government land

Headright System

parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

· National Road

part of transportation revolution, from Cumberland MD to Wheeling WVa, toll road network; stimulated Western expansion

Maine Law

passed in 1851 in Maine, was one of the first statutory implementations of the developing temperance movement in the United States.

97. Macon's Bill No. 2

president has power to cease trade with any foreign country that violated American neutrality

39. Currency Act

prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy

160. William T. Sherman

pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, "march to the sea" (total war and destruction), proceeded to South Carolina

15. James I, Charles I

reluctant to give colonists their own government, preferred to appoint royal governors

Wilmot Proviso

slavery to be barred in all territory ceded from Mexico; never fully passed Congress

Truman Doctrine, 1947

stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to resist internal left-wing (and therefore it was assumed "communist") movements and prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere. Early example of application of "containment" doctrine - that the US would take action to stop spread of communism. Some see this as beginning of Cold War.

144. Manifest Destiny

stated the United States was destined to span the breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible, advocated by Polk

83. Nullification

states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional

62. Articles of Confederation

states joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes

38. Stamp Act-

taxes on all legal documents to support British troops, not approved by colonists through their representatives

152. Kansas-Nebraska Act

territory split into Kansas and Nebraska, popular sovereignty (Kansas slave, Nebraska free); proposed by Stephen A. Douglas

Know-Nothings

the American Party; anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic. When asked, they would respond "I know nothing."

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

American Expeditionary Force

the U.S. forces, led by Gen. John Pershing, who fought with the allies in Europe during WWI

Subjugation

the act of conquering or bringing under control; enslavement

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legislative acts.

Leisure Time

time free from work or duties

Charles G. Finney

urged people to abandon sin and lead good lives in dramatic sermons at religious revivals

Child Labor

using children to work in factories and businesses

122. Maysville Road Veto

vetoed by Jackson on the count that government funds for the Maysville Road would only benefit one state

Peace Corps

volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

85. Washington's Farewell Address

warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency

Salem

witch trials

Pure Food and Drug Act

(1906) Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Meat Inspection Act

(1906) Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Rachel Carson

(1907-1964) United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife, wrote Silent Spring

World War I

(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

Clayton Act

(1914) A federal regulation intended to prevent specific business actions that might prohibit competition, e.g., tying agreements and exclusive agreements

Great Migration

(1916-1970) movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Marshall Plan

(1948-1952) A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe. Provided $13 billion over 4 years, and was successful

Betty Friedan published The Feminine Mystique, 1963

(1963) Best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan. This work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery to demand a larger role in society on the basis of equality. Helped launch what would become second-wave feminist movement that would go beyond issues of suffrage to focus on economic, political, and social equality issues like equal pay for equal work and the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)

Roe v. Wade, 1973

(Burger) Certain state criminal abortion laws violate the Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment, which protects against state action the (implied) right to privacy in the Bill of Rights (9th amendment). Abortion cannot be banned in the 1st trimester (1st 3 months), states can regulate the 2nd trimester, 3rd trimester - abortion is illegal except to save the life of the mother

Tripoli Wars (Barbary Wars)

Barbary pirates raise fee to stop impressment, Jefferson refuses, a series of naval battles that shows US can hold their own as a Navy

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Second New Deal, 1935

Began in 1935 after the midterm congressional elections in 1934 which further expanded Democratic majorities in Congress thus giving FDR a mandate to go further with the New Deal. Created Works Progress Administration which put over 3 million people to work paid by the government among many other programs. Most important legacies: Social Security & Wagner Act

Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, 1787

Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison. With this convention the Constitution was created.

Great Migration of Puritans to Massachusetts, 1630's and 1640's

Beginning with 700 people led by Governor John Winthrop, a great migration of Puritans from England brought over 20,000 people—mostly families— to New England over a ten-year period. No group has played a more pivotal role in shaping American values than the New England Puritans. The Puritans contributed to our country's sense of mission, its work ethic (emphasizing the idea that God rewards hard work), and its moral sensibility.

Why 1844 - 1877 was chosen as the dates for period 5

Beginning with Polk's election (US expansion and Manifest Destiny) through the end of Reconstruction

Monotheism

Belief in one God, followed by the European conquerors

Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

What led to colonial resistance to Britain?

Britain's desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from colonists who had grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy.

81. Impressment

British Navy would take American sailors and force them to work for Britain

Barbados

British West Indies colony whose plantation system and harsh slave codes became the model for Southern colonies in North America

56. British strengths and weaknesses

British citizenship outnumbered colonies', large navy and professional army; exhausted resources (Hessians hired), national debt

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Winston Churchill

British prime minister who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns.

44. Boston Massacre

British soldiers shot into crowd of snowball fight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter

61. American society during the Revolution

British-occupied cities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money, African-Americans and Native Americans involved

United States entered WWI, 1917

British-owned ocean liner Lusitania was torpedoed by German U-boats, killing 1,201 passengers, including 128 Americans. Foreign Minister Alfred Zimmerman sent a message to Mexico and Japan to provoke them into attacking the U.S., but it was decoded by the British. Germany resumes UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE to sink US ships bringing supplies to British/French, hoping to take out Britain/France before the US can enter war. This gamble failed as US entry into the war in 1917 helped secure victory.

Potatoes and corn

Brought to Europe from the Americas. Led to population growth as these new crops helped the rural poor of Europe avoid starvation

Environmental Problems

Brought to the attention of the public by Rachel Carson and Silent Spring; helped lead to the creation of the EPA and Clean Air Act

153. Harpers Ferry (1859)

Brown aimed to create an armed slave rebellion and establish black free state; Brown executed and became martyr in the North

Decimation of the buffalo

Buffalo almost became extinct due to westward expansion and over hunting of buffalo (buffalo hide); impacted Native Americans

joint stock companies

Businesses owned by shareholders that invested in exploration and colonization, enabiling more investors to profit with less risk

How did Europeans help increase the intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare?

By supplying American Indian allies with deadlier weapons and alcohol, and by rewarding Indian military actions

Compromise of 1850

California admitted as free state, territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, federal assumption of Texas debt, slave trade abolished in DC, and new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

11. John Winthrop

Calvinist, devised concept of "city on a hill" ("A Model of Christian Charity"); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay

Harlem Renaissance

Celebration of African American culture through music, poetry, and writing. Key people - Langston Hughes, Claude Monet, Zora Neale Hurston

Emancipation Proclamation

Changed the purpose of the Civil War; allowed African Americans to fight in the Union Army; Kept Europe from aiding the South

Malcolm X

Charismatic black Muslim leader who promoted separatism and violence if necessary in the early 1960s

Social Darwinism

Charles Darwin's ideas applied to humans, "survival of the fittest." Used by wealthy to justify their position in life

South Carolina

Charles II gave land to eight noblemen to settle land and make money from crops such as rice and indigo.

· "Trail of Tears"

Cherokee tribe forced to move from southern Appalachians to reservations in current-day Oklahoma, high death toll

Roger Williams established Rhode Island, 1636

Colonial leader who was banished from Salem, MA for holding unorthodox views. Founded colony of Rhode Island based on religious toleration, separation of church and state, and political democracy. Lead to immigration into Rhode Island of persecuted religious groups and built a foundation of values (like religious freedom) that the U.S. would later be founded upon.

Reasons for Patriot Victory in Revolutionary War

Colonists' familiarity with the land; political and military leadership (Washington); ideological commitment (Natural Rights); Support from European Allies (France after Saratoga)

France

Colonized in Canada and along the Mississippi River. Traded fur with the natives.

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto, later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Mao Tse-Tung

Communist leader of China; gained power through the Chinese civil war; defeated US backed Chiang Kai Shek

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

The Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Redeemer Governments

Conservative white Democrats, many of them planters or businessmen, who reclaimed control of the South following the end of Reconstruction

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Climate Change

Continuing of the environmental movement of the 1960s and 1970s. Overwhelming scientific consensus (97%) is that human beings are accelerating climate change, but many conservatives continue to deny scientific evidence. Debates over sources of energy warped by influence of wealthy fossil fuel industries to media and political campaigns

First Continental Congress, 1774

Convention of delegates from twelve colonies (Georgia not present). It was called in to discuss their response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts (Punished Boston for the Boston Tea Party) by the British Parliament.

Political Machines

Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities led by a boss; attempts to grab more votes for his party.

People's (Populist) Party

Created in response to the growth of corporate power; called for political reform (election of senators, secret ballot) and increased government involvement in economy

Settlement House Movement

Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

104. Hartford Convention

December 1814, opposed War of 1812, called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secede if their views were left unconsidered next to those of southern and western states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party

Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, 1979

December 24, 1979 was the day that Soviet forces, after a series of perpetual pleas for assistance by the Afghan government, invaded Afghanistan, marking the beginning of the Soviet War in Afghanistan that lasted about 9 years. The two opposing sides consisted of the USSR and the democratic Republic of Afghanistan against the Sunni Mujahideen (Islamic warriors), who were supported by Pakistan, China, the US, the UK, Saudi Arabia, and Iran. These forces would later form the Taliban and al-Qaeda which would come to haunt the US in a classic case of "blowback"

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Franklin Roosevelt

Democratic President of the US during Great Depression and World War II, made the New Deal

Urban centers

Densely populated areas where the government is located and those in power live. Found in both European and native societies

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Frederick Law Olmsted

Designer of New York City's Central Park, who wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature. One of his projects, the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, gave a rise to the influential "City Beautiful" movement

Disease

Destroyed the native Americans in large numbers. Smallpox and the flu are two examples.

Jonas Salk

Developed the polio vaccine in 1952

What led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization?

Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi, lawyer who defended accused blacks, murdered in his driveway by a member of the KKK

Nativist Movement

Discrimination against immigrants (notably Irish and Germans), heavily anti-Catholic, sought to limit power of immigrants (Know-Nothing Party)

· Freeport Doctrine

Douglas was able to reconcile the Dred Scott Decision with popular sovereignty; voters would be able to exclude slavery by not allowing laws that treated slaves as property

Market Revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

Republican Party

Emerged as a sectional party in the North and Midwest; sought to keep slavery from expanding (free-soil) - as seen in Lincoln's election in 1860

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. North did not enforce this law.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise to remove troops from the South, make Hayes the President, David Key as a Democrat in Hayes' cabinet, and construction of continental railroad and industrialization in the South

John Locke

English Enlightenment philosopher and political thinker who believed in government based upon natural rights of the people (life, liberty, and property) the will of the governed. Locke's republicanism influenced American colonists in the eighteenth century.

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to create a "community of saints" or "city upon a hill" that would serve as a model of Christianity. Often seen as the beginning of "American Exceptionalism" - the idea that America has a unique story, or God-given destiny

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Wool Act, 1699

English law that made it illegal to ship wool from the American colonies. The law was designed to assist the British wool industry. Example of mercantilism

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review (1803)

17th Amendment, 1913

Established that senators were to be elected directly by voters (instead of by state legislatures as under the Constitution originally). This law was part of the Progressive Era effort to curb the power of political parties and open up the government with more democracy to the people.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission), monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states, created to regulate railroad prices

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

European Enlightenment

European intellectual movement of the 18th century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.

New crops from the Americas stimulated...

European population growth (particularly from corn and potatoes)

110. Monroe Doctrine

Europeans should not interfere with affairs in Western Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs; supported Washington's goal for US neutrality in Americas

Korean War

Example of Containment; US sided with South Korea against communist North Korea; some minor domestic opposition to the war

Republican Motherhood

Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women

First Hundred Days

FDR pushes through 15 new laws and ends banking crisis

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

First New Deal, 1933

FDR's policies to help ease the Great Depression during the 1st two years of his presidency. Much of it passed in the 1st 100 Days, in an unprecedented flurry of laws. It aimed for the three R's: relief, recovery, reform. Included Bank Holiday, Glass-Steagal (SEC), CCC, AAA, TVA, NIRA, FDIC, FERA

Yalta Conference, 1945

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

Cesar Chavez

Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers

Red Scare

Fear of Communism after WWI, caused by: Russian Revolution, labor strikes post WWI, nativism; led to a crackdown on immigrants and radicals (suppression of rights)

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

· Essex case

Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention

Barack Obama elected, 2008

First African American president. First years in office witnessed many important new laws: Affordable Care Act (AKA "Obamacare") extended health care to millions but was controversial. Financial reform after the economic collapse at the end of the Bush Administration. Most pro-gay rights president who ended "Don't Ask Don't Tell" and was the first to endorse gay marriage. Oversaw the withdrawal of forces from Iraq and the reconstruction of the American economy. Faced rise of the Tea Party in 2010, an extremely conservative wing of Republican Party that turned increasingly conservative and hostile to Obama's policies as American politics became extremely partisan.

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Lexington and Concord, 1775

First battle in the Revolutionary War, (AKA "shot heard round the world") fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775. British troops had moved from Boston toward Lexington and Concord to seize the colonists' military supplies and arrest revolutionaries. In Concord, advancing British troops met resistance from the Minutemen (American volunteers) who harassed the retreating British troops along the Concord-Lexington Road. Paul Revere had first alerted the Americans to the British movement. This victory increased colonists' hopes of success in the Revolution.

Slavery

First brought to Virginia in 1619, to manage the tobacco crop. It permeated most of the British colonies but was found in greater numbers in the Caribbean and Brazil, where crops such as sugarcane were grown

Portugal

First country to begin to explore beyond Europe. First to find a route to Asia around the tip of Africa

Spain

First country to travel west in search of a new route to Asia. Conquered large areas of the Americas including Mexico and western South America

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting, specifically against railroad companies.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison and was later extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was first misused AGAINST labor unions

Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor

First female cabinet member

Sputnik, 1957

First man-made satellite put into orbit by the USSR. This caused fear in the US that the Soviets had passed them by in science & technology and the arms race. Democrats scorched the Republican administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower for allowing the United States to fall so far behind the communists. Eisenhower responded by speeding up the U.S. space program (NASA), which resulted in the launching of the satellite Explorer I on January 31, 1958. The "space race" had begun. In 1969, the US would land men on the moon, a major victory.

Business Cycle

Fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Ratification

Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty

Congress of Industrial Organization created, 1935

Formed to encourage the AFL to organize workers in mass production industries along industrial union lines (skilled and unskilled workers as opposed to trade union lines - meaning only skilled workers) by eight international unions of the AFL. Union organization of unskilled workers; later broke away from the AFL in 1935 due to ideological differences and rejoined it in 1955 under pressure of 2nd Red Scare

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

James Oglethorpe established Georgia, 1732

Founded by James Oglethorpe as a haven for debtors, and as a buffer colony to protect the profitable Carolinas from attacks by Spanish Florida, Georgia became the last of the original 13 British colonies in North America.

Standard Oil Company

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

William Penn established Pennsylvania, 1681

Founded by William Penn, who received a colonial charter from King Charles II in payment of a debt owed to Penn's father. Penn established Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers, guaranteeing liberty of conscience and granting freemen the right to alter the government.

Osama Bin Laden

Founder of Al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

September 11th terrorist attacks, 2001

Four coordinated terrorist attacks launched by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda upon the US in NYC and the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Four passenger airliners were hijacked by terrorists. 2 crashed into the World Trade Center in NYC. A third plane crashed into the Pentagon in DC. The fourth plane was targeted at Washington, D.C., but crashed into a field in Pennsylvania after passengers attacked terrorists on the plane. Led directly to 2002 invasion of Afghanistan (then the base of al-Qaeda operations) and the longest war in US history.

Impact of 7 Years' War

France was removed from North America; Great Britain was in massive debt, began to consolidate control over colonies - taxes; many colonists resisted

14th Amendment, 1868

Grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the US"; it forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws." Most important law ever passed besides original Constitution and Bill of Rights. It has been the vehicle for the expansion of civil rights, women's rights, gay rights among other movements. It also allowed for the "incorporation doctrine" which means the application of the national Bill of Rights to the states.

Medicare/Medicaid

Great Society programs to have the government provide medical aid to the elderly (Medicare) and the poor (Medicaid).

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

77. Report on Manufactures (tariffs)

Hamilton praised efficient factories with few managers over many workers, promote emigration, employment opportunities, applications of technology

75. Bank of the United States

Hamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution

Herbert Hoover and Food Administration

He led the Food Administration and started many programs to streamline food production, distribution, and rationing in times of war.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to Asia

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. (glasnost and perestroika)

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Helped construction workers get jobs doing public projects (highways, bridges, sewers)

Settlement Houses (Notably Jane Addams' Hull House)

Helped immigrants adjust to American life. Focused on providing education and other skills for women, immigrants, and children

Foreign Policy "failures"

Helped lead to public distrust in government; example is Iran Hostage Crisis

100. Henry Clay and the American System

Henry Clay aimed to make the US economically independent from Europe (e.g., support internal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank)

American System

Henry Clay's! idea to unify the economy through: BUS, internal improvements, and tariffs. More successful in unifying the North and Midwest than South

Creation of a new government, 1789

In 1786, defects in the Articles of Confederation became apparent leading to a Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 to draft a new constitution. James Madison presented the "Virginia Plan" which became the basis of the new contitution that featured a stronger central government with powers to collect taxes, regulate interstate commerce, etc. based on separation of powers with checks and balances and federalism (the division of power between the national and state governments)

Berlin Blockade/Airlift

In 1948, Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. In order to combat this, the United States began to airlift supplies into Berlin.

John F. Kennedy assassinated, 1963

In 1963 in Dallas, riding in a parade to drum up support for the upcoming presidential election in 1964, JFK was shot twice by ex-Marine Lee Harvey Oswald and pronounced dead at Parkland hospital. JFK's Vice President LBJ was immediately sworn into office. Oswald was later killed by Jack Ruby before he could stand trial.

Creation of the Republican Party, 1854

In the wake of the demise of the Whigs in the early 1850s over the slavery issue, the Republican Party organized in 1854 by antislavery Whigs, Democrats, Free Soilers and abolitionists in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; nominated John C. Frémont for president in 1856, Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Dominated by anti-slavery members until early 1870s, then became party of big business/laissez faire capitalism. Dominated national politics until FDR's election in 1932

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Involved expansion of slavery in the western territories. Missouri was the 1st part of the Louisiana Purchase to seek statehood. Senate had 11 free vs. 11 slave states. Missouri as a slave state would upset balance. Compromise split Maine (as a free state) from Massachusetts to maintain balance in Senate (now 12 to 12). It prohibited slavery in Louisiana Territory north of 36°30′ (except for MO). Compromise settled slavery expansion issue for a generation until issue came up again after Mexican War brought enormous new lands into the US.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act, 1914

It added to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of objectionable trust practices by forbidding price discrimination (i.e. setting different prices for different people), and interlocking directorates, meaning the same people serving on "competitors" boards of trustees. It also exempted labor unions from being considered trusts and legalized strikes as a form of peaceful assembly. Ultimately helped cut down on monopolies.

Stamp Act, 1765-66

It imposed tax on newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, licenses. In retaliation, many colonial groups formed such as Sons of Liberty and tarred or feathered stamp tax collectors and organized non-important movements (boycotts) of British goods. People began to question British authority over the colonies since they traditionally taxed themselves. Grenville argued that colonies were "virtually" represented in parliament since it represents all Brit. subjects. Ended when British businessmen pressured Parliament to repeal since they were hurt by boycotts

Proclamation of 1763

It was created to alleviate relations with natives after the French and Indian War and stated that Americans were not permitted to pass the Appalachian Mountains. Angered struggling colonists who had no other option but to find fortune and life on the frontier. Largely ignored by the colonists who continued to expand west and cause further turmoil between the colonials and the natives.

Homestead Strike (1892)

It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

Peace Corps, 1961

JFK called for volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by fighting poverty in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The work is generally related to social and economic development. Volunteers went abroad to work with governments, schools, non-profit organizations, non-government organizations, entrepreneurs in education, hunger, business, information technology, agriculture, and the environment.

Standard Oil created, 1870

John D. Rockefeller organized Standard Oil in Cleveland in 1870. Through ruthless competition and superb organization, the Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of oil refining in the United States by 1879. Its controversial history as one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations ended in 1911, when the US Supreme Court ruled that Standard was an illegal monopoly. Standard Oil was to be broken up into 34 companies

Joseph McCarthy attacked the State Department, 1950

Joseph McCarthy, a relatively obscure Republican senator from Wisconsin, announces he has a list of 205 communists who have infiltrated the U.S. State Department. In widely publicized hearings, McCarthy bullied defendants under cross-examination with unlawful and damaging accusations, destroying the reputations of hundreds of innocent citizens and officials. In December, the Senate voted to condemn him for misconduct after he attacked the US military as full of communists. Most extreme example of Second Red Scare anti-communist hysteria.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed, 1953

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, a married couple convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage in 1951, are put to death in the electric chair. The execution marked the dramatic finale of the most controversial espionage case of the Cold War. Specifically, they were accused of heading a spy ring that passed top-secret information concerning the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Part of Second Red Scare anti-communist hysteria

Samuel Slater established the first textile mill, 1790

Known as the "Father of the American Factory System" because he brought British textile technology to America with a few modifications fit for America. He learned textile machinery as an apprentice to a pioneer in the British industry. He brought the knowledge to America where he designed the first textile mills. This brought work to factories instead of homes where efficiency skyrocketed.

Jonathan Edwards sparked the First Great Awakening, 1734

Known for his "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God "sermon. Leading theologian (religious thinker) of First Great Awakening, a massive religious movement that swept through the colonies, which emphasized the community of all Christians. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners.

The Great Society, 1964-65

LBJ & Democratic social reforms that sought the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched during this period. The Great Society in scope and sweep resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of FDR. Most important: Medicare (health care for those over 65), Medicaid (health care for poor, disabled)

Mexican Cession, 1848

Land that Mexico ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. This territory included CA, NM, NV, AZ, UT, TX, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The addition of so much land to the United States exacerbated conflict over the expansion of slavery because some Northerners feared that the extension of slavery into California and New Mexico would deter free laborers from settling there.

Maryland

Land was given to the Calvert family to create this colony, the only colony with a Catholic minority.

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Gilded Age

Late 1800s to Early 1900s - time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialization

England

Late to the exploration game, they first colonized the Atlantic coast of North America in the early 1600s.

G.I. Bill of Rights

Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education by giving loans

Selective Service

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

164. Battle of Gettysburg

Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle of the war, Confederate Pickett's Charge (disastrous), Lee forced to retreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade North again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation over union)

163. Battle of Antietam

Lee's attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate, McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate, South would never be so close to victory again

162. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson

Lee's chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Conservatives

Like to stick to the traditional ways of government and tend to oppose change

10% Plan

Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War, proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union

Charles Lindbergh, Spirit of St. Louis

Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic in the first transatlantic solo flight, to Paris

Plains Indians

Lived a nomadic lifestyle following the buffalo as their main source of food

Fort Sumter, 1861

Located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. One of only two federal forts that had not fallen to Confederacy. The troops needed provisions, or would have to surrender to seige. Lincoln informed the South Carolinians that he would send provisions but no reinforcements. When the Union sent a naval force, the South opened fire on the Fort, marking the official beginning of the Civil War. There were no casualties (except for a horse) and the fort surrendered.

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

First Lowell factory opened, 1823

Lowell mills were seen as a Utopian society for young women. These mills hired girls from 15-25 who were expected to work for a short period of time, usually 1-3 years. The women earned their own wages, had comfortable and clean room and board, and were encouraged by education. Criticisms included: long 12-14 hrs a day, tending loud machines, inhaling cotton dust, and sweating because of the humidity level.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

107. Missouri Compromise (1820)

Maine as free state, Missouri as slave state, slavery prohibited north of 36°30'

American goods that transformed European life

Maize, potatoes, and other crops - helped increase European population and the shift from feudalism to capitalism

National Security Act, 1947

Major reorganization of US military after WWII to fight Cold War. It creating the Department of Defense (replacing Dept. of War) in a new building - the Pentagon. Also established the National Security Council (NSC) to advise the president on security matters and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate the government's foreign fact gathering (spying) and subvert governments and popular movements seen as contrary to the interests of US government elites.

Port Huron Statement

Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace.

Decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan

Many reasons - save American lives, end the war quickly, etc.; raised questions about American values

126. Marshall Court (all cases)

Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), McCulloch v. Maryland (loose Constitutional interpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, states cannot control government agencies), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstate commerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v. Peck (valid contract cannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v. Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties' consent)

Election of 1840

Martin Van Buren ( incumbent Democrat) vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig and victorious general in 1811 at Battle of Tippecanoe against Indians under Tecumseh). MVB hurt by Panic of 1837. Significance: massive voter turnout & use of slogans: "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too", "Log cabin and hard cider" were pro-Harrison slogans. The result was a Whig victory and a truly national two-party system

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the US by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. The court ruled that "within the power to tax is the power to destroy" and since federal government institutions should be supreme (under the Supremacy Clause), no state had the authority to destroy the 2nd BUS. Important for increasing power of federal government over states

Joseph McCarthy condemned for misconduct, 1954

McCarthy's anti-communist witch hunt during the Second Red Scare, bullying tactics, and lack of evidence caused the public to turn against him, especially after his army hearings were televised. The Senate condemned him for his actions.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence (1814)

95. Lewis and Clark expedition

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on "Voyage of Discovery"

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) Did many good things, but killed a lot of people. Wanted to take money from the rich and give it to the poor.

141. The Alamo

Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio), Texans lost great number of people, "Remember the Alamo"

Abolitionists

Minority in the north; used fierce arguments (Garrison's Liberator), helping slaves escape (Underground RR), and violence (Nat Turner, John Brown at Harpers Ferry)

Tribute

Money paid by one country to another in return for protection

105. Era of Good Feelings

Monroe presidency, national unity behind Monroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap British imports, tightened credit, affected West the most)

Suburbanization

More and more Americans moved to suburbs after WWII (cars, Interstate Highway System, Levittown)

Radical Republicans

Most fervent abolitionists; Sought to change racial and cultural attitudes of the South; strongest advocates of African American rights in Congress

Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852

Most important book in US history. Portrayed horrors of American slavery, especially slave auctions. Helped intensify Northern abolitionism and contempt for the South, thus contributing to likelihood of war. International bestseller that helped move public opinion in Europe against the South, thus assuring the failure of King Cotton diplomacy (hope that England would intervene for Confederacy to maintain the supply of cotton for its textile mills) as Europeans didn't want to die to save southern slavery.

Nuclear Family

Mother, father and children living as a unit

Counterculture

Movement most represented by the Hippies - protested Vietnam War; rejected many ideas of their parents' generation (war, materialism, etc.); used marijuana; helped start a sexual revolution

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money issued during the Civil War, not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war

The Jazz Age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

136. Nat Turner's Rebellion

Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholding Virginians to consider emancipation

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NOW

National Organization for Women, Betty Friedan first President, sought to end sex discrimination

National Alliance

National organization of farmers who met in Ocala, Florida to discuss the problems of rural America. They supported direct elections/low tariff rates/graduated income tax/new banking system.

AIM created, 1968

Native American activist organization in the United States. In October 1973 the American Indian Movement gathered its forces from across the country onto the Trail of Broken Treaties, championing Indian unity. The national AIM agenda focused on spirituality, leadership, and sovereignty.

Sacred

Native American belief about the land and the spiritual aspect of nature

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher

Mississippi River Valley Indians

Natives who built mounds and earthworks

American Southwest Indians

Natives who built pueblos, grew maize, and lived in densely populated villages

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

The Hartford Convention

New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. Despite radical outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain, moderates outnumbered them and extreme proposals were not a major focus of the debate.[1]

19. The Half-Way Covenant

New Englanders who did not wish to relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saints so that their children would be able to have the opportunity to be saints

· New Lights vs. Old Lights

New Lights brought new ideas, rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent of each other

Gibbons v. Ogden

New York granted a monopoly on a motorboat company, and the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional, stating that the Constitution explicitly gave the national government the right to regulate commerce.

Nixon visited China, 1972

Nixon, who was a leading anti-communist, was the 1st US president to visit China since its 1949 communist revolution. He took advantage of growing conflicts between China and the USSR over the "true" form communism, and drove a further wedge between them by improving US-China relations. "Only Nixon could go to China" has become a political metaphor that means the ability of a politician with an unassailable reputation among his supporters for defending their values to take actions that would draw their criticism if taken by someone without those credentials.

Secular

Non-religious

Normandy invasion, 1944

Normandy Invasion, also called Operation Overlord, during World War II, the Allied invasion of western Europe, which was launched on June 6, 1944 (the most celebrated D-Day of the war), with the simultaneous landing of U.S., British, and Canadian forces on five separate beachheads in Normandy, France. By the end of August 1944 all of northern France was liberated, and the invading forces reorganized for the drive into Germany, where they would eventually meet with Soviet forces advancing from the east to bring an end to the Nazi Reich.

92. Barbary Pirates

North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtained fees from most European powers

NATO formed, 1949

North Atlantic Treaty Organization was an alliance to stand against the Soviet Union (USSR). The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, In response, the USSR would form the Warsaw Pact - an alliance of communist countries against the capitalist world.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Northwest Territories

Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota

Integration of Little Rock H.S., 1957

On 1st day of school at Central High, a white mob gathered, and Gov. Orval Faubus deployed state police to prevent the black students from entering. In response, the NAACP sued & won a court injunction to prevent the governor from blocking the students' entry. With the help of police escorts, the students successfully attended school, despite community harassment. Faubus closed all four of Little Rock's public high schools in 1958 to stop desegregation. In 1959, the Supreme Court ruled that the school board must reopen the schools and continue desegregation.

Abraham Lincoln assassination, 1865

On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth, a famous actor and Confederate sympathizer, fatally shot President Abraham Lincoln at a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. The attack came only five days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his massive army at Appomattox Court House. It was the first assassination of a US President.

Beirut embassy bombed, 1983

On April 18, 1983, the United States Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon was attacked by a suicide bombing that killed 63 people in total. Up to that time, it was the deadliest attack on a U.S. diplomatic mission and is often thought of as the beginning of anti-U.S. attacks by Islamist groups. This attack came in the wake of the intervention of a Multinational Force in the Lebanese Civil War who's goal was to restore order and central government authority.

Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated, 1968

On April, 4th 1968 MLK was assassinated in Mephis, Tennesse. This caused an outrage in the black community and riots across the nation.

Vietnam War escalated, 1965

On August 2, 1964, gunboats of North Vietnam allegedly fired on ships of the USNavy stationed in the GULF OF TONKIN. They had been sailing 10 miles off the coast of North Vietnam in support of the South Vietnamese navy. When reports that further firing occurred on August 4, President Johnson quickly asked Congress to respond. With nearly unanimous consent, Congress in the Tonkin Gulf Resolution gave the President a "BLANK CHECK" to wage the war in Vietnam as he saw fit. After LBJ was elected President in his own right that November, he chose escalate the conflict.

Treaty of Ghent, 1814

On December 24, 1814, The Treaty of Ghent was signed by British and American representatives at Ghent, Belgium, ending the War of 1812. By terms of the treaty, all conquered territory was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada.

James Garfield assassinated, 1881

On July 2, 1881, President Garfield was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau who was disgruntled because of his unsuccessful attempts at securing a federal post. His death gave momentum to civil service reform, which would pass with the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 which gradually changed government jobs from the spoils system (patronage) to the merit system, or from "who you know" to "what you know"

Homestead Strike, 1892

On June 29, 1892, workers belonging to the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck the Carnegie Steel Company at Homestead, Pa. to protest a proposed wage cut. Henry C. Frick, the company's general manager, determined to break the union. He hired 300 Pinkerton detectives to protect the plant and strikebreakers. After an armed battle between the workers and the detectives, several men were killed or wounded, the governor called out the state militia. The Homestead strike led to a serious weakening of unionism in the steel industry until the 1930s.

Johnson withdrew from presidential race, 1968

On March 31, 1968, following Kennedy's entry into the election, the president announced that he was suspending all bombing of North Vietnam in favor of peace talks. Johnson concluded his speech announcing that he was withdrawing from the election because of his health. He died after two days of getting out of office

Pancho Villa's raid, 1916

On March 9, 1916, several hundred Mexican rebels led by Francisco "Pancho" Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico killing 17 Americans. General John J. Pershing launched an expedition into Mexico to capture Villa, but failed. Resentment over the U.S. intrusion led to a diplomatic crisis with the Mexican government that escalated into violence when Mexican troops attacked the 10th Cavalry. Pancho Villa's raid drove a wedge between the U.S and Mexican governments, which led to the halt of all economic aid and resulted in American resentment towards Mexican Americans.

Iranian hostage crises, 1979-81

On November 4, 1979, 52 American citizens and diplomats were taken hostage by a group of supporters as the Iranian Revolution took control of the US Embassy in Tehran. These hostages were held captive for 444 days. To Iran, the asylum that was granted to Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, was viewed as American complicity in the carnages enacted by the Shah, thus giving reason to their acts to take hostages. The crisis hurt President Carter's image, and the hostages were released the day before Reagan took office

143. Oregon and "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!"

Oregon Territory owned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced to settle for compromise south of 49° rather than 54°40'

Committees of Correspondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Wright Brothers flew first airplane, 1903

Orville Wright credited with the design and construction of the first practical airplane. They made the first controllable, powered heavier-than-air flight along with many other aviation milestones, also showing the beginning of the individual progressive spirit.

New Right

Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphasized such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

Pamphlet published in 1776 that persuaded American Colonists to support independence.

Thomas Paine published Common Sense, 1776

Pamphlet that inspired people in the 13 Colonies to declare and fight for independence from England in the summer of 1776. In clear, simple language it explained the need for immediate independence. It was sold and distributed widely and read aloud at taverns and meeting places and became a huge sensation, radicalizing much of the population towards independence. Washington had it read to all his troops. In proportion to the population of the colonies at that time (2.5 million), it had the largest sale and circulation of any book published in US history.

34. Salutary Neglect

Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements

French and Indian War, 1754-63

Part of the 7 Years' War, Great Britain & France fought for control of the Ohio Valley & Canada. Algonquins & Mohawks fought for the French while the rest of the Iroquois Nation allied w/ GB. The colonies fought under British commanders and won, however strained relations between GB & its American colonies since the colonists were disorganized and weakly supported the war effort. The war resulted in France being pushed out of N. America and massive British war debt that would lead to increased taxation on colonies and thus increase tensions

Democrats

Party led by Jackson - "Common Man"; pro states' rights; against the BUS

Indian Removal Act, 1830

Passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. It authorized the president to negotiate with Indians tribes in the Southern U.S. for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands. The act was strongly supported by non-native people of the South, who were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes. The Removal Act paved the way for the reluctant migration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears".

Panama Canal Treaty, 1977

Passed by President Carter, these called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama. They provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality. Condemned by many of Carter's opponents.

Northwest Land Ordinance

Passed under Articles - banned slavery in NW territory (OH, MI, IN, etc.); created a process for admitting new states (60,000 inhabitants)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 1930

Passed under President Hoover, it raised tariffs up to sixty percent which became the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. Hoover & Republicans hoped it would help US economy, but instead it resulted in retaliatory tariff increases against the US by other countries. It deepened depression and increased international financial chaos.

49ers

People who rushed to california in 1849 for gold

Anti-Imperialists

People who were opposed to imperialism

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

Period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion under the presidency of James Monroe. Only one major political party at the time (Republican), because the Federalist Party had died in the wake of its opposition to the War of 1812.

Sharecropping

Persisted in the South (especially for African Americans.) They had to give a share of their crops to plantation owners. Way for southerners to get around the 13th amendment.

The Enlightenment

Philosophy focused on reason and promoting new forms of government (Locke, Montesquieu); influenced the American Revolution

Atlantic Charter, 1941

Pledge signed by US president FDR and British PM Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war. Also to set up new international organization to mediate disputes between nations that would come in the form of the United Nations. Similar to Wilson's 14 Points after WWI, but this time it was much more successful.

What were the New England colonies?

Plymouth (later absorbed into Massachussetts), Massachussetts Bay Colony, New Hamphire, Connecticut, Rhode Island

The American System, 1815

Policies devised by the Whig Party and leading politician Henry Clay to stimulate the growth of the economic and particularly manufacturing: national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements (known as infrastructure today - building bridges, canals, etc for economic benefits). Federal government plays a big role in economic development, which Democrats opposed.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Federalists

Political Party led by Hamilton - pro-British; supported by the wealthy; pro-merchants and trade; Favored the National Bank (BUS); loose interpretation

Whigs

Political Party led by Henry Clay! Favored the BUS and the American System; strong legislative branch; against "King Andrew I"

Democratic-Republicans

Political Party led by Jefferson - pro-French; supported by middle-class and farmers; pro-agriculture; against the BUS; strict interpretation

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

Baby Boom

Post WWII drastic increase in births in the US (1946 - 1964); led to future issues with Social Security

Maysville Road Veto, 1830

President Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill which would allow the Federal government to construct Maysville Road, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky. Jackson vetoed the bill on the grounds that federal funding of intrastate projects of this nature was unconstitutional. He declared that such bills violated the principle that the federal government should not be involved in local economic affairs, and that funding for these kinds of projects interfered with the paying off of the national debt.

Washington's Farewell Address, 1796

President George Washington decided not to seek reelection for a third term, setting a precedent every president would follow except FDR (who was elected 4 times). In the 32-page handwritten address, Washington urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations - an element often referenced by those who prefer "isolationism" in international affairs.

Great Society

President Johnson version's of the Democratic reform program. In 1965, Congress passed policies including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

19th Amendment, 1920

Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S.

Denouncing "Big Government"

Reagan criticized the growth of the federal government over the previous years (Great Society)

Bellicose Rhetoric

Reagan's approach to dealing with the Soviet Union (aggression and willingness); resulted in negotiations with Gorbachev and the ultimate demise of the Soviet Union, marking the end of the cold war

Star Wars (SDI)

Reagan's defensive program; laser beams and satellites would shoot down USSR nuclear missiles, rejected as not feasible

Leisler's Rebellion

Rebellion against royal officials representing the Dominion of New England. Led by Jacob Leisler, a German merchant in New York. Leisler was executed when he refused to surrender to a royal governor.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families, most violent slave rebellion

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson. This started the Two-Party system.

New England

Region that focuses on shipbuilding, fishing and trading. Examples include Massachusetts and Rhode Island

Chesapeake

Region that grew tobacco. Examples include Virginia and Maryland

Middle Colonies

Region that was more diverse and tolerant than other British colonies. Examples include New York and Pennsylvania

South

Region with warm temperatures year round, plantations and slaves. Examples include Georgia and South Carolina

Describe slavery in the British colonies

Reinforced by a strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority, the British system enslaved black people in perpetuity (forever), altered African gender and kinship relationships in the colonies, and was one factor that led the British colonists into violent confrontations with American Indians.

Quakers

Religious group that settled Pennsylvania. Often known as the "Society of Friends," Quakers believed in an "Inner Light" that would guide them toward religious truth and were pacifists (opposed violence) who had good relations with Native Americans

Immigration Laws of 1965

Reversed discriminatory quotas acts from the 1920s; favored immigrants from Latin America and Asia

Rhode Island

Roger Williams founded this colony as a place for religious freedom.

Invasion of Grenada, 1983

Ronald Reagan dispatched an invasion force to the island of Grenada, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power ----Americans captured the island quickly demonstrating Reagan's determination to assert the dominance of the US in the Carribbean

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Roosevelt Corollary, 1904

Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. we were the "police of the western hemisphere" Example of US imperialism in Latin America. Used to justify hundreds of interventions, mostly to protect US business interests, sometimes to the detriment of democratic movements in Latin America

Purchase of Alaska, 1867

Russia wanted to sell its Alaskan territory, fearing that it might be seized if war broke out with Britain. Reactions to the purchase in the United States were mixed, with opponents calling it "Seward's Folly", feeling that U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward, the primary American negotiator, got the worst of the bargain. After rich oil and mineral reserves were found it is now seen as a great bargain. Alaska was admitted as a state in 1959.

Persian Gulf War, 1991

Saddam Hussein's Iraq invaded Kuwait over oil dispute on the border against US wishes (Saddam had formerly been US ally). US invaded Iraq to liberate Kuwait; Iraq set Kuwait's oil fields on fire so the Americans couldn't gain the oil; this conflict caused the US to set military bases in Saudi Arabia; also called Operation: Desert Storm.

Teapot Dome Scandal, 1923-24

Scandal surrounding the illegal leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Fall to private businesses in return cash and no interest loans. Harding died before the full extent of the crimes had been determined. Scandal revealed the corruption of his cabinet, which was involved in other crimes as well.

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

Pentagon Papers, 1971

Secret document papers, leaded by Daniel Ellsberg, published by the New York Times in 1971, showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States that led to the Vietnam war. Revealed the government misleading the people of its involvement in Vietnam, both about the intentions and the outcomes of the conflict.

147. William Seward

Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; purchase of Alaska "Seward's Folly"

Horace Mann began school reform in Massachusetts, 1837

Secretary of the MA Board of Education, prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation. Pushed for the idea of free public schools w/ trained teachers. Wanted opportunities for all as well as teaching democracy and social values, but also social control of immigrants and training a skilled, docile industrial work force. Spread across the North, but was less effective in the West and had little impact on the South which had no public schools until Reconstruction

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to railroad companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, some say as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

Role of the Spanish and Portuguese traders

Settled heavily in South America, reached West Africa and contributed to the development of the African Slave Trade.

Jane Addams founded Hull House, 1887

Settlement home in Chicago, IL designed as a private welfare agency for needy families, particularly recent immigrants. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty. Not the first, but the most famous of settlement house movement, in part because of popularity of Jane Addams' writing

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Technologies that allowed for increased trade and contact

Sextant - helped determine longitude and latitude

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

U.S.S. Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Good Neighbor Policy, 1933

Since the days of Teddy Roosevelt's Roosevelt Corrolary, the US had intervened many times in Latin America militarily and economically to benefit US businesses, enraging many Latin Americans. FDR's "Good Neighbor" policy promised to end these interventions and treat Latin America with respect. The main motivation was to prevent Latin America from joining rising tide of fascism across the world in the 1930s. FDR was very popular in Latin America due to this policy

Upton Sinclair published The Jungle, 1906

Sinclair wrote the novel to portray the lives of immigrants in the United States in Chicago and similar industrialized cities. He exposed the health violations and unsanitary practice of the American meatpacking industry. In response to his novel, it helped to pass the Meat Inspection Act as well as the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.

Seneca Falls convention, 1848

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

Small farmers of the back country distilled (and consumed) whiskey, which was easier to transport and sell than the grain that was its source. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, had proposed an excise tax on whiskey to raise money for the national debt and to assert the power of the national government. The farmers rebelled against the tax they felt was unfair. Washington used the opportunity to establish federal authority by military means within state boundaries, as officials moved into western Pennsylvania to quell the uprising.

Pre-Columbian economy in Great Basin and the western Great Plains

Societies responded to the lack of natural resources in the _____ and ________ by developing largely mobile lifestyles.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Stono Rebellion, 1739

South Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways.

166. Military Reconstruction Act (1867)

South divided into 5 military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify 14th amendment

167. Compromise of 1877

South to gain removal of last troops from Reconstruction; North wins Hayes as president

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader that saw improved relations with Reagan, instituted glasnost and perestroika which helped lead to the downfall of the Soviet Union

What was the general character of Spanish colonization?

Spain sought to establish tight control over the process of colonization and to religiously convert and/or exploit the native population.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Spaniard who fought against the enslavement and colonial abuse of native Americans.

Juan de Sepúlveda

Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. Sepúlveda also argued in favor of the Christianization of native Americans.

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3 G's: gold, God, and glory.

How did the Spanish and English differ in their views of Native American culture?

Spanish colonizing efforts in North American, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, saw an accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture; by contrast, conflict with American Indians tended to reinforce English colonists' worldview on land and gender roles.

Philippines

Spanish colony in the Pacific whom the US helped free from the Spanish, but soon after took as their own colony (Manila Bay). A nativist rebellion led by Emilio Aguinaldo tried to regain their independence, lasted for 3 years.

Open Door policy, 1899

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China issued by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay. The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis; thus, no international power would have total control of the country. The Open Door policy was rooted in desire of American businesses to exploit Chinese markets it could not reach because of European spheres of influence. It was mainly used to mediate competing interests of the colonial powers without much meaningful input from the Chinese

Scabs

Strikebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike

SNCC

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination, sit-in movemenl

Kent State, 1970

Students protesting against the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia by Nixon; the national guard opens fire, killing to 4 students. The impact of the shootings was dramatic. The event triggered a nationwide student strike that forced hundreds of colleges and universities to close. Added to antiwar mood that would soon force end of war.

Brigham Young

Successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Salt Lake City, Utah

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Northern Securities Company broken up, 1904

Supreme Court refused railway promoters' appeal and ordered the Northern Securities Company to be dissolved, angered big businesses, enhanced TR's reputation as a trustbuster

indentured servitude

System of labor in which a company or individual paid a person's passage to America in return for a contract of repayment through servitude (usually seven years).

Lewis and Clark expedition, 1804-6

Tasked by President Jefferson to explore the new Louisiana Purchase and on to the Pacific. From 1804-1806 they traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies, and to the mouth of the Columbia River. This exploration bolstered America's claim to western lands as well as opening the west to Indian trade and further exploration. The purpose was to search out a land route to the Pacific, to strengthen American claims to Oregon territory, and to gather information about the indigenous inhabitants and the country of the Far West.

Taxation and deregulation as victories for conservatives

Tax rates decreased under Ronald Reagan and government regulation of businesses decreased as well

Scopes Trial, 1925

Tennessee legal case involving the teaching of evolution in public schools. Scopes, a biology teacher, was tried for teaching Darwinism in public school. Clarence Darrow was one of Scopes' attorneys, while William Jennings Bryan, a leading Christian fundamentalist, aided the state prosecutor. Darrow put Bryan on the stand and sharply questioned Bryan on the latter's literal interpretation as appropriate for science class. Bryan was humiliated and died a few days after the trial. Scopes was convicted.

"Iron Curtain" speech, 1946

Term coined by British PM Winston Churchill referring to a political barrier that after WWII isolated the peoples of Soviet-dominated communist Eastern Europe from the US-dominated democratic capitalist Western Europe. "Iron Curtain" would last until many countries in Eastern Europe had democratic revolutions in the 1980s

Big Business

Term used to describe the corporations and monopolies since the industrial revolution of the late 1800s.

September 11, 2001

Terrorist attacks on World Trade Center and pentagon

Annexation of Texas, 1845

Texas was annexed to the U.S, in 1845, it was this action that caused the Mexican War. It was the 28th state and came in as slave state.

Midnight Judges

The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

William McKinley assassinated, 1901

The 25th President of the United States, William McKinley, was shot and fatally wounded on September 6, 1901, inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley was shaking hands with the public when he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist. The President died on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds. His Vice President, Teddy Roosevelt, a progressive Republican, became president.

Act of Toleration

The Act allowed freedom of worship to Nonconformists who had pledged to the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and rejected transubstantiation, i.e., Protestants who dissented from the Church of England such as Baptists and Congregationalists but not to Catholics. Nonconformists were allowed their own places of worship and their own teachers, if they accepted certain oaths of allegiance.

Midnight judges, 1801

The Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This was the Federalists & Adams's attempt to secure the Federalists a position of power in the new government in the judicial branch after losing the congressional and presidential election of 1800 to the Democratic-Republicans. The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called "midnight judges" because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Mayflower Compact, 1620

The Mayflower Compact, signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620, was the first written framework of government established in what is now the United States. The compact was drafted to prevent dissent amongst Puritans and non-separatist Pilgrims who had landed at Plymouth a few days earlier.

Model T introduced, 1908

The Model T was created by Henry Ford. It was the first car that was made affordable for a majority of Americans. With the help of the Model T, Ford was able to optimize the use of an assembly line for mass production. The Model T allowed Americans to be able to get to places faster and gave women a new sense of freedom with this innovated type of transportation.

Montgomery bus boycott, 1955-56

The Montgomery Bus Boycott, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The campaign lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person, to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a US Supreme Court decision that laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional. MLK Jr. led boycott protests and became a national figure as a result.

Mormons migrated to Utah, 1847-48

The Mormons (founded by their profit Joseph Smith) were persecuted so they migrated west along the Oregon Trail. Led by Brigham Young after Smith's death, the Mormons created a large settlement near the Great Salt Lake, which is now Utah. Utah has a large Mormon population today, and Mormonism is one of the world's fastest growing religions.

NAACP organized, 1909

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Organized by the Niagara Movement leaders in 1909, including W.E.B. DuBois. The largest and most successful civil rights organization in US history. They used the law and law courts to campaign against racial injustices, political and civil equality, winning their greatest victory with Brown v. Board in 1954 that desegregated schools.

Northwest Ordinances of 1784, 1785, 1787

The Ordinance of 1785 created a system of surveying and selling western lands (then the area below the Great Lakes). In 1787, the NW Ordinance dissolved the Ordinances of 1784 and 1785; it created a single NW Territory divided in 3-5 regions capable of statehood with 60,000 pop., having freedom of religion, trial by jury, and no slavery. One of the primary purposes of the Ordinance was to raise funds for the increasingly insolvent government. Providing land speculators security in their purchases encouraged additional demand for the western lands.

Panic of 1819

The Panic of 1819 was the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States [1][2] followed by a general collapse of the American economy persisting through 1821.[3][4][5] The Panic announced the transition of the nation from its colonial commercial status with Europe

Peace of Paris

The Peace of Paris (1783) was the set of treaties which ended the American Revolutionary War.

Iran-Contra scandal, 1987

The Reagan Administration illegally sold weapons in secret to the Islamic Republic of Iran while it was fighting Saddam Hussein's Iraq (also supported by the US), then used the money to illegally support brutal right-wing Contras in their attempt to overthrow the left-wing government in Nicaragua even though Congress had prohibited this assistance. Talk of Reagan's impeachment ended when presidential aides took the blame for the illegal activity.

Soviet Union dissolved, 1991

The Revolutions of 1989 that started in Eastern Europe ended with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of Cold War. 1989 saw the Soviet people making a democratic choice for the first time since 1917 when they elected the new Congress of People's Deputies, and Boris Yeltsin as president. Gorbachev, the last Soviet leader, abandoned the oppressive, expensive Brezhnev Doctrine(preservation of Soviet satellite states) and decided not to use force to maintain the Soviet empire, which broke up into 15 different countries.

Salem Witch Trials, 1692

The Salem witch trials occurred in colonial Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693. More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft—the Devil's magic—and 20 were executed. Eventually, the colony admitted the trials were a mistake and compensated the families of those convicted. Since then, the story of the trials, and the term "witch hunt," has become synonymous with paranoia and injustice - for example, during the McCarthyism period of the Second Red Scare during the late 1940s and 1950s.

Huey Long assassinated, 1935

The Share the Wealth society was founded in 1934 by Senator Huey Long of Louisiana, generally considered a left-wing demagogue. He called for the confiscation of all fortunes over $5 million and a 100% tax on annual incomes over $1 million. He was assassinated in 1935, but the popularity of his ideas helped to push FDR to the left in the Second New Deal

SALT I and the policy of detente, 1972

The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. The policy of Détente- The term is often used in reference to the general easing of the geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States which began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente; a 'thawing out' or 'un-freezing' at a period in the middle of the Cold War.

Versailles Treaty defeated, 1919

The Treaty of Versailles (signed on June 28, 1919) ended WWI. However, it was not ratified by the US Senate due to Wilson's lack of cooperation/compromise with Senate Republicans. Thus, the US did not join the League of Nations and the postwar arrangements in the treaty were undermined, helping set the stage for WWII.

Vietnamization, 1969

The US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam. It is important because it would bring the end of the Vietnam war in 1973.

Describe the general characterstics of the British West Indies and the Southern Colonies (South Carolina & Georgia)

The colonies along the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British islands in the West Indies took advantage of long growing seasons by using slave labor to develop economies based on staple crops; in some cases, enslaved Africans constituted the majority of the population.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Populists

The people's party, a party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8 hour working day

Irrigation

The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.

Second Party System

The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824. The system was built from the bottom up as political participation became a mass phenomenon.

maize cultivation

The spread of ____________ from present-day Mexico northward into the American Southwest and beyond supported economic development and social diversification among societies in these areas. EX: Anasazi, Pueblo

Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg, 1863

The two victories at Gettysburg, PA and Vicksburg, MS, turned the Civil War in the Union's favor. Culminating within a day of each other, Gettysburg and Vicksburg respectively put Lee on the defensive in the East and opened the Mississippi in the West, paving the way for the South's ultimate defeat.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Guns

This advanced technology became a key reason for the Europeans' conquest of the natives and their struggle in defending their land against the invaders

Pennsylvania

This colony was a called a "holy experiment" because it celebrated religious tolerance and the Quaker religion

Georgia

This colony was created by James Oglethorpe as a settlement for debtors.

Massachusetts

This colony, established by the pilgrims, was created as a place for religious freedom for the Puritans.

New York

This colony, originally established by the Dutch, became the most ethnically diverse colony.

Virginia

This colony, whose main crop was tobacco, was the first to be established in America by the British.

Shay's Rebellion, 1786

This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes. This was the final push towards constructing the Constitution because the politicians throughout the nation felt the Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced or fixed.

Patriot Act

This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies

Bob LaFollette

This reform governor of Wisconsin campaigned for federal control of the railroads, no child labor, cheap credit for farmers, and stronger labor unions

Why 1754 - 1800 was chosen as the dates for period 3

This time period represents the end of the 7 Years' War through the first two presidential administrations (Washington and Adams)

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson became president! First peaceful transfer of power in world history via competitive elections when Federalists (under President Adams) orderly transfer power to Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans. Called "Revolution of 1800" because the aristocratic Federalists gave way to the much less elitist Democratic-Republicans. Also, because of the confusion caused by the process of electing Prez & VP separately, the 12th Amendment was added changing the electoral process so that Prez & VP run together.

Alexander Hamilton appointed Secretary of the Treasury, 1789

Treasury Secretary Hamilton helped put in place the basic economic foundations of the new government during the Washington Administration, with the overriding goal of strengthening the national government's role. Key elements include: assumption of state debts (to centralize economic life and elite interests in national government and enhance its legitimacy for international trade), creation of the First Bank of the US (under a loose construction [interpretation] of the "elastic clause"), strong support for manufacturing (proposed protective tariffs)

Peace of Paris, 1783

Treaty that ended American Revolution, granting US independence. Negoiated by John Adams, John Jay, Benjamin Franklin. Secured American fishermen's right of access to Canadian waters, US gets all territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, doubling the size of the new nation. For its part, the US agreed to use its powers to end the persecution of Loyalists by state and local governments and to restore their property confiscated during the war (this mostly didn't happen). Both countries agreed to honor debts owed to them.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution, convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Teddy Roosevelt

Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trust busting, environment conservation, and strong foreign policy. (Bull Moose Party)

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs, on Truman's order, to end World War II.

Clinton impeachment trial, 1999

Two charges, one of perjury and one of obstruction of justice(no infidelity charge!). Second time in history that the House had impeached the President of the United States. Fifty Senators voted to remove Clinton on the obstruction of justice charge and 45 voted to remove him on the perjury charge; no Democrat voted guilty on either charge. Clinton was acquitted of both charges.

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Vietnam War

US aided the South (non-communist); led to sizeable, passionate, and sometimes violent protests, especially as the war went on

Wounded Knee massacre, 1890

US army killed 200 in order to suppress the Ghost Dance movement, a religious movement that was the last effort of Indians to resist US invasion. Ended Native American resistance in the Great Plains

War of 1812, 1812-1815

US declared war for several reasons: trade restrictions brought about by Britain's continuing war with France, the impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, outrage over insults to national honor after humiliations on the high seas, and possible American interest in annexing Canada. The war lasted from 1812 to 1815 proved inconclusive, with both countries agreeing to revert to their prewar status as much as possible. James Madison was president during the war and the US capital was burned.

World War I

US entrance in 1917. US played a relatively minor role in the war, but large role in postwar negotiations.

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries in the early 19th century during Monroe's presidency. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. Written by John Q. Adams, its objective was to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention, so that the U.S. could exert its own influence.

Chief Joseph surrendered, 1877

US government broke a land treaty with the Nez Perce, forcing the group out of their homeland in Wallowa Valley in the Northwest for relocation in Idaho. Chief Joseph learned that three young Nez Perce warriors, angry at the loss of their homeland, had massacred a band of white settlers. Fearing retaliation by the U.S. Army, Chief Joseph led fewer than 300 Nez Perce Indians toward the Canadian border. 40 miles short from the Canadian border, they were cornered by the US Army and Chief Joseph surrenders in 1877.

World War II

US remained neutral until Pearl Harbor; US and Allies won due to: political and military cooperation, industrial production, and scientific advancements; US emerged as a world power

Transition from Rural to Urban Society

US society adjusted as more people moved to cities - 1920 census - more people live in cities than rural areas

Lend-Lease Act, 1940

US supplied Great Britain, the USSR, Free France, the Republic of China, and other Allied nations with weapons and other necessary materials to fight Axis powers between 1941 and August 1945. US became the "arsenal of democracy"

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi River, and to take an army through heart of south

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

George Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, also first used the term "Gilded Age"

How did the European colonial powers differ regarding intermarriage with native populations?

Unlike Spanish, French, and Dutch colonies, which accepted intermarriage and cross-racial sexual unions with native peoples (and, in Spain's case, with enslaved Africans), English colonies attracted both males and females who rarely intermarried with either native peoples or Africans, leading to the development of a rigid racial hierarchy.

What was the general character of English colonization?

Unlike their European competitors, the English eventually sought to establish colonies based on agriculture, sending relatively large numbers of men and women to acquire land and populate their settlements, while having relatively hostile relationships with American Indians.

salutary neglect

Unofficial British policy of non-enforcement of trade laws. Salutary neglect lasted throughout most of the 1600s and 1700s. Considered good because the colonies grew economically and learned to govern themselves

FDR's court-packing plan, 1937

Upset the Supreme Court had ruled New Deal unconstitutional, FDR's plan would allow the president to appoint a new Supreme Court justice whenever an incumbent judge reached 70 and didn't retire. Constitutional crisis began as many saw FDR's proposal as a violation of the separation of powers and a power grab that seemed dictatorial. Eventually one justice retired, allowing FDR to appoint a New Deal friendly justice so the court stopped blocking New Deal. However, the crisis blunted momentum for additional reforms

Civil Rights Activists

Used various techniques (sit-ins, legal challenges, etc.); post-1965, debates emerged over the proper role of activists

Mechanized Agriculture

Using machines in farming to increase farm production; displaced many farmers; farmers created organizations to resist corporate power (Grange)

Sunbelt

VA to FL, extending to CA; saw a large population increase after WWII and rise of key industries

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Bonus march, 1932

WWI vets were promised a bonus in 1945. Since many were suffering in the Depression, there was a bill proposed in the Senate to pay the bonus immediately. Thousands of vets and their families gathered in a huge Hooverville (shanty town) in DC to support bill. The bill fails, vets decided to maintain their protest. Hoover sends Douglas MacArthur to clear them out with army. MacArthur overreacts, burns down the Hooverville destroying all the vets possessions, kills two people & kills Hoover's chances in 1932 election

Chickasaw Wars

War in the 1700s between the Chickasaw, allied with the British, against the French, who were allied with the Choctaw and Illini. The war was fought over land, primarily for control of the Mississippi River.

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Chicago School of Architecture

Was led by Louis H. Sullivan. It used cheap steel, reinforced concrete, and electric elevators to build skyscrapers and office buildings lacking of any exterior ornamentation.

Jay's Treaty (1794)

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793

Washington declares United States neutrality in the face of emerging European conflicts. He warns citizens not to undermine the neutrality of the country at the risk of prosecution. This led to a strong sense of isolationism and helped keep the US from being drawn into constant European wars that might threaten the existence of the young fragile nation

79. Whiskey Rebellion

Western Pennsylvanian farmers' violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent

Anti-war riots at the Chicago Democratic Convention, 1968

Where 10,000 antiwar protestors gathered outside as Hubert Humphrey was decided upon as the Democratic candidate in 1968. Gave impression of Democrats as the party of disorder, helping Nixon win with "law and order" & "silent majority" (meaning pro-war, anti-hippie) message.

Court Packing

Where FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs.

98. Embargo Act (1807)

prohibited exports (and imports) based in American ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation

Election of 1896

William McKinley wins! The presidential election of 1896 demonstrated a sharp division in society between urban and rural interests. William Jennings Bryan (Democrat & Populist) was able to form a coalition that answered the call of populist groups and rural interests including the indebted farmers and those arguing against the gold standard (remember "Cross of Gold" speech). McKinley's victory highlights the shift from America as an agrarian nature to one of urban interests. Populism defeated, but many of its goals would be achieved later in the Progressive Era.

33. Proclamation of 1763

prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonial growth

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Geneva Accords, 1954

a 1954 peace agreement between Ho Chi Minh's communists and the French after the French loss at Dien Bien Phu that divided Vietnam into communist-controlled North and non-communist South until unification elections could be held in 1956. Diem cancelled the elections when he realized the communists would win, further escalating the violence.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

National Bank

a bank chartered by the federal government

Second Continental Congress, 1775

a convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies that started meeting in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, PA, soon after first shots of the Revolution. The SCC managed the colonial war effort, sent The Olive Branch Petition was sent to King George III (who rejected it) and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the Declaration of Independence. By raising armies, appointing George Washington head of the Continental Army, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government.

Schecter v. the United States, 1935

a decision by the Supreme Court of the US that declared regulations of the poultry industry that were part of the New Deal unconstitutional. This was a unanimous decision that rendered the National Industrial Recovery Act, a main component of President Roosevelt's New Deal, unconstitutional. FDR would soon respond with "court packing plan" that would lead to constitutional crisis. Court eventually backed down and New Deal got through, but it hurt FDR

European exploration and conquest were fueled by...

a desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity. (god, glory, gold)

Mother Jones

a dressmaker in Chicago until a fire destroyed her business. She then devoted her life to the cause of workers. Supported striking railroad workers in Pittsburg, and traveled around the country organizing coal miners and campaigning for improved working conditions.

Xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

Panic of 1837

a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices and wages went down while unemployment went up. The panic had both domestic and foreign origins: Speculative lending practices in western states, a sharp decline in cotton prices, a collapsing land speculation bubble, international specie (gold) flows, and restrictive lending policies in Great Britain. On May 10, 1837, banks in NYC announced they would no longer redeem commercial paper in specie at full face value triggering the panic.

Internet

a global network connecting millions of computers, making it possible to exchange information

Iroquois and Algonquian

a group of Native American peoples inhabiting the woodlands of the Northeast

Alliance

a joining together for some common purpose

Credit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations").

Voting Rights Act, 1965

a landmark piece of federal legislation in the US that prohibits discrimination in voting. Signed by LBJ during the height of the Civil Rights Movement. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the 14th & 15th Amendments, the Act allowed for a mass enfranchisement of racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South. According to the Justice Dept, the Act is widely considered to be the most effective piece of civil rights legislation ever enacted in the US.

76. Report on Public Credit

proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of state debts, set up the first National Bank

· Lecompton Constitution

proslavery constitution in Kansas, supported by Buchanan, freesoilers against it (victorious), denied statehood until after secession

March on Washington, 1963

a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. Widely credited as helping lead to the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965). 80% of the marchers were black. Organized by union leader A. Philip Randolph.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Northwest Ordinance

a law passed by Congress in 1787 that specified how western lands would be governed

Railroad

a line of track providing a runway for wheels, were used for easier transportation to the west, boosted economy

Cotton Gin, 1793

a machine invented by Eli Whitney that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. Offered Southern planters a justification to maintain and expand slavery even as a growing number of Americans supported its abolition. Made slavery much more economically favorable for the South.

Tet Offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

Hunter-gatherer

a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.

Pre-Columbian economy in Northwest and areas of California

a mix of foraging and hunting. EX: Chinook of Pacific Northwest

Pre-Columbian economy in the Northeast and along the Atlantic Seaboard

a mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economy that favored the development of permanent villages. EX: Iroquois & Algonquian

Afghanistan

a mountainous landlocked country in central Asia, invaded by the USSR

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. Favored emotion above reason.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

a national organization of labor unions founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers

Amnesty

a pardon to a group of people

Gold Rush

a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

74. Bill of Rights

protected rights of individual from the power of the central government

Dust Bowl, 1935

a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused the phenomenon.

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Laborers

a person doing unskilled manual work for wages

Constitutional Union Party

a political party formed in 1860 by a group of northerners and southerners who supported the Union, its laws, and the Constitution (do-nothings)

Head Start

a preschool program for children from low-income families that also provides healthcare, nutrition services, and social services

Post-industrial Economy

a productive system based on service work and computer technology, instead of manufacturing

Watts riots, 1965

a race riot that took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 17, 1965. The six-day unrest resulted in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests, and over $40 million in property damage. It was the most severe riot in the city's history until the Los Angeles riots of 1992.

Al Qaeda

a radical Islamic group organized by Osama bin Laden in the 1990s to engage in terrorist activities

Caribbean

a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands and the surrounding coasts (Cuba, Puerto Rico, etc.)

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

a resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam

KKK

a secret society of white Southerners in the United States, created after the Civil War, opposed blacks and other minority groups

Columbian Exchange

a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic, including plants, animals, disease, people, etc.

Caste system

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Partisan

a strong supporter of a party, cause, or person

Self-government

a system of government in which people make their own laws

Participatory Democracy

a system of government where rank-and-file citizens rule themselves rather than electing representatives to govern on their behalf

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

caste system

a system of segregation of people who are born into a caste and stay for life regardless of ability

Textiles

a type of cloth or woven fabric

Juvenile Delinquency

a violation of the law committed by a child or adolescent

1965 Immigration Laws

abolished an earlier quota system based on national origin and established a new immigration policy based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor to the United States.

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

145. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

acquired Mexican Cession (future California, Arizona, and New Mexico); Mexico acknowledged American annexation of Texas

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship.

Dawes Severalty Act, 1887

adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 1904

agreement between Panama and the US that gave us a 99 year lease to build a canal on a ten mile wide strip of land across panama isthmus. Secured after Teddy Roosevelt ensured the success of the Panama rebellion by using the US Navy to prevent Columbia from reasserting control over its former province.

108. Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

agreement between US and Britain to remove armed fleets from the Great Lakes

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country (1783)

40. Virtual Representation

all English subjects are represented in Parliament, including those not allowed to vote

43. Declaratory Act

allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists' say

119. Cotton Gin

allowed for faster processing of cotton, invented by Eli Whitney, less need for slaves

Lend Lease

allows America to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war supplies to any nation considered "vital to the defense of the U.S."

Exoduster

an African American who migrated from the South to Kansas in the post-Reconstruction years

George F. Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Wyoming gave women right to vote, 1870

an act granting the women of Wyoming the right of suffrage. In the West, women were seen as equals because they did just as much work

Yellow-Dog Contract

an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

Canals

an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey water for irrigation.

Sand Creek Massacre

an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members

Holy Experiment

an attempt by the Religious Society of Friends or (Quakers) to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania. They hoped it would show to the world how well they could function on their own without any persecution or dissension.

capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state or hereditary noble class

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Industrial Capitalism

an economic system in which business leaders use profits to expand their companies

EPA

an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Pueblo Revolt

an uprising of most of the Pueblo Indians against the Spanish settlers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico.[1]

140. Nativism

anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics

Republican Party (1854)

anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories

Taft-Hartley Act, 1947

anti-union law passed by increasingly conservative Congress over Truman's veto. Prohibited the closed shop (union only), permitted states to ban union-shop agreements (to become anti-union "right to work" states), forbade union contributions to candidates in federal elections, forced union leaders to swear in affidavits that they were not communists, and mandated an 80 day cooling off period before carrying out strikes. This enraged labor, who called it a "slave labor" law. Helped contribute to massive decline in unions.

"The North Star"

antislavery newspaper published by Fredrick Douglass

Reservations

areas of federal land set aside for American Indians

88. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

argued that states had the right to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congress were constitutional

106. James Monroe

provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine

82. Jay's Treaty

provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes

65. Alexander Hamilton

pushed for Assumption (federal government to assume state debts), pushed creation of the National Bank (most controversial), loose interpretation of Constitution, leader of Federalist Party

Declaratory Act of 1766

reasserted Britain's power over colonies, response to Boston Tea Party

20. Bacon's Rebellion

rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the NativeAmericans Independence (1763-1789)

Reaganomics began, 1981

refers to the economic policies promoted by President Reagan in the 1980s and is supported by most conservatives today. The policies are similar to laisezz-faire policies of the Gilded Age and 1920s Republican presidents. The five pillars of Reaganomics include: reducing size of federal government spending, reduce taxes, reduce government regulation, increase military spending, and tighten the money supply to reduce inflation. Political opponents often call this form of economics "trickle-down economics" while its advocates title it "supply side economics"

127. Second Great Awakening

religious movements, traveling "meetings," rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries; Charles G. Finney

109. Adams-Onis Treaty

remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined

Malcolm X assassinated, 1965

renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality (violent). After visiting Mecca, he moderated his views and split with the NOI, who then assassinated him.

Stamp Act of 1765

required colonists to pay for an official stamp when buying paper items

3. Conversion Experience

required of members of the Puritan Church; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church

89. 12th Amendment

required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice presidential candidates

· Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

response to French attempts for alliance with US

Temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

Cereal crops

rice, wheat, corn, oats, sorghum, rye and millet (cash crops in the New England colonies)

115. Transportation Revolution

river traffic, roadbuilding, canals (esp. Erie), rise of NYC

130. Frederick Douglass

runaway slave, well-known speaker on the condition of slavery, worked with Garrison and Wendell Phillips, founder of The North Star

• Fugitive Slave Act

runaway slaves could be caught in the North and be brought back to their masters (they were treated as property - running away was as good as stealing)

58. Valley Forge

scarce supplies (food and clothing), army motivated by von Steuben

35. Writs of Assistance

search warrants on shipping to reduce smuggling; challenged by James Otis

16. William Penn and the Quakers

settled in Pennsylvania, believed the "Inner Light" could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers

Hull House

settlement house founded by Progressive reformer Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889

13. Indentured servants

settlers to pay the expenses of a servant's voyage and be granted land for each person they brought over; headright system

36. Townshend Act (1767)

similar to Navigation; raised money to pay colonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries

Artisans

skilled workers who make goods by hand

Nat Turner's revolt, 1831

slave rebellion that took place in Virginia, led by Nat Turner. Rebel slaves killed anywhere from 55-65 people, the highest number by any slave uprising in the South. The rebellion was put down quickly. There was widespread fear after the rebellion, and white militias organized. The state executed 56 slaves accused of being part of the rebellion. 100-200 innocent blacks were murdered by mobs. Southern states passed new laws prohibiting education of slaves and free blacks, restricting rights of assembly and other civil rights for free blacks

154. Dred Scott v. Sandford

slaves could not sue in federal courts (blacks no longer considered citizens), slaves could not be taken from masters except by the law, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state

54 40 or Fight

slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon, line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk

· Pet banks

small state banks set up by Jackson to keep federal funds out of the National Bank, used until funds were consolidated into a single treasury

Columbian Exchange, from "Old World" to Americas

smallpox, livestock (pigs, cows, sheep), bees, bananas, coffee, sugar

4. Social Reciprocity

society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminately

Social Diversification

sophisticated cultural developed as a result of stable agriculture and trade; allows for priesthood, traders, farmers, etc

96. Non-Intercourse Act

sought to encourage domestic American manufacturing

Dixiecrats

southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Sun Belt

southern and western states that offered a warm climate year-round and low tax rates. They grew in population after WWII

120. Nullification Controversy

southern states (especially South Carolina) believed that they had the right to judge federal laws unconstitutional and therefore not enforce them

Baby Boom

spike in births in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

52. Thomas Paine, Common Sense

stressed to the American people British maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution; appealed to American emotions

Evangelicalism

stresses the importance of personal conversion and faith as the means of salvation

69. Federalism

strong central government provided by power divided between state and national governments, checks and balances, amendable constitution

66. James Madison

strong central government, separation of powers, "extended republic"

70. Changes in the Constitution from the Articles

stronger union of states, equal and population-based representation, simple majority vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign and interstate commerce, execution by president, power to enact taxes, federal courts, easier amendment process

123. Liberty Party

supported abolition, broke off of Anti-Slavery Society

· Articles' achievement

system for orderly settlement of West

Encomienda system

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

158. Anaconda plan

the Union planned a blockade that would not allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control the Mississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico

Decolonization

the action of changing from colonial to independent status

Treaty of Alliance, 1778

the alliance between France and the America in the American Revolution, formed after the Battle of Saratoga which showed France that the Americans had a chance to beat England. Alliance would be decisive in helping America beat the British and winning independence. France joined not to help democracy, but to embarrass its old rival England. Treaty was annulled by the US Congress in 1793 when George Washington gave his Neutrality Proclamation speech saying that America would stay neutral in the French Revolution, which outraged Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans

Scientific Management

the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace

Infrastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.

Human Rights

the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings

Polytheism

the belief in or worship of more than one god, followed by the native Americans .

middle passage

the brutal journey of slaves in bondage across the Atlantic to America.

Commerce

the buying and selling of goods

Federal Reserve

the central bank of the United States

Anglicization

the colonial american desire to emulate English society, including English taste in foods, customs, and architecture

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

U-2 Incident

the downing of a U.S. spy plane and capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in 1960

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930's

Monopoly

the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service.

Status Quo

the existing state of affairs

Trail of Tears

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes, also founded the settlement house movement

Emancipation

the freeing of slaves

Utopianism

the goal to create an ideal society based on cooperation and economic self-sufficiency, or a perfect society

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

the government agency that insures customer deposits if a bank fails

What factors promoted Anglicization in the British colonies?

the growth of autonomous political communities based on English models, the development of commercial ties and legal structures, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, Protestant evangelism, religious toleration, and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.

Zenith

the highest point (In America, it was up until mid-1960s)

Knights of Labor created, 1869

the largest and most important American labor organizations of the late 1870s & 1880s. The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected Socialism and radicalism, demanded the 8-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of workplace democracy and cooperation. Unfairly associated with anarchist radicalism and after Haymarket Square Riot (1886) the union rapidly declined.

House of Representatives

the lower legislative house of the United States Congress

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

McCarthyism

the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence, named after Joseph McCarthy, who accused many people of being communists.

151. Popular Sovereignty

the principle that a state should decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery

Mobilization

the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

American Revolution

the revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain (1775-1783)

Confederacy

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861

Relief, Recovery, Reform

the three goals of FDR's New Deal.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

84. Federalists and Republicans

the two political parties that formed following Washington's presidency; Federalists for stronger central government, Republicans for stronger state governments

Dollar Diplomacy

the use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence. President Taft used this to influence the territories in the Caribbean and Latin America.

Describe the Chesapeake colonies (Virginia and Maryland) and North Carolina

they relied on the cultivation of tobacco, a labor-intensive product based on white indentured servants and African chattel.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

this factory kept doors locked to avoid theft trapping workers inside when a fire erupted; alerted reformers to the terrible conditions of industrial workers

Tippecanoe and Tyler too

this was Tyler's slogan during his election, using his vicotry during the Battle of Tippecanoe as a "pro" for voting for him

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Annex

to add or attach (especially to a nation)

Americanize

to make American in character and nationality

Secede

to withdraw (especially from a union or nation)

Labor

to work

Civil War

total war; Union is perpetual v. liberty before Union; began w/ bombardment of Fort Sumter; Lee surrendered at Appotomax; 600k casualties; legacy expanded federal power and destroyed agrarian south

Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

23. Charles II, James II

tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures

Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South

113. Tariff of Abominations

under JQ Adams, protectionist tariff, South considered it the source of economic problems, made Jackson appear to advocate free trade

Coxey's Army

unemployed workers marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief

Robert Kennedy assassinated, 1968

while running in Democratic primary in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals he was assassinated. Nixon, a Republican, won presidency that year. Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian/Jordanian immigrant, was convicted of Kennedy's murder. He possibly could have been president.

Spanish and Portuguese exploration and conquest of the Americas led to...

widespread deadly epidemics, the emergence of racially mixed populations, and a caste system defined by an intermixture among Spanish settlers, Africans, and Native Americans

159. Ulysses S. Grant

won battles in the West and raised northern morale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union commanding general

128. Horace Mann

worked to reform the American education system, abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix

132. Dorothea Dix

worked towards asylums for the mentally insane, worked alongside Mann

72. The Federalist Papers

written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison; commentary on Constitution, republicanism extended over large territory

· South Carolina Exposition and Protest

written by Calhoun, regarding tariff nullification

Nathaniel Hawthorne

wrote The Scarlet Letter, then become a leading anti-transcendentalist

Harriet Beecher Stowe

wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave treated badly, received wide attention on the treatment of slaves

118. Lowell mill/system

young women employed by Lowell's textile company, housed in dormitories

Merrimac and Monitor

battle between the ironclad ships that the North and South used during the Civil War

Korean War, 1950-1953

began as a civil war between North and South Korea (which had been established by the USSR and US respectively), but the conflict soon became international when, under U.S. leadership, the United Nations joined to support South Korea and China entered to aid North Korea. The war left Korea divided along the 38th parallel. The Korean War was an example of the U.S. Cold War policies of containment and militarization, setting the stage for the further enlargement of the U.S. defense perimeter in Asia (Vietnam)

30. The Great Awakening

began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities

124. Whig Party

believed in expanding federal power on economy, encouraged industrial development; could only gain power on the local level, led by Henry Clay (anti-Jackson)

· Deists

believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine

2. Northwest Passage

believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in the race to Asian wealth

· Virginia Plan

bicameral congressional representation based on population

Atomic Bomb

bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities

Haymarket Square Riot, 1886

bomb is thrown at a squad of policemen attempting to break up a labor rally. The police responded with gunfire, killing several people in the crowd and injuring dozens more. It set off a national wave of hysteria, as hundreds of foreign-born radicals and labor leaders were rounded up in Chicago and elsewhere. A grand jury indicted 31 suspected labor radicals in connection with the bombing, and eight men were convicted. The Knights of Labor were also blamed for the riot which decrease their popularity.

Jacob Riis published How the Other Half Lives, 1890

book by muckraker photojournalist John Riis that showed the public the squalid conditions tenements in NYC (slums that housed many recent immigrants in highly unsanitary conditions). Was very graphic and caused people to re-evaluate tenement houses and helped spur reforms as part of the Progressive Era.

The "Gospel of Wealth" 1889

book written by Andrew Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy, meaning to use their wealth for the benefit of society by sponsoring the arts, science, libraries, etc. Nicer alternative to harsh philosophy of Social Darwinism, but it was still very elitist and gave power over society to rich.

· "Bleeding Kansas"

border ruffians in election on issue of slavery incited controversy, proslavery group attacked Lawrence, Kansas, Pottawatomie Massacre

Horse

brought by the Spanish to the New World, revolutionized the lifestyle of the Plains Indians

Gospel of Wealth

called on those who accumulated wealth to share their riches for the betterment of society

18. Anne Hutchinson

challenged New England Calvinist ministers' authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism

17. Roger Williams

challenged New Englanders to completely separate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church

Climate Change

change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades

Bull Connor

chief of police of Birmingham, Alabama during the Civil Rights Movement, used excessive force against the peaceful marchers on television, brought attention and helped gain support for civil rights legislation

Freedom Riders, 1961

civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern U.S. in 1961. They wanted to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation in seating and bus terminals and the non-enforcement of the U.S. Supreme Court decisions, which ruled segregated public buses unconstitutional. The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did not enforce them. Helped push Kennedy towards supporting civil rights.

James Meredith

civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi, caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Bank Holiday

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

31. Albany Plan of Union

colonies proposed colonial confederation under lighter British rule (crownappointed president, "Grand Council"); never took effect

25. Dominion of New England

combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one "supercolony" governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a "supergovernor"

General Douglas MacArthur

commander of the US forces in the Philippine Islands, directed the Allied occupation of Japan, and led the invasion of North Korea past the 38th parallel

45. Committees of Correspondence

committees appointed from different colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self-government, cooperation between colonies

fair employment practices committee

companies with government contracts not discriminate on the basis of race or religion. It was intended to help African Americans and other minorities obtain jobs in the homefront industry during World War II.

Morality

concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong (Korean War, Vietnam War, etc.)

· Commerce Compromise

congress could tax imports but not exports

29. Benjamin Franklin

connected the colonies to Britain, opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Civil Liberties

constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens

Kerner Commission

created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States, concluded that society was moving in two separate societies, one black and one white, unequal

103. Battle of Tippecanoe

decisive victory in the War of 1812 by Harrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison's campaign for presidency

"Declaration of Sentiments"

declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights (Seneca Falls Convention)

64. Northwest Ordinance of 1787

defined process for territories to become states (population reached 60,000), forbade slavery in the new territories

149. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin

depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South

121. Bank of the United States

destroyed by Jackson on the grounds that it was unconstitutional and too much power for a federal institution

Urban Unrest

discrimination, poverty, high unemployment, poor schools, poor healthcare, housing inadequacy and police brutality in urban areas

165. New York City draft riots (1863)

drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish- Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned

129. William Lloyd Garrison

editor of The Liberator (strongly abolitionist newspaper calling for immediate abolition of slavery), fought for feminist movement ("Am I not a woman and a sister" picture of slave woman)

Assimilation

effort by the government to convert Native Americans to European-Americans and Christianity

28. The Enlightenment

emphasis on human reason, logic, and science (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity

90. Second Great Awakening

emphasis on personal salvation, emotional response, and individual faith; women and blacks; nationalism (Manifest Destiny)

Neoconservative

emphasizes free-market capitalism, interventionist foreign policy, strong national defense, and U.S. interest in world affairs

24. William and Mary

ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies

22. Mercantilism

ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; too restrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists

· New Jersey Plan

equal representation in unicameral congress

27. James Oglethorpe

established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors

73. Judiciary Act of 1789

established federal district courts that followed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction; compromise between nationalists and advocates for states' rights

Quota Act/National Origins Act

established quotas that for each country that had native-born persons already living in the United States, 2% of their number could immigrate each year

Ethnicities

ethnic groups that share a common culture or ancestry

12. "City on a Hill"

exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs

157. 20-Negro Law

exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; "rich man's war but a poor man's fight"

Subsistence

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

Internal Improvements

federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system

New sources of mineral wealth from the Americas facilitated the European shift from...

feudalism to capitalism.

· New Harmony

first Utopian society, by Robert Owen

· Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

first attempt of Cherokees to gain complete sovereign rule over their nation

W.E.B. DuBios

first black man to get a Ph.D. from Harvard. Founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Demanded the blacks receive social equality right away

Articles of Confederation went into effect, 1781

first constitution of the US. Put into effect during Revolutionary War. Based on equality of states, with each getting one vote. National government was very weak, with no power to tax. Laws required 9/13 vote to pass, changes to AOC required unanimous vote. 3 major accomplishments: winning Revolution, Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

Jamestown, 1607

first permanent English colony in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607 - 13 years before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth in Massachusetts - sparked a series of cultural encounters that helped shape the nation and the world. Initially, the settlers spent too much time trying to find gold and neglected to prepare for the winter. The "Starving Time" of 1609-10 saw 80% of the settlers die. Only after several more shipments of immigrants and the widespread adoption of TOBACCO cultivation did the colony begin to thrive.

7. Jamestown

first permanent English settlement in the Americas (1607), along James River

156. Fort Sumter

first shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina

Watergate break-in, 1972

five men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee's executive quarters in the Watergate Hotel. Senate investigations revealed they were trained by the CIA and that the White House was involved. Nixon later admitted to complicity in the burglary, in part because of the recording devices he had installed in the White House held proof he was involved. In July, 1974, Nixon's impeachment began, so he resigned - the only president in US history to do so

114. Jackson's Presidency

focused on the "Common Man;" removal of Indians, removal of federal deposits in BUS, annexation of territory, liberal use of veto

48. Quebec Acts

former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in the Church of England

55. Tories (Loyalists)

fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy)

· Angelina and Sarah Grimké

fought for women's rights and abolition, "Men and women are CREATED EQUAL!"

63. Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786)

foundation for First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by state

10. Mayflower Compact

foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land

135. Transcendentalism

founded by Emerson, strong emphasis on spiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strong references to nature

American Federation of Labor created, 1886

founded by Samuel Gompers. The AFL was considered more conservative than the Knights of Labor or the IWW, and campaigning for basic "bread and butter" issues for workers such as 8-hour days, higher wages, and better working conditions. For decades, the AFL only allowed white male skilled workers to join. The AFL tried to "work within the system" and get more benefits for skilled workers instead of the more radical goals of the KoL and the IWW who wanted to overthrow capitalism and establish economic democracy.

60. Treaty of Paris (1783)

full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations and other businesses. The loans were nearly all repaid. It was continued by the New Deal and played a major role in handling the Great Depression in the United States and setting up the relief programs that were taken over by the New Deal in 1933.[1]

Force Bill

gave the president power to use military force to collect tariffs if the need arose, used by Andrew Jackson against South Carolina

· Elastic Clause ("necessary and proper")

gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution

146. California Gold Rush

gold discovery in Sutter's Mill in 1848 resulted in huge mass of adventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question of slavery in the West

· Erie Canal

goods able to be transferred from New York to New Orleans by inland waterways

· Independent Treasury Bill

government would hold its revenues rather than deposit them in banks, thus keeping the funds away from private corporations; "America's Second Declaration of Independence"

Encroachment

gradual intrusion on a person's territory, rights, etc.

41. The Loyal Nine

group of Bostonians in opposition to the Stamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city

Stamp Act Congress

group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent

Demographic

having certain characteristics in common, such as age, race, or gender

Hereditary

having title or possession by reason of birth

· Burned-Over District

heavily evangelized to the point there were no more people left to convert toother religions, upstate New York, home to the beginning of Smith's Mormonism movement

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

· Stamp Act Congress

held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

· Ralph Waldo Emerson

in Brook Farm Community, literary nationalist, transcendentalist (nascent ideas of God and freedom), wrote "The American Scholar"

· Henry David Thoreau (Walden and On Civil Disobedience)

in Brook Farm Community, lived in seclusion for two years writing Walden, proved that man could provide for himself without materialistic wants

Roosevelt recession, 1937-38

in an effort to reduce deficits, in 1937 FDR and Democrats cut back on New Deal spending, triggering a new recession as government spending stimulus was removed. Revealed that Great Depression wasn't over. Massive government spending for WWII would provide enormous stimulus that would finally get US out of Depression & provide strong support for Keynesian economic theory (government spending to get economy out of recession)

37. Sugar Act

increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harder enforce existing tariffs

Autonomy

independence and self-government

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

War on Terror

initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world

46. Tea Act (1773)

intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather than through wholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea)

What did European colonization efforts in North America stimulate?

intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples.

Free Trade

international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions

8. John Smith

introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony, sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; had fought Spanish and Turks

Pendelton Civil Service Act, 1883

is a federal law established in 1883 (signed by President Arthur in the wake of Garfield's assassination by a deranged patronage-seeker) that stipulated that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit. The act provided selection of government employees competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government employees for political reasons. To enforce the merit system, the law also created the US Civil Service Commission.

mestizo

is a term traditionally used in Spain and Spanish-speaking America to mean a person of combined European and Native American descent

laissez-faire

is an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights.[1]

Tariff of 1816

is notable as the first tariff passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting U.S. manufactured items from foreign competition. Prior to the War of 1812, tariffs had primarily served to raise revenues to operate the national government.[1] Another unique aspect of the tariff was the strong support it received from Southern states.[2]

· Emancipation Proclamation

issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include border states), symbolic gesture to support Union's moral cause in the war

Virginia Company

joint-stock company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

93. Midnight judges

judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams in the last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson, Marshall among those appointed

private property

land owned by individuals, not by the people as a whole; Europeans' view of the land

Homogeneous Mass Culture

large-scale conformity of culture, with the same media, news, art, culture, entertainment, etc.

Consolidation

larger companies absorbing the smaller companies and forming a new company

Battle of Yorktown, 1781

last major battle of Revolution. French navy and ground troops were crucial to victory.

59. Battle of Yorktown

last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period

J. Robert Oppenheimer

lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."

· John Brown

led Pottawatomie Massacre, extreme abolitionist who believed he was doing God's work

38th Parallel

line of latitude that separated North and South Korea

Sutter's Mill

location where gold was discovered in California in 1848, setting off the gold rush

78. Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution

loose interpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the National Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress

14. Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649)

mandated the toleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even though Maryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant)

Seward's Folly

many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly.

87. Alien and Sedition Acts

meant to keep government unquestioned by critics, particularly of the Federalists

67. Shays's Rebellion

mistreated farmers, fear of mobocracy, forced people to think about central government

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

54. Whigs (Patriots)

most numerous in New England, fought for independence

Civil Rights Movement

movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens

Bison

name for buffalo, important animal for Native Americans

138. Underground Railroad

network of safe houses of white abolitionists used to bring slaves to freedom Harriet Tubman - worked alongside Josiah Henson to make repeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom

Tallmadge Amendment

no further introduction of slaves into Missouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25

Greensboro sit-ins, 1960

nonviolent protest against a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C., that began on Feb. 1, 1960. Its success led to a wider sit-in movement, organized primarily by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), that spread throughout the South. The sit-in was organized by Ezell Blair, Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond—all African Americans and all students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University in Greensboro. Influenced by the nonviolent protest techniques of Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

139. "Wage slaves"

northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)

Union

northern states during the Civil War

the Jungle

novel by Upton Sinclair which called for reform in the meat-packing industry

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle

novel published in 1906 that portrayed the filthy conditions in Chicago's meatpacking industry and led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act

Homogenous

of the same kind

6. Atlantic slave trade

often debtors sold to slave traders by African kings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange

Election of 1876

one of the most disputed presidential elections in US history. Tilden (D) outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes (R) in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes' 165, with 20 votes uncounted due to problems in three states (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina). The 20 disputed electoral votes were ultimately awarded to Hayes after a bitter legal and political battle, giving him the victory on the condition that Hayes would remove remaining federal troops from the South, marking the end of Reconstruction and the beginning of Jim Crow segregation.

21. Navigation Acts

only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763

wade-davis bill

opposed 10% plan and called for more that 50%

125. John C. Calhoun

opposed Polk's high-handedness, avid Southern slave owner

101. John C. Calhoun

opposed Polk's high-handedness, avid Southern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property)

150. Know-Nothing (American) Party

opposed to all immigration, strongly anti-Catholic

161. Robert E. Lee

opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyal to Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army

50. Suffolk Resolves

organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to pay taxes to Britain

· Elizabeth Cady Stanton

organized Seneca Falls Convention, founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization

42. Sons of Liberty

organized and controlled resistance against Parliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom), advocated nonimportation

Political parties

organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government offices

Alien & Sedition Acts, 1798

passed by Federalists in Congress & signed by President Adams. It increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. Used to attack Democratic-Republicans, who supported the French Revolution and appealed to more immigrants. Jefferson & Madison wrote the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions to "nullify" (states declare acts of the national govt unconstitutional) the A&S Acts.

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

passed by Federalists, signed by President Adams;; increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials.

47. Boston Tea Party

peaceful destruction of British tea in Boston Harbor by colonists disguised as Indians

Liberals

people who generally favor government action and view change as progress

Migrants

people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

Anarchists

people who oppose all forms of organized government

Entrepreneurs

people who risk their time, money, and other resources to start and manage a business

Imperialists

people who support imperialism

Isolationalists

people who wanted to be separate from foreign affairs, especially war

Transcendentalism

pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, direct communication with God and Nature, no need for organized churches, incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Factories

place in which workers and machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Cash-and-carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

51. Olive Branch Petition

politely demanded from the king a cease-fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of American rights

Columbian Exchange, from Americas to "Old World"

potatos, corn, tomatoes, squash, beans, chocolate, syphillis, etc

· George Whitefield

powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity

Warren Commission Office of Equal Oppurtunity

...

Committee to Re-elect the Presdient

... was a fundraising organization of United States President Richard Nixon's administration. Besides its re-election activities, CRP employed money laundering and slush funds and was directly and actively involved in the Watergate scandal.[1]

The French and Indian War

..., (1754-1763) was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The name refers to the two main enemies of the British: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The conflict, the fourth such colonial war between the kingdoms of France and Great Britain, resulted in the British conquest of all of New France east of the Mississippi River, as well as Spanish Florida.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

..., (1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Chinese Exclusion Act

..., (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

elkins act

..., (1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction

..., (Dec. 1863) issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation

TVA

..., (Tennessee Valley Authority Act) Relief, Recover, and Reform. one of the most important acts that built a hyro-electric dam for a needed area.

Union Pacific Railroad

..., (USG) , railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants

patronage

..., (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Mayflower Compact

..., 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

New England Confederation

..., 1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

Dominion of New England

..., 1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros

Lord Baltimore

..., 1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Abraham Lincoln

..., 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Pontiac's Rebellion

..., 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Battle of Tippecanoe

..., 1811 Tecumseh and the Prophet attack, but General Harrison crushes them in this battle ends Tecumseh's attempt to unite all tribes in Mississippi.

Force Bill

..., 1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

..., 1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

..., 1854; sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas, this would rip open the slavery debate; and create the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.

Freedmen's Bureau

..., 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

tenure of office act

..., 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

National Labor Union

..., 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

The Gilded Age

..., 1877-1900; rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration; rise of big business and the labor movement; the Populist movement

Great White Fleet

..., 1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Roosevelt recession

..., 1937 economic downturn caused by sound fiscal policy due to cut spending and higher taxes

fair labor standards act

..., 1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Smith Act

..., 1940 act which made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government. Was used by Truman 11 times to prosecute suspected Communists

Atlantic Charter

..., 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

George W. Bush

..., 1946 - 43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Joseph McCarthy

..., 1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Malcolm X

..., 1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

Brown v. Board of Education

..., 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Watts Riots

..., 1964 riots which started in an African-American ghetoo of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country.

Tet Offensive

..., 1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Three Mile Island

..., 1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

rutherford B. hayes

..., 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Knights of Labor

..., 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Executive Order 9066

..., 2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Roosevelt

..., 26th President of the United States

Theodore Roosevelt

..., 26th President of the United States

Woodstock

..., 3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

..., 32nd President of the United States

Richard M. Nixon

..., 37th President of the United States (1969-1974) and the only president to resign the office. He initially escalated the Vietnam War, overseeing secret bombing campaigns, but soon withdrew American troops and successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending American involvement in the war. Watergate Scandal.

Thomas Jefferson

..., 3rd President of the United States

James Madison

..., 4th President of the United States

white flight

..., 50's movement where middle-class white Americans fled to suburbs leaving inner cities to decay

James Monroe

..., 5th President of the United States

Andrew Jackson

..., 7th president of the US

Plessy v. Ferguson

..., A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Boxer Rebellion

..., A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

national labor relations act

..., A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

farmer's alliance

..., A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

long drives

..., A cattle drive in which Texas ranchers drove herds of cattle north to be sold in northern markets

National Security Council

..., A committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Arms

..., A declaration by the representatives of the united colonies of North America, now met in Congress at Philadelphia, setting forth the causes and necessity of their taking up arms." Our cause is just, our union is perfect"

Department of Defense

..., A department of the federal executive branch entrusted with formulating military policies and maintaining American military forces. Its top official is the civilian secretary of defense. It is headquartered in the Pentagon.

Alger Hiss

..., A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

United Negro Improvement Association

..., A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"

Ohio Gang

..., A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

mugwumps

..., A group of renegade Republicans who supported 1884 Democratic presidential nominee Grover Cleveland instead of their party's nominee, James G. Blaine.

Land Ordinance of 1785

..., A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Ida Tarbell

..., A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Massachusetts Circular Letter

..., A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved.

Stamp Act Congress

..., A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

..., A network of jungle paths winding from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia into South Vietnam, used as a military route by North Vietnam to supply the Vietcong during the Vietnam War.

McNary-Haugen Bill

..., A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products *Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse

Dawes Plan

..., A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Communist Revolution

..., A political revolution in Russia beginning in 1917. The Bolsheviks, now known as Communists, overthrew Czar Nicholas II and created a socialist government based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Also know as the Bolshevik Revolution.

Proclamation of 1763

..., A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

northern securities company

..., A railroad monopoly formed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill which violated Sherman Antitrust Act

Central Pacific Railroad

..., A railroad that started in Sacramento , and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, UTAH

Bacon's Rebellion

..., A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land

Bleeding Kansas

..., A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

9/11

..., A series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings.

Zoot Suit Riots

..., A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.

Townshend Acts

..., A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Triangular Trade

..., A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Immigration Act of 1965

..., Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

Declaratory Act

..., Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

Taft-Hartley Act

..., Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

national origins act

..., Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely

Dr. Francis Townsend

..., Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

Booker T. Washington

..., African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

exodusters

..., African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

The Church of England

..., Also known as the Anglican Church, this Church was founded by 1534 by King Henry VIII, The king sought to divorce his first wife Catherine of Aragon however Pope Clement VII refused to dissolve the marriage. Enraged the King broke away from the Roman Catholic Church.

16th amendment

..., Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

John Adams

..., America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Lusitania

..., American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI

Loyalists

..., American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Jonathan Edwards

..., American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

..., An African-American Civil Right's Activist who was peaceful. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his cause. He was assasinated in 1968 in Tennesee

salutary neglect

..., An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

"cross of gold" speech

..., An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

xyz affair

..., An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Huey Long

..., As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Sirhan Sirhan

..., Assassinated Robert Kennedy on June 6, 1968 in Chicago after hearing pro-Israeli remarks in his victory statement after having won the California primaries.

The Geneva Convention

..., At this convention in 1954, the region of Indochina was divided into three nations: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The convention also decided to divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel, with the communists led by Ho Chi Minh in the North and anti-communists led by Ngo Dinh Diem in the South. It was further decided that elections to reunite Vietnam would occur in two years.

Sigmund Freud

..., Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939)

Twelfth amendment

..., Beginning in 1804, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President, 1806-issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.

The Albany Plan of Union

..., Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonists (and Iroquois) and create a defense against the French

Wilmot Proviso

..., Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico

Churchill

..., British statesman and leader during World War II

START 1

..., Bush and Gorbachev signed the this. It reduced nuclear warheads to less than 10000 each. It led to Start II which reduced weapon level to 1960s level. The cold war was officially over.

Nationalists (koumintang)

..., Chinese nationalists who retreated to Taiwan in 1949 with Chaing Kai-Shek after being defeated by the People's Liberation Army during the Chinese Civil War; established Red China, the Republic of China, and set up the Cold War

proprietary colonies

..., Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.

indentured servants

..., Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Patriots

..., Colonists who wanted independence from Britain

Mao Tse-Tung

..., Communist leader of China; gained power through the Chinese civil war; defeated US backed Chiang Kai Shek

transcontinental railroad

..., Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Commonwealth of Independent States

..., Confederacy of independent states of the former Soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs

Robert E. Lee

..., Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

underwood tariff bill

..., Congressional measure to provide the a substantial reduction of rates, and the first ever implementation of a graduated income tax on incomes $3000+

yellow-dog contract

..., Contracts some employers forced workers to sign that made the workers promise not to join a union

birth of a nation

..., Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

political machines

..., Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

..., Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

George Whitefield

..., Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

Fidel Castro

..., Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Francis Willard

..., Dean of Women at Northwestern University and the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

Treaty of Ghent

..., December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

First Continental Congress

..., Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence

William (Bill) Clinton

..., Democratic president (1993-2001) whose two-term presidency witnessed rapid economic growth but also a sexual scandal that fueled an impeachment effort, which he survived.

gold bug

..., Democrats and Republicans opposed to free silver and who supported the gold standard because tehy feared implications to currency value with free silver.

Jacob Riis

..., Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Yom Kippur War

..., Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur)

Eisenhower Doctrine

..., Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

National Highway Act

..., Eisenhower's plan to build an interstate highway system that would connect the US and help in military movements during a war.

Fugitive Slave Law

..., Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Employment Act of 1946

..., Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power

quakers

..., English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

John Locke

..., English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

William Pitt

..., English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778)

Roanoke

..., Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Interstate Commerce Act

..., Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Neutrality Act of 1939

..., European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

Quebec Act

..., Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Good Neighbor Policy

..., FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Benito Mussolini

..., Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)

office of war mobilization

..., Federal agency formed to coordinate issues related to war production during World War II

Sputnik

..., First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Truman Doctrine

..., First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

Sherman Antitrust Act

..., First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Free-soil party

..., Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Anwar Sadat

..., Former President of Egypt (1st Arab leader to recognize and make peace with Israel) He was assassinated Oct. 6 1981 for making peace with Israel.

Standard Oil Company

..., Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

Democratic-republicans

..., Founded by Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic Republicans favored states rights and opposed the Federalist Party. The victory of the Democratic Republicans marked the first party overturn in American history.

NASA

..., Founded in 1958 to compete with Russia's space program. It gained prestige and power with Kennedy's charge to reach the moon by the end of the 1960s. Over the years, NASA has sent experditions to the moon, developed and managed the space station and space shuttle programs and sent probes to Mars

four freedoms

..., Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear; used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured

nouveau riche

..., French for "new rich." Refered to people who had become rich through business rather than through having been born into a rich family. The nouveau riche made up much of the American upper classof the late 1800s.

The Adams-Onis Treaty

..., Got Florida for the USA after the Seminole War. Spain ceded all of Florida to the USA and gave up its claim to the territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest. In return, the American government gave up Texas.

national recovery administration

..., Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

indian reorganization act

..., Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs.

Bonus Army

..., Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Brain Trust

..., Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Know-Nothing Party

..., Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

Lost Generation

..., Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

social security act

..., Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Roger Williams

..., He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Daniel Shays

..., Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy"

headright system

..., Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

John Smith

..., Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

South East Asian Treaty Organization

..., Identical to NATO in Asia, one of the reasons that the United States was drawn into the Vietnam War

Barack Obama

..., Illinois Senator who won the presidency in 2008, first African-American President, advocate for universal healthcare, an end to the Iraqi War, and economic recovery.

Sugar Acts

..., In 1764 this act was meant to tighten enforcement of English customs by reducing the tax on molasses and increasing enforcement it was meant to raise revenue, and marked the end of Salutary Neglect

the french revolution

..., In 1789, the French Revolution was where the French people rebelled against their King to overthrow him. Afterwards, a republic was started, where revolutionists began to controversially cut the heads off of nobles. The Republican party was formed because of the French Revolution, and brought much inspiration to the U.S. at first. However, this didn't last long, as Federalists became afraid of the possibility of such extremes that were shown in France.

whiskey rebellion

..., In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Spanish-American War

..., In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Berlin Wall

..., In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.

Freedom Summer

..., In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote.

Bay of Pigs

..., In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Sussex Ultimatum

..., In response to the German torpedoes Sussex steamer, Wilson told Germany that if they didnt stop sinking merchant ships with warning, he would break diplomatic relations.

corrupt bargain

..., In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Little Rock Nine

..., Incident in which nine African-American students were prevented from attending Little Rock Central High in 1957 during the Civil Rights Movement.

"War on Terror"

..., Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

..., Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism.

Emancipation Proclamation

..., Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

military reconstruction act

..., It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law

10 percent plan

..., It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln)

Committee on Public Information

..., It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

the compromise of 1877

..., It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, and appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet.

Battle of New Orleans

..., Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Kamikazes

..., Japanese suicide pilots

Harper's Ferry

..., John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Berlin Airlift

..., Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city

Virginia Company

..., Joint-stock company chartered by King James I of England; established the first permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607.

New York Draft Riots

..., July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs.

D-day

..., June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

William and Mary

..., King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

redeemers

..., Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Tea Act

..., Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Meat Inspection Act

..., Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.

Menachem Begin

..., Leader of Israel who signed a peace treaty with Egypt withdrawing from Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip and returning them to Egypt

league of women voters

..., League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

Second Battle of Bull Run

..., Lee and Pope fought and Lee came out victorious and then continued onto MD in hope of striking a blow that would not only encourage foreign intervention but also seduce the still wavering Border State and its sisters from the Union

Teller Amendment

..., Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Platt Amendment

..., Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Jim Crow laws

..., Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights

Quota Act

..., Limited the number of immigrants allowed into the United States. It favored immigrants from Northern and western Europe.

V-E Day

..., May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Overspeculation

..., Means to over "guess." The majority of the people felt the stock market will go up, so they greedily buy, when in reality it's the peak already and stock market prices will drop soon.

Social Gospel

..., Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization

Rosa Parks

..., NAACP member who initiated the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 when she was arrested for violating Jim Crow rules on a bus; her action and the long boycott that followed became an icon of the quest for civil rights and focused national attention on boycott leader Martin Luther King, Jr.

North American Free Trade Agreement

..., NAFTA an alliance that merges canada, mexico and the united states into a single market

greenbacks

..., Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

Jazz Age

..., Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

navajo code talkers

..., Navajo soldiers in the Pacific used their own language as a code for sending vital messages. Hard to understand.

scabs

..., Negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers

collective bargaining

..., Negotiations between representatives of labor unions and management to determine pay and acceptable working conditions.

clayton antitrust act

..., New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

Thomas Nast

..., Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

war powers act

..., Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops; had to gain congress' approval to stay longer than 90 days; designed to curtail President's power

black tuesday

..., October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929

Olive Branch Petition

..., On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

..., Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.

united auto workers

..., Out of several competing auto unions, this one was gradually emerging preeminent in the early and mid-1930s. But although ot was gaining recruits, it was making little progress in winning recognitions from the corperations. Automobile workers eployed an effective new technique for challenging corperate oppositions: the sit-down strike.

Indian Removal Act

..., Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

National Security Act

..., Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Tecumseh and the Prophet

..., People feared that the British in Canada would recruit Indians to halt the march of American settlement. A Shawnee chief, Tecumseh and his half-brother the Prophet, sought to unite several tribes in Ohio and the Indiana territory against American settlers. They tried to unify their people and revive traditional virtues.

49ers

..., People who rushed to california in 1849 for gold.

separatists

..., People who wanted to have a separate, or different church than the church of England. Also known as Pilgrims.

Nathaniel Bacon

..., Planter who led a rebellion in 1676 against the governor of the Virginia Colony

Barbary Pirates

..., Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Promontory Point

..., Point in Utah where the Transcontinental Railroad was completed

glasnost

..., Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

Solidarity movement

..., Polish nationalists who began to protest the SOviet oppression

Jacob Coxey

..., Populist who led Coxey's Army in a march on Washington DC in 1894 to seek government jobs for the unemployed.

Vietnamization

..., President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Fourteen Points

..., President Woodrow Wilson's plan for a just world bases on the Allies' aims to end World War I No secret treaties, freedom of the seas, no tariffs, reduce arms, adjust colonial claims, establish an association of nations

Saddam Hussein

..., President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.

The Monroe Doctrine

..., Primarily the work of JQAdams, said the the USA would consider any foreign challenge to the sovereignty of existing American nations an unfriendly act. No European colonization in the Americas

Benjamin Franklin

..., Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

square deal

..., Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

Bank of the United States

..., Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Puritans

..., Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

PWA

..., Public Works Administration. Part of Roosevelts New Deal programs. Put people to work building or improving public buildings like schools, post offices,etc.

John Winthrop

..., Puritan Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, envisioned colony as a "city upon a hill"

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

..., Quaker sisters from South Carolina who came north and became active in the abolitionist movement; Angelina married Theodore Weld, a leading abolitionist and Sarah wrote and lectured on a variety of reforms including women's rights and abolition.

Iran-Contra Scandal

..., Reagan sent money to the Contra's in Nicaragua with the money he got for selling arms to Iran

Nat Turner's Rebellion

..., Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

farewell address

..., Referred to as Washington's Farewell Address. Its main points included: assuming leadership in the Western Hemisphere, developing its own trade, and not entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations, especially with Europe.

robber barons

..., Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Gibbons v. Ogden

..., Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

the three Rs

..., Relief, Reform, Recovery

civilian conservation corps

..., Relief: (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks

Dorothea Dix

..., Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Roosevelt Corollary

..., Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Stalin

..., Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Osama Bin Laden

..., Saudi-born Muslim extremist who funded the al Qaeda organization that was responsible for several terrorist attacks, including those on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001.

SALT II

..., Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

speakeasies

..., Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

John Quincy Adams

..., Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

reservationists

..., Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

irreconcilables

..., Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

Lewis and Clark

..., Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

panic of 1893

..., Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Treaty of Tordesillas

..., Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

Anne Hutchinson

..., She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

Ayatollah Khomeini

..., Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. (p. 859)

The Compromise of 1850

..., Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed.

John C. Calhoun

..., South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

black codes

..., Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

Carrie Chapman Catt

..., Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter ., became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspiried speaker and abrilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage.

The Anti-Saloon League

..., Started in the 1890s and was against saloons and drinking

pet bank

..., State banks where Jackson deposited all federal money in his attempt to kill the Bank of the United States.

star wars

..., Strategic Defense Initiative pursued by Reagan in the 1980s; involved satellite defense against missiles

Federalists

..., Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Worcester v. Georgia

..., Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Dred Scott v. Sanford

..., Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

sharecropping

..., System in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

John Scopes

..., Tennessee highschool teacher who violated a state law by teaching evolution

carpetbagers

..., Term for a northern Republican who moved to the south after the Civil War

mandates

..., Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants

massive retaliation

..., The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

midnight judges

..., The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.

Volstead Act

..., The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

advancement of colored people

..., The Advancement of Colored People was a civil rights organization for ethnic minorities. This is the largest organization in the US, so it has a lot of influence, meaning that minorities had more hope for equality.

The Nation of Islam

..., The Black Muslims - believe in separation between the blacks and whites

Trail of Tears

..., The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

gulf of tonkin resolution

..., The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

The Morrill Land Grant of 1862

..., The act gave federal lands to states for the purpose of building schools that would teach agriculture and technical trades

social Darwinism

..., The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

rugged individualism

..., The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Hertbert Hoover.

New Frontier

..., The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Thirteenth Amendment

..., The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.

popular sovereignty

..., The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty would decide whether a territory allowed slavery.

Boston Massacre

..., The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans

montevideo conference

..., The first of several Pan-America conferences held during the period between World War I and World War II concerning mutual defense and corporate between the countries of Latin America. The U.S. renounced the right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries.

camp david accords

..., The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.

Henry Kissinger

..., The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Frederick W. Taylor

..., The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like.

brinksmanship

..., The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

fifteenth amendment

..., The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Seneca Falls

..., The site of the women's rights convention that met in July in 1848. They met in the Wesleyan Chapel, and 300 men and women attended. At the convention, they vote in the Seneca Falls Declaration, which was signed by 32 men.

McCarthyism

..., The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

New Light Preachers

..., These preachers crisscrossed the colonies speaking to large crowds about the "fire and brimstone" eternity all sinners would face if they did not absolve their sins publicly. These preachers sought to undermine the power and prestige of "Old Light" ministers by proclaiming that ordinary people could understand the gospel of the Lord without the leadership of a man of the cloth.

initiative, referendum, and recall

..., These were three changes intended to increase the individual voter's influence in government. It gives a person the power to propose laws, states that certain laws passed by the state legislature do not take effect unless they are approved by a majority of the citizens, and strengthens the control of voters over elected officials.

women appointed for voluntary emergency service

..., These women supported the war effort by flying supply missions, decoding codes, and repairing machines (Not WAFS or WAC)

hepburn act

..., This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

Selective Service Act

..., This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45.

Selective Services Act

..., This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. The age limits were later changed to 18 and 45.

Charles Finney

..., This Presbyterian minister appealed to his audience's sense of emotion rather than their reason. His "fire and brimstone" sermons became commonplace in upstate New York, where listeners were instilled with the fear of Satan and an eternity in Hell. He insisted that parishioners could save themselves through good works and a steadfast faith in God. This region of New York became known as the "burned-over district," because this minister preached of the dangers of eternal damnation across the countryside

The Pacific Railway Act of 1862

..., This act apporved the building of a transcontinental railroad that would utterly transform the West by linking the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific

pendleton civil service act of 1881

..., This act reformed the corrupt patronage system of obtaining civil service jobs. No longer could political cronyism secure government positions - all potential civil service employees had to take an exam to prove their worthiness.

The department of Housing and Urban Development

..., This department was founded in 1966 to provide low-cost housing and federal funding to rid cities of urban blight.

nonseparatists

..., This is another name for the Puritans who arrived in New England in 1629 due to oppression and persecution by the English Crown. While in England, these Puritans believed they must remain within the Church of England to reform it.

Patriot Act

..., This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies

Espionage Act

..., This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

national Grange of Patrons of Husbandry

..., This organization better known as the Grange, was organized in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley; its objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities; the Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement of the farmer' collective plight

Article X

..., This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

Drive 55

..., This plan, supported by President Carter was meant to reduce the amount of gasoline expended by the average American.

reconcentrating

..., This practice placed Cuban natives into central locations under direct Spanish control to help prevent revolution.

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

..., This said that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were taken over by force. (This doctrine is related to Japanese aggression in Manchuria in 1931)

Coercive Acts

..., This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

muckrakers

..., This term applies to newspaper reporters and other writers who pointed out the social problems of the era of big business. The term was first given to them by Theodore Roosevelt.

first hundred days

..., This term refers to March 4 to June 16, 1933. During this period of dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal. Today, presidents are often measured by their actions in the same period of time

Treaty of Paris

..., This treaty ended the Seven Years War

Tallmadge Amendment

..., This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

national industrial recovery administration

..., This was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 to supervise industry—the act also created the Public works Administration to create jobs.

immigration act

..., This was passed in 1924 which cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants. The main purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition which was largely Northern European. It also prevented Japanese immigration which led to fury in Japan.

Glorious Revolution

..., This was the "revolution" that replaced James II with William and Mary that also recognized the supremacy of the Parliament with minimum bloodshed

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

..., Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

populist party

..., U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Anaconda Plan

..., Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Sojourner Truth

..., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

..., United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Horatio Alger

..., United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys

Scott Joplin

..., United States composer who was the first creator of ragtime to write down his compositions (1868-1917)

Horace Mann

..., United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

Alice Paul

..., United States feminist (1885-1977)

Cornelius Vanderbilt

..., United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)

George Custer

..., United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Andrew Carnegie

..., United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)

Eli Whitney

..., United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Lincoln Steffens

..., United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936)

Samuel Gompers

..., United States labor leader (born in England) who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924 (1850-1924)

Mother Jones

..., United States labor leader (born in Ireland) who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930)

Frederick Law Olmsted

..., United States landscape architect primarily responsible for the design of Central Park in New York City (1822-1903)

William Jennings Bryan

..., United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Henry Ford

..., United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947)

Joseph Pulitzer

..., United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)

William Randolph Hearst

..., United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951)

Sam Houston

..., United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)

Daniel Webster

..., United States politician and orator (1782-1817)

Henry Clay

..., United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states (1777-1852)

Brigham Young

..., United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith

Alexander Hamilton

..., United States statesman and leader of the Federalists

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

..., United States suffragist and feminist

Mark Twain

..., United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

..., United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)

Henry David Thoreau

..., United States writer and social critic (1817-1862)

Harriet Beecher Stowe

..., United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)

Halfway Covenant

..., Used by Puritan Churches to bolster attendance but also keep political leadership under the control respectable families. Conversion needed but not "regeneration" to be a member of the congregation.

reverse discrimination

..., Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people.

Ho Chi Minh

..., Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969)

Rough Riders

..., Volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

women's auxiliary ferrying squadron

..., WAFS; these women supported the ww2 effort

office of price administration

..., WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

John D. Rockefeller

..., Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

Panic of 1837

..., When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Seward's Folly or Seward's Icebox

..., William Seward (secretary of State) bought Alaska from the Russians in 1867 in an attempt to spread American influence. He was criticized by the press for his choice, but public attitude changed after the discovery of gold.

"Boss" Tweed

..., William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

ironclads

..., Wooden ships with metal armor that were employed by both sides during the Civil War.

WPA

..., Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

A Century of Dishonor

..., Written by Helen Hunt Jackson, it detailed the injustices made to Native Americans during US expansion

flappers

..., Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

federal reserve act

..., a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

U boat

..., a German submarine that was the first submarine employed in warfare, initially used during WW1

bracero

..., a Mexican laborer who worked in the United States on farms and railroads in order to ease labor shortages during World War II

beatniks

..., a United States youth subculture of the 1950s that rebelled against the mundane horrors of middle class life.

Battle of the Bulge

..., a battle during World War II

Battle of Saratoga

..., a battle during the American Revolution (1777)

Shakers

..., a celibate and communistic Christian sect in the United States

Congress of Industrial Organizations

..., a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955

American Federation of Labor

..., a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955

impeachment

..., a formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

Interstate Commerce Commission

..., a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states

American Party

..., a former political party in the United States

Constitutional Union Party

..., a former political party in the United States

greenback party

..., a former political party in the United States, A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy, Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

inflation

..., a general and progressive increase in prices

encomienda

..., a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Taliban

..., a group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996

Pearl Harbor

..., a harbor on Oahu west of Honolulu

agribusiness

..., a large-scale farming enterprise

voting rights act of 1965

..., a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.

Judiciary Act of 1801

..., a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

suffrage

..., a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution

depression

..., a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment

scientific management

..., a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

bull market

..., a market characterized by rising prices for securities

fascist

..., a member of a political party who supports extreme nationalism and a dictator

Al-Qaeda

..., a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

second new deal

..., a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs; also known as the Second Hundred Days.

Common Sense

..., a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Harlem Renaissance

..., a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Tories

..., a person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist

perestroika

..., a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Tammany Hall

..., a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Tariff of 1828

..., a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products.

dust bowl

..., a region subject to dust storms

Oneida Commune

..., a religious community established in central New York in 1848, its members shared property, practiced group marriage, and reared children under communal care.

Ghost Dance

..., a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

Protestant Reformation

..., a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Confederate States of America

..., a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

tenement

..., a rundown apartment house barely meeting minimal standards

ku klux klan

..., a secret society of white Southerners in the United States

AIDS

..., a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles

Gettysburg

..., a small town in southern Pennsylvania, The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.

filibuster

..., a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches

Tariff of 1832

..., a tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act

Great War

..., a war between the allies (Russia, France, British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918

national women's party

..., a women's organization founded in 1916 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men

Articles of Confederation

..., a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states

John Brown

..., abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Underground Railroad

..., abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves

vertical integration

..., absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture from raw materials to distribution

horizontal integration

..., absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

mobilization

..., act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency: "mobilization of the troops"

anti-semetic

..., adj. anti-jew; against the Jewish people

Pinckney Treaty

..., agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans

Kellogg-Briand Pact

..., agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Bear Flag Republic

..., aka the California republic; the result of a revolt by Americans on June 14, 1846, in the town of Sonoma against the authorities of the Mexican province of California; the Republic lasted less than a month. The republic eventually became the present-day state of California.

seventeenth amendment

..., allowed americans to vote directly for U.S senators

Lend-Lease Act

..., allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Ulysses S. Grant

..., an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Stamp Act

..., an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Quartering Act

..., an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

Central Intelligence Agency

..., an agency created after World War 2 to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad, conspiracy, and meddling as well.

Missouri Compromise

..., an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

closed shops

..., an agreement in which a company agrees to hire union members only

Erie Canal

..., an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

..., an economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.

American System

..., an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

mercantilism

..., an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

direct primaries

..., an election in which voters choose candidates to represent each party in a general election

federal trade commission

..., an independent agency of the United States fedeal government that maintains fair and free competition

kitchen cabinet

..., an inner circle of unofficial advisors to the head of a government

Cuban Missile Crisis

..., an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

League of Nations

..., an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

House Un-American Activities Committee

..., an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security".When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee

united nations

..., an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

..., an organization that blamed alcohol for crime, poverty, and violence against women and children, and fought against it.

The North Star

..., antislavery newspaper published by Fredrick Douglass

imperialism

..., any instance of aggressive extension of authority

spheres of influence

..., areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Turner's Frontier Thesis

..., argued that the American character was shaped by the existance of the frontier and the way Americans interacted and developed the frontier, he felt that the frontier encouraged individualism and democracy

Senate

..., assembly possessing high legislative powers

antebellum

..., belonging to a period before a war especially the American Civil War

scorched-earth

..., burning grain fields and slaughtering livestock so as to leave nothing that the enemy could eat. Used by Alexander in Russia against Napoleon

hawley smoot tariff

..., charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Mormon Church

..., church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah

ghettos

..., city slum areas inhabited by minority groups living there due to social or economic pressures

reparations

..., compensation (given or received) for an insult or injury

Whigs

..., conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

equal rights amendment

..., constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

writ of habeas corpus

..., court order that the authorities show cause for why they are holding a prisoner in custody. Deters unlawful imprisonment

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

..., created by delegates from nine colonies, set forth view of British power in colonies. Parliament didn't have right to tax colonists without their legislative consent and demanded repeal of Stamp and Sugar Acts

Kerner Commission

..., created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States

Declaration of Sentiments

..., declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights

trickle down theory

..., decreased income taxes for the wealthy would promote business and therefore the whole economy

Boston Tea Party

..., demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

Jonas Salk

..., developed the polio vaccine in 1952

partisan

..., devoted to a cause or party

gunboat diplomacy

..., diplomacy in which the nations threaten to use force in order to obtain their objectives

dollar diplomacy

..., diplomacy influenced by economic considerations

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

..., dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.

Bull Run

..., either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862)

International Money Fund

..., encourage world trade by regulating currency exchange rates (founded International Bank for Reconstruction and Development=World Bank) to promote economic growth in war ravaged and underdeveloped areas

office of war information

..., established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort.

glass-steagall act

..., established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation

jingoism

..., extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

Appomattox Court House

..., famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

civil rights bill of 1866

..., first congressional attempt to guarantee black rights in the south, passed over johnson's veto

moral diplomacy

..., foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

secession

..., formal separation from an alliance or federation

Fredrick Douglas

..., former slave + abolitionist, stood up for his beliefs, fought for womens + blacks rights, runaway slave, newspaper-the north star

W.E.B. Du Bois

..., fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP

National Organization of Women

..., founded by Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, and Aileen Hernandez; lobbied for equal opportunity where the EEOC was lacking (gender discrimination); lawsuits and mobilization of public opinion

pardons

..., freedom from punishment

emancipation

..., freeing someone from the control of another

emergency banking relief act

..., gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

nineteenth amendment

..., granted women the right to vote in 1920

black cabinet

..., group of African Americans FDR appointed to key Government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.

Stokely Carmichael

..., head of the SNCC making a separatist philosophy of black power as the official objective of the organization

American Independent Party

..., headed by George Wallace who entered the 1968 election and called for the continuation of segregation of blacks

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

..., heir to the throne of Austria Hungary; assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a bosnian serb.; sparked WWI

Hurricane Katrina

..., highest storm surge on record, costliest hurricane on record, 1836 dead, permanent displacement of over 500,000 people, evacuation of large urban population center, storm surge of 25 ft on coast of Mississippi

niagara movement

..., in 1905 Dubois started this movement at Niagara Falls, and four years later joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause to form NAACP, the new organization later led to the drive for equal rights.

elect

..., in Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.

Intolerable Acts

..., in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Washington Disarmament Conference

..., included major naval powers in world, agreeed to limit number and size of battle ships that nation could own, and banned construction of a new battle ship

fireside chats

..., informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Specie Circular

..., issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

..., largest sect of Mormonism

GI Bill

..., law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations

grandfather clauses

..., law that excused a voter from literacy test if his grandfather had been eligible to vote on Jan. 1 1867

Dwight D. Eisenhower

..., leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

writs of assistance

..., legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

Sutter's Mill

..., location where gold was discovered in California in 1848, setting off the gold rush

nationalism

..., love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

fourteenth amendment

..., made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country

Sedition Act

..., made it a crime to write, print, utter, or publish criticism of the president of government

Pullman Palace Car Company

..., manufactured railroad cars; nationwide conflict between labor unions and railraods; 3000 employees began a wilde cat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, stopping traffic in chicago

John Rolfe

..., married Pocahontas and started the planting of tobacco in Jamestown

National American Woman Suffrage Association

..., militant suffragist organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

border ruffians

..., missourians who traveled in armed groups to vote in kansas's election during the mid-1850's

great migration

..., movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Carrie A. Nation

..., muscualr and anti derranged woman, she estroyed saloons in her wild anti drinking crusade.

sodbusters

..., name given to Great Plains farmers because they had to break through so much thick soil, called sod, in order to farm

Copperheads

..., northern democrat who advocated making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil War

carpetbaggers

..., northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction

weapons of mass destruction

..., nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that can kill tens of thousands of people all at once

Nativists

..., of or relating to or advocating nativism

nativists

..., of or relating to or advocating nativism

national american women suffrage association

..., organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women

Mann-elkins act

..., passed in 1910, it empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for the first time to initiate rate changes, extend regulation to telephone and telegraph companies and set up a Commerce Court to expedite appeals from the ICC rulings

Anti-Masons

..., people who believed that the Free-Mason Society was "undemocratic" and "exclusive" because it was a secret society. Formed part of the Whig Party, because both Jackson and Van Buren were Free-Masons

Anti-federalists

..., people who opposed the Constitution

sharecroppers

..., people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop

Socialists

..., person who supports community ownership of property and the sharing of all profits

Oregon Trail

..., pioneer trail that began in missouri and crossed the great plains into the oregon country

cash-and-carry

..., policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

U.S. Steel

..., powerful and wealthy 19th century steel corporation founded by Andrew Carnagie and JP morgan

John F. Kennedy

..., president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.

James K. Polk

..., president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Robert La Follete

..., progressive leader/ gov. of Wisconsin gave power back to people, regulated utilities rates, instituted taxes on inheritance, first to tie state gov. & university together

judicial reorganization bill

..., proposed that FDR be allowed to name a new federal judge for every sitting judge who had reached the age of seventy and had not retired; soundly defeated in Congress; FDR came under intense criticism for trying to seize too much power

The Homestead Act of 1862

..., provided a settler with 160 acres of land if he promised to live and work for it at least five years, about 500,000 families took advantage of it

Gadsden Purchase

..., purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary

agrarian

..., relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land

detente

..., relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

Joseph Smith

..., religious leader who founded the Mormon Church in 1830 (1805-1844)

The Great Awakening

..., religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

..., reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France

George H. W. Bush

..., republican, former director of CIA, oil company founder/owner, foreign policy (panama, gulf war), raised taxes eventhough said he wouldnt, more centrist than his son, NAFTA negotiation

temperance

..., restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

judicial review

..., review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of some other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court

Burr Conspiracy

..., scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire. He was captured in 1807 and charged with treason. Because there was no evidence or two witnesses he was acquitted. Marshall upholds the strict rules for trying someone for treason.

Embargo Act

..., signed by Thomas Jefferson in 1807 - stop export of all American goods and American ships from sailing for foreign ports

Susan B. Anthony

..., social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

peculiar institution

..., southern euphemism for slavery

scalawags

..., southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

Lecompton Constitution

..., supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

National Republicans

..., supporters of a strong central government who favored road building and supported the Bank of the United States to shape the nation's economy; many were farmers or merchants

Rosie the Riveter

..., symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war

genocide

..., systematic killing of a racial or cultural group

self-determination

..., the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

appeasement

..., the act of appeasing (as by acceding to the demonds of), policy of giving in to an aggressor's demands in order to keep the peace

repatriation

..., the act of returning to the country of origin

Pure Food and Drug Act

..., the act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs

Electoral College

..., the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president

federal reserve system

..., the central bank of the United States

Warren Court

..., the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism

Mandate

..., the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory

Constitutional Convention

..., the convention of United States statesmen who drafted the United States Constitution in 1787

Roaring Twenties

..., the decade of the 1920's which got this nickname because of the times presperity and excitement

Declaration of Independence

..., the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

okies

..., the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

Antietam

..., the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

Jane Addams

..., the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

force acts

..., the government banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Other laws banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.

Vietcong

..., the guerrilla soldiers of the Communist faction in Vietnam, also know as the National Liberation Front

new deal

..., the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

cult of domesticity

..., the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

civil rights act of 1964

..., the law that made racial discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination

reconstruction

..., the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Era of Good Feeling

..., the period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.

Reagan Revolution

..., the policies of the first reagan administration which increased defense spending reduced social programs and cut taxes they were based on supply side theory of growing the economy by cutting government interference and taxes

Sir William Berkeley

..., the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion

spoils system

..., the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

the convention of 1800

..., the two sides finally came to a agreement that annulled the 1778 treaty of alliance and excused the French from damage claims of American ships. Kept from going to war and dividing nation.

Republican Party

..., the younger of two major political parties in the United States

Homestead Act of 1862

..., this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Shay's Rebellion

..., this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

triangle shirtwaist factory

..., this factory kept doors locked to avoid theft trapping workers inside when a fire erupted; alerted reformers to the terrible conditions of industrial workers

section 7a

..., this section of NIRA stated that labor unions could exist and was the first time the gov't supported labor unions

On Civil Disobedience

..., thoreau's writings contemplating the mexican war, "the work of comparatively few individuals using the government as their tool" refused to pay his taxes

progressive era

..., time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

strategic arms limitation treaty (salt 1)

..., treaty between the US and the Soviet to stabilize the nuclear arms competition between the two countries. Talks began in 1969 and agreements were signed on May 26, 1972

Warsaw Pact

..., treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Schenck vs United States

..., under the Espionage Act of 1917, a person can not use the first ammendment as protection when speaking against the US government and military

John Wilkes Booth

..., was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Great Migration

..., when more than 15,000 Puritans journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic hard times

wisconsin experiment

..., wisconsin was the first state in the union to institute direct primaries in which state voters nominated their own slate of candidates instead of the state legislature picking them

Women's army corps

..., women volunteers who seved in non-combat positions

The Feminine Mystique

..., written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

Walden

..., written by Henry David Thoreau; a personal account of his life spent in a cabin on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived simply and found truth

Southern Carolina Exposition

..., written by john c. calhoun of SC; outlined south's anger towards the "tariff of abominations" & that they believed it to be unconstitutional because it severely altered trade with europe

port huron statement

...,1962 Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace.

The Great Society

...,1964 Lyndon Johnson's program for poverty relief, healthcare, civil rights, etc. during his presidency. Improved nation's moral and people's lives

Crusades

1096-1270, a series of holy wars undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Cuban Missile Crises, 1962

13 days in October 1962 when the world came the closest it ever has to nuclear war. After the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba by CIA-trained Cuban exiles, Castro agreed to allow the USSR to have Soviet nuclear missiles placed in Cuba pointed at the US. The US set up a blockade to prevent Soviet ships from approaching Cuba. Kennedy and Soviet PM Khrushchev finally reached a bargain where the Soviets wouldn't put nukes in Cuba if the US removed nukes from Turkey that were pointed at USSR

Why 1491 - 1607 was chosen as the dates for period 1?

1491 is one year prior to the arrival of Columbus and Europeans, and 1607 is the year England established a permanent settlement at Jamestown

Protestant Reformation

1517-1648, a religious movement that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

John Smith

1580-1631, helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

John Rolfe

1585-1622, one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

John Winthrop

1588-1649, Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Anne Hutchinson

1591-1643, Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Roger Williams

1603-1683, founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Why 1607 - 1754 was chosen as the dates for period 2

1607 = 1st English permanent settlement in Jamestown; 1754 = start of the 7 Years War (AKA "French and Indian War")

Mayflower Compact

1620, the first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Maryland Act of Toleration

1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

1675-1676, period of bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England, an example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676, Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Pueblo Revolt

1680, Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century, expelled the Spanish for over 10 years, Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Lord Baltimore

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

First Great Awakening

1730-1755, religious revival in the colonies, George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.

Seven Years War

1756-1763, known also as the French and Indian War, between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Lucretia Mott

1793-1880, Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized, she and Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention in New York in 1848

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

Horace Mann

1796-1859, secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, "Father of the public school system", proponent of public school, set the standard for public schools throughout the nation, pro training & higher salaries to teachers

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879, prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

1815-1902, abolitionist, suffragist, prominent advocate of women's rights, organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Mott

Frederick Douglass

1817-1895, American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his own biography, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Susan B. Anthony

1820-1906, social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association

Hudson River School

1825, founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S., attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of the river, landscapes instead of portraits

Tariff of Abominations

1828 law that significantly raised tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods. This favored North manufacturing and was hated by the South.

Helen Hunt Jackson

1830-1885, United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (A Century of Dishonor)

Mexican Cession

1848, awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854, Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Sumner-Brooks Incident

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him.

Crittenden Compromise

1860, failed attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden, offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves

Battle of Bull Run

1861, outside of D.C., People watched battle, Stonewall Jackson, Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody

Frederick Jackson Turner

1861-1932, American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Morrill Land Grant Act

1862, federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of college; as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established.

Homestead Act

1862, provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Why 1865 - 1898 was chosen as the dates for period 6

1865 begins with the end of the Civil War and 1898 marks the beginning of the Civil War

Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

1873, founded in Ohio to combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption, embraced a broad reform agenda, including campaigns to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women.

Progressive Era

1890 - 1920, Progressives tended to be women, middle class, and live in urban areas. Progressives sought to use government influence to solve societal problems.

Why 1890 - 1945 was chosen as the dates for period 6

1890 begins with the "closing" of the frontier and 1945 marks the end of WWII

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Insular Cases

1901, determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories acquired in the Mexican-American war had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens

John Steinbeck

1902-1968, American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath", a story of dust bowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

Gentlemen's Agreement

1907 agreement between the United States and Japan that restricted Japanese immigration

Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Margaret Sanger

1921 - founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. Advocated birth control awareness.

Restrictive Immigration Quotas

1921 and 1924 acts that severely limited immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe ("New immigrants")

Betty Friedan

1921-2006, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities, wrote "The Feminine Mystique"

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Kellogg-Briand Treaty

1928-This Treaty renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends; almost all the nations of the world signed it. It proved ineffective because it 1) permitted defensive wars 2) failed to provide for taking action against the violators of the treaty

Social Security Act

1935 - guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

"The Grapes of Wrath"

1939, John Steinbeck's novel about a struggling farm family during the Great Depression. Gave a face to the violence and exploitation that migrant farm workers faced in America

Atlantic Charter

1941 - Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor

Potsdam Conference

1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Yalta Conference

1945 - Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Why 1945 - 1980 was chosen as the dates for period 8

1945 = End of WWI/Beginning of the Cold War; 1980 = election of Ronald Reagan, conservative movement

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Cold War

1947-1991, A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 Supreme Court Case that ruled separate facilities based on race inherently unequal. Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city buses. In 11 months, the Supreme Court declared segregation of buses illegal.

Interstate Highway Act

1956 Eisenhower 20 yr plan to build 41,000 mi of highway, largest public works project in history

Little Rock Nine

1957, Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

The Feminine Mystique

1963, name of the book by Betty Friedan that discussed the frustration of many women in the 1950's and 1960's who felt they were restricted to their roles of mother and homemaker.

Freedom Summer

1964, blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote

SALT I and SALT II

1972 and 1980, strategic arms limitations talks, agreements with the Soviet Union that limited nuclear arsenals of both the US and USSR, SALT II not passed by the Senate

War Powers Act

1973, President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

Roe v. Wade

1973, legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Three Mile Island

1979, A mechanical failure and a human error at a nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius

Why 1980 - Present was chosen as the dates for period 9

1980 = election of Ronald Reagan, conservative movement through present day (including war on terrorism)

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989, "Great Communicator", former actor, Republican, conservative economic policies, Reaganomics (trickle-down/supply side economics), cut out many welfare and public works programs, used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict, met with Gorbachev to end Cold War, responsible for the Iran-Contra Affair

North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

1994, Agreement that created a free trade zone among Mexico, Canada, and the United States, in all hope of encouraging economic growth in all three nations

Market Revolution

19th century drastic changes in transportation (canals, railroads), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Interstate Highway Act, 1956

25 billion dollars for the construction of the Interstate Highway System over a 20-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history through that time. Passed under Eisenhower, it was justified in part by the necessity for internal transportation in case of communist attack. Stimulated growth of suburbs and economy.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Woodstock

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

Lyndon B. Johnson

36th President of the U.S., signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965, declared war on poverty, set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and programs that provided food stamps and welfare, created department of housing and urban development, medicare and medicaid.

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

Bill Clinton

42nd President, advocated economic and healthcare reform, first balanced budget, second president to be impeached

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials (X, Y, and Z) demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Molasses Act, 1733

A British law that established a tax on imports of molasses, sugar, and rum from non-British colonies. The law was loosely enforced and New England imported great quantities of West Indian sugar for manufacturing rum. Example of mercantilism

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

First Africans brought to Virginia, 1619

A Dutch ship brought 20 Africans to Virginia, the first Africans to arrive in the present-day United States. Until 1680, indentured servants from Europe were far more numerous in the English colonies than African slaves. After 1680, the number of indentured migrants from Europe diminished and African slavery increased.

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Beatniks

A United States youth subculture of the 1950s that rebelled against the mundane horrors of middle class life.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Battle of Antietam

A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.

Rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

chattel slavery

A chattel slave is an enslaved person who is owned for ever and whose children and children's children are automatically enslaved. Chattel slaves are individuals treated as complete property, to be bought and sold.

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Atlantic Economy

A commercial exchange in the Atlantic that was dominated by the British due to remarkable growth in it's colonies. It is commonly referred to as the "triangle trade," designating a three-way transport between Europe, Africa, and the colonies. Moreover, it was inextricably linked to trade with the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Joint Stock Company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Closed Shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment.

Satellite Nations

A country that is dominated politically and economically by another nation. (USSR in the Cold War)

Counterculture

A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Olive Branch Petition

A document sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III, proposing a reconciliation between the colonies and Britain

Thomas Nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

Superfund

A fund created by Congress in 1980 to clean up hazardous waste sites. Money for the fund comes from taxing chemical products.

George McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

Tariff

A government tax on imports or exports

Welfare State

A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

Taliban

A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

A law creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured individual bank deposits and ended a century-long tradition of unstable banking that had reached a crisis in the Great Depression.

Draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work "A History of Standard Oil."

Haitian Revolution

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because it is the only successful slave revolt in history; led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Iran-Contra Scandal

A major scandal of Reagan's second term that involved shipping arms to Iran to free hostages and diverting the money from the sale of these weapons to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Moral Majority

A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute, 1881

A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated, vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality, although critics accused him of being too "accommodationist".

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858

A series of seven debates for US Senate in Illinois between Lincoln (R) and Senator Douglas (D). The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the 1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery as it related to popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won election, but Lincoln's fine showing made him a national figure and helped him win Republican nomination in 1860

Beaver Wars

A series of wars in the mid-1600s in which the Iroquois, who allied with the English and Dutch, fought the Huron and Algonquin tribes, who were backed by the French. The wars were fought over land and the monopolization of the fur trade. European weapons and trade made the wars far more deadly and devastating than previous wars between Native American tribes

Stock Market crash, 1929

A severe downturn in stock prices that occurred in October of 1929 in the United States, and which marked the end of the "Roaring Twenties." Despite a few attempts at recovery, the stock market continued to languish, eventually falling almost 90% from its peak in 1929. It took over 25 years for the stock market to get back to the highs of the 1929 market, as the U.S. economy suffered through the Great Depression. Major new legislative and regulatory changes (New Deal) were enacted in an effort to prevent the same situation from happening again.

Pullman Strike, 1894

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

The Fourteen Points, 1918

A statement given on January 8, 1918 by Wilson declaring that WW I was being fought for a moral cause and calling for postwar peace in Europe. The speech laid out a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy and self-determination. Point 14 advocated for the League of Nations to be established that would keep world peace. Most of these points would not be realized, and the US would fail to join the League of Nations. However, it served as a model for the more successful Atlantic Charter after WWII

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Casta system

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.

Collective Security

A system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

triangular trade

A system of trade between Africa, Europe, and American colonies that involved slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. It kept the black farmers in debt and poverty.

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. Derived from Karl Marx

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa

Appomattox Court House, 1865

A village in Virginia where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War. The Confederates were treated with respect after their surrender

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Mexican-American War, 1846-48

A war fought between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. The United States won the war, encouraged by the feelings of many Americans that the country was accomplishing its manifest destiny of expansion. US gained approximately half of Mexico's territory. This Mexican Cession would revive the controversy over the expansion of slavery and help lead to the Civil War

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

AKA the Transcontinental Treaty or the Purchase of Florida, or the Florida Treaty, was between the US and Spain in 1819 that gave Florida to the US and set out a boundary between the US and New Spain (now Mexico). It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America vs. the US and United Kingdom in the aftermath of the American Revolution; and also, during the Latin American wars of independence.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery; led to the rise of sharecropping in the south

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln became president! Major "realignment" of parties as new Republican Party (formed from ashes of "Free Soil Party") adopted an anti-slavery platform that attracted former Whigs and anti-slavery Democrats. The election led to the secession, civil war, the end of slavery, and Reconstruction. Also meant the triumph of capitalism over southern semi-feudalism and lead to rapid industrialization after the Civil War.

Chattel Slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Filipino rebellion, 1899-1901

After its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the US. Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers. The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease. Resistance ended with Aguinaldo's capture and the Phillippines would remain under US control until 1946

The Lost Generation

Americans who became disillusioned with society after World War I, they were made up of many authors who sought literary freedom

U-2 aircraft shot down by USSR, 1960

An American U-2 spy plane flown by Gary Powers is shot down while spying over the USSR. The incident derailed an important summit meeting between Eisenhower and Soviet leader Khrushchev. At first the US tried to deny what had happened, but was forced to admit it. It was a major embarrassment to the US and prompted a marked deterioration in its relations with the USSR. Powers was convicted of espionage and sentenced to 3 years of imprisonment plus 7 years of hard labor, but he was released on 10 February 1962 during a prisoner exchange.

Birth of a Nation, 1915

An American silent film directed by D. W. Griffith. The film was a commercial success, but was highly controversial owing to its portrayal of African-American men as unintelligent and sexually aggressive towards white women, and the portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan as a heroic force. It is is also credited as one of the events that inspired the formation of the "second era" Ku Klux Klan. Despite the film's controversial content, Griffith's innovative film techniques make it one of the most important and influential films in the commercial film industry.

William Penn's "Holy Experiment"

An English Quaker who founded Pennsylvania, which was based upon religious toleration. He also made friends with the Lenape Indians (in contrast to other colonies' wars).

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Sugar Act of 1764

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Wages

An amount of money paid to an employee at a specified rate per hour worked

Unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.

Waving the Bloody Shirt

An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.

Ellis Island opened, 1892

An immigration center in New York in the shadow of the Statue of Liberty for all incoming immigrants from the Atlantic. Opened to conduct more rigorous tests on incoming immigrants in order to restrict immigration.

"Cross of Gold" Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in cities (18th and 19th century)

sextant

An instrument used to measure the angle between a celestial object and the horizon that became essential to navigation at sea.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem.

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

Pueblo Revolt, 1680

An uprising of Indians in Santa Fe against Spanish colonization. The Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition. However, the Spanish were more accommodating of Indian culture afterwards

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Elastic Clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

Supremacy Clause

Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.

What did the European colonies in North America focus on?

As European nations competed in North America, their colonies focused on gaining new sources of labor and on producing and acquiring commodities such as furs and tobacco, that were valued in Europe.

Santa Ana

As dictator of Mexico, he led the attack on the Alamo in 1836. He was later defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto.

16th Amendment, 1913

Authorized the collection of a progressive income tax. "Progressive" means as you make a higher income, you pay a higher percentage. This tax does not apply to money made on investments or in the stock market. Today, this is the primary source of revenue for the federal government. Helped replace revenue lost after the Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913 (passed under Wilson) significantly lowered tariffs.

Examples of Africans seeking to preserve autonomy

Autonomy means independent or to have some form of self-government. Africans ran away and formed maroon communities, and combined elements of Christianity and African religions

111. Panic of 1819

Bank tightened loan policies, depression rose throughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Communist Revolution

A political revolution in Russia beginning in 1917. The Bolsheviks, now known as Communists, overthrew Czar Nicholas II and created a socialist government based upon the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Also know as the Bolshevik Revolution.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Direct Primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Carry Nation

A prohibitionist. She believed that bars and other liquor-related businesses should be destroyed, and was known for attacking saloons herself with a hatchet.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans

Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and established the settlement at Plymouth

Radical Reconstruction began, 1867

Radical Republicans won a victory in the 1866 congressional midterm elections giving them a huge veto-proof (over 2/3rds). Congress decided that they, not President Johnson (who was a pro-Southern racist that opposed helping freedmen), would handle reconstruction and refused to admit states under Johnson's plan. In March 1867 Congress passed, over President Johnson's veto, several Reconstruction acts. Placed the South under martial law (military rule) and soon passed the 14th (citizenship for freedmen) and 15th amendments (suffrage for freedmen)

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Theodore Roosevelt mediated coal miner's strike, 1902

The coal strike threatened a national energy shortage. After TR threatened to run the mines with US troops the mine operators agreed to negotiate with the workers. The agreement resulted in the workers getting more pay for fewer hours, but with no union recognition. This is the first time in US history that the national government intervened to help striking workers. Previously, the government had always sided with the owners, (President Hayes using troops against railroad workers in 1877, Cleveland using troops against Pullman workers, etc.)

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization formed by Samuel Adams after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used both peaceful and violent means of protest

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Transcontinental railroad completed, 1869

A railroad that crossed North America by linking the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. It was built by two companies. Central Pacific heading east from west coast and was built primarily by Chinese workers. Union Pacific headed from east to west, built largely by Irish immigrants. The two routes connected in Utah. It improved travel, eased the movement of raw materials to factories, faster and better transportation, and moving finished products to market. The government aided in this construction by lending money and gave free land to railroads

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada.

Boycott

A refusal to buy or use goods and services.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Ghost Dance

A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Nullification Crisis, 1832-33

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 (AKA the "Tariff of Abominations"). Jackson got Congress to pass the Force Act, empowering him to use federal troops to collect tariffs and prepared to invade South Carolina. Henry Clay guided the Compromise Tariff of 1833 that reduced rates and ended the crisis.

National Identity

A sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Marhshall Plan

American program to aid Europe, in which the United States gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden, started the movement of civil-disobedience

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Stephen Austin

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico

· Stephen Austin

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

OPEC oil embargo, 1973

During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Arab members of OPEC imposed an oil embargo against the US in retaliation for the US support for Israel. The price of oil in the US tripled causing widespread economic hardship.

Compromise of 1850

"North: California admitted as free state, Texas gave up claims to disputed lands in New Mexico, Slave trade in DC was banned, but slavery was legal. South: Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands, Texas was paid $10 million for land lost, stricter fugitive slave law."

148. Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Pendleton Civil Service Act

(1883) Did away with the "spoils system" and made the hiring of federal employees merit based.

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

Nuremberg Trials

A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

How did Africans resist slavery?

Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery. Resistance to slavery included rebellion, sabotage, and escape. Rebellion was the least common, usually unsuccessful, and resulted in harsher conditions for other slaves

La Raza

A party organized in the late 1960s as a means of getting Mexican Americans to unite politically and to identify ethnically as one people.

Atlantic World

A pattern of exchange between Western Europe, Western Africa, North and South America, and the Caribbean. Made it easier to get goods from foreign places.

Sexual Revolution

A period in U.S. history, beginning about 1960, of increased sexual permissiveness

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

mestizo (AKA Métis)

A person of mixed race who had one white parent and another parent who was American Indian.

Mulatto

A person who had one parent who was white and another parent who was black. If mulattos were born into slavery in a Spanish colony (i.e., their mother was a slave), they would be slaves also, but if their mother was free, they were free.

Humanitarian

A person working for the welfare of all humans

Marshall Plan, 1947

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe on condition they wouldn't go communist. Helped contain communism in Europe and helped our economy as Europe bought from US businesses to rebuild.

New York Conspiracy, 1741

A plot by slaves and poor whites to burn New York. Over 170 people were arrested for participating in the plot. Most were hanged, burnt, or deported.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones (immigrants)

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Quartering Act of 1765

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

Homestead Act, 1862

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30. Land was given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm. However, because the land usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" and irrigation projects took root on the plains

Taft-Hartley Act

Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA)

National Origin Act, 1924

Act which restricted immigration from any one nation to 2% of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin as recorded in the 1890 census. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and banned Asians entirely (except a few Filipinos). Excempted immigrants from Latin America because agribusinesses wanted their labor. Congress abolished the national origins quota system in1965 Immigration Act

91. Election of 1800

Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost, Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to vote for Jefferson to break the tie

Conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq

Afghanistan - response to 9/11; Iraq - concerns over WMDs and terrorism (no WMDs were found); both resulted in prolonged wars, the Iraq War in particular hurt Republicans and Bush as many Americans felt misled into war.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa (pan-Africanism). Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Maroon Communities

African refugees who had escaped slavery in the Americas and developed their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean.

African American religion in the colonial period

African slaves mixed African beliefs and practices with Catholic rituals and theology, resulting in the formation of entirely new religions such as vaudou in Haiti (later referred to as "voodoo"), Santeria in Cuba, and Candomblé in Brazil.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

New South

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

Federal Reserve System created, 1913

After the Panic of 1907, this law reformed the banking system and created the Federal Reserve (the central bank of the US) and the Federal Reserve Board which oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional district banks. The "Fed" has the power to issue paper money. The Fed conducts "monetary policy" in the US - meaning it controls the money supply. It does so in part by setting interest rates - the "price" of money (i.e. how much a company or individual must pay in interest to get access to loans) which has an enormous impact on the world economy.

Emancipation Proclamation, 1863

After the Union victory at Antietam, Sep. 23, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which declared slaves free in territories still in rebellion. Did not apply to border slave states because Lincoln feared it would push them into CSA, also felt he could only free slaves as a war measure under his power as commander-in-chief. However, hearing of this many slaves fled to Union armies, and this turned federal forces into armies of liberation (also made European intervention for South much less likely since Europe was anti-slavery)

Japanese-American internment, 1942

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, many Americans feared that there were Japanese-American spies who are helping the Japanese to secretly bring the U.S. down. Due to this growing fear, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an Executive Order 9066 in February 1942 ordering the relocation of all Americans of Japanese ancestry to concentration camps in the interior of the United States.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement with Mexico that gave the US a small part of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million (manifest destiny)

Jackson destroyed Bank of the United States, 1833-36

Andrew Jackson destroyed the second Bank of the United States because he saw it as a tool of eastern financial elites against the interests of democracy and the common man. The bank renewal was vetoed by Jackson on Nov. 24, 4832 and slowly declined until the expiration of its charter in 1836. He fought a "Bank War" in the media against the head of the 2nd BUS, Nicholas Biddle. After BUS2's demise in 1836, a major financial panic and depression hit in 1837 during President Van Buren's administration in part due to the chaotic nature of the US financial system.

Trail of Tears, 1838

Andrew Jackson favored pushing all Amerindians west of the MS River. The Indian removal Act of 1830 provided for federal enforcement of this policy, Jackson defied the Supreme Court in the case of Worcester v. Georgia in 1832, which would allow Indians to stay. Under his protégé and successor, President Van Buren, the Cherokee Indians for forcible moved west of Mississippi River to Oklahoma, traveled more than 800 miles More than 4,000 Cherokees died during the 116-day journey.

Boston Tea Party, 1773

Angry and frustrated at a new tax on tea, American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty and disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor. Britain responded with "Coercive" or "Intolerable" Acts that harshly punished Massachusetts in an attempt to isolate the rebellious colony. Instead, other colonies stood behind MA, leading ultimately to the Revolution

Secret Ballot

Anonymous voting method that helps to make elections fair and honest

71. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Anti-Federalists wanted states' rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wanted strong central government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

Antiwar Protests

Anti-war activists work through protest and other means to attempt to pressure a government to put an end to a particular war or conflict. Happened with the Vietnam War, and sending more troops there

Neil Armstrong walked on moon, 1969

Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first humans on the Moon, Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, on July 20, 1969. This won the race to the moon against the USSR, who had beaten the US with Sputnik (first artificial satellite) and Yuri Gagarin (first man to orbit earth). Armstrong famously said, "that's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind."

Trans-Appalachian

Area west of the Appalachian mountains

Slavery as a Positive Good

Argument used by John C. Calhoun and many in the South to justify slavery

Bacon's Rebellion, 1676

Armed rebellion in Virginia against Governor William Berkeley, who had the support of the British government. Forces from England came to Virginia to suppress the resistance and reform the colonial government to one that was more directly under royal control.

Thomas Paine

As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, he inspired the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain.[2]

Election of 1968

At the end of a difficult year, the presidential election of 1968 was held. Republican candidate Richard Nixon appealed to a nation tired of violence and unrest as the "law and order" candidate. Nixon vowed he would end the Vietnam War and win "peace with honor." Democratic nominee, Hubert Humphrey, Johnson's vice president, seemed a continuation of the old politics. In the end, Richard Nixon won.

Oklahoma City bombing, 1995

Attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995. It remained the most destructive act of terrorism committed in the United States until 9/11/01. Killed 168 people. Destroyed or damaged 324 buildings($652 million). The official investigation, known as "OKBOMB", was the largest criminal investigation case in American history. As a result of the bombing, the U.S. government passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996.

Navigation Acts

Attempt by England to assert its control over American trade by passing a series of laws that regulated colonial trade to England's benefit.

Palmer Raids, 1920

Attorney General Palmer's campaign to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the US. Occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 as more than 500 foreign citizens were deported, including a number of leftist leaders. U.S. Department of Labor objected the Palmer's methods. The Palmer Raids occurred in the larger context of the First Red Scare that had begun in response to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and was used by US businesses and conservatives as a weapon to attack unions and the left.

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence

New Deal

Drew on ideas from the Progressive Era, sought to address causes of the Depression; faced opposition by the left and right; left a legacy of reforms that are still around today

White-Indian Conflicts after 7 Years' War

Due to encroachment on Native lands; Pontiac's Rebellion led to the Proclamation Line of 1763

Perfectionism

Due to the Second Great Awakening, many Americans believed that perfection was attainable. Included a series of movements such as prison reform, temperance, etc.

Bellicose Rhetoric

Early in his administration, Reagan used aggressive words towards the Soviet Union: "Evil Empire"

Détente

Easing of Cold War tensions between the US and Soviet Union (Examples include: SALT I and Salt II)

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

Mercantilism

Economic policy that focuses on making $ for the mother country. It favors a positive balance of trade for the mother country and the accumulation of gold and silver

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

80. Citizen Genet

Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine

Citizen Genet

Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine

Camp David Accords

Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt

Military-Industrial Complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

Military-Industrial Complex

Eisenhower warned of a drastic military buildup in his farewell address

Reagan Administration

Elected in 1980, focused on denouncing "Big Government", decreasing taxes, increased military spending

Closing of the Frontier

Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis argued the frontier was "closed." Led many Americans to call for overseas expansion

What was the general character of French and Dutch colonization?

French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs and other products for export to Europe.

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)

86. XYZ Affair

French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribe in order to meet with American peace commission, made Adams unpopular among the people

John Calvin

French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

· Worcester v. Georgia

Georgia cannot enforce American laws on Indian tribes

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (WWI)

Free Trade Agreements

Goal is to increase trade among countries by reducing tariffs (NAFTA - no tariffs between US, Canada, and Mexico)

Federal Housing Authority (FHA)

Government agency designed to make buying a home more affordable. Insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying.

Railroad Subsidies

Government grants of land or money to railroad companies to build railroads in the West.

European goods that transformed Native life

Horses - improved hunting and warfare for Natives (especially in the Great Plains and Basin), weapons and alcohol helped increase the destructiveness of warfare

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

World Trade Center

Once an icon for the global economy in New York, became a target for terrorism in 1993 and 2001; Al-Queda was solely responsible for the 9-11 attacks

Saddam Hussein

President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.

John F. Kennedy

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Assimilation of Native Americans

Process of making Natives "America"; Dawes Act - assimilated through cutting hair, changing tribal identities, providing individual land plots

Conservationist Movement

Progressive reform centering around protecting the natural environment.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). Douglas wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois, thus benefitting his state economically. K/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups.

Social Gospel

Protestant Church Movement that sought to improve the conditions of cities

5. Church of England

Protestant church led by the king of England, independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty

Social Security Act, 1935

Provided old-age pension (retirement), and a program of unemployment insurance (temporary aid to help people who lose jobs to find a new job), and federal welfare program (aid for very poor). Most famous and important legacy of New Deal. Has resulted (along with Medicare) with drastic reduction in poverty among elderly in the US

15th Amendment

Provided suffrage for all adult MALES; divided the Women's Rights Movement

· Jonathan Edwards

Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentance

18th Amendment, 1919

The 18th Amendment (proposed by Congress on December 19, 1917) banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States and its possessions. Contrary to common belief, it did not prohibit the purchase or consumption of alcohol. The Amendment was ratified on January 18, 1919, went into effect one year later, and was repealed by the 21st Amendment on December 5, 1933. Small-time operators were faced with competition from the organized crime and criminal gangs that fought each other for market control.

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

The Battle of New Orleans was the last major battle of the War of 1812. American troops were led by General Andrew Jackson to the biggest US victory in the war, making Jackson a national hero and propelling him later to the presidency. The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, had been signed two weeks before the battle but the news had not yet crossed the Atlantic.

Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876

The Battle of the Little Bighorn, also called Custer's Last Stand, was an engagement between the combined forces of the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne tribes against the 7th Cavalry of the United States Army. The most famous of all of the Indian Wars, the remarkable victory for the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne occurred over two days on June 25-26, 1876 near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory. The U.S. cavalry detachment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, lost every soldier in his unit.

Bay of Pigs, 1961

The Bay of Pigs was a failed invasion of Cuba, planned under Eisenhower, implemented under JFK. Cuban exiles living in the US were trained by the CIA and landed in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. They believed it would start an uprising of the Cuban people against Castro. That didn't happen, and the event was a huge embarrassment for the US and pushed Castro to seek more help from the USSR, leading directly to the Cuban Missile Crisis

Berlin Wall torn down, 1989

The Berlin Wall was a barrier constructed by East Germany in 1961 that completely cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and East Berlin. In 1989, after hundreds of thousands of East Germans had fled westward via Hungary and Czechoslovakia, the beleaguered East German regime lifted travel restrictions on Nov. 9, and days later the dismantling of the wall began. It became a powerful metaphor for the crumbling of communism in Eastern Europe.

INF Treaty, 1988

The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) is a 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. The treaty eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges, defined as between 500-5,500 km (300-3,400 miles). The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev on December 8, 1987, it was ratified by the United States Senate on May 27, 1988 and came into force on June 1 of that year.

Jefferson's embargo, 1807

The Embargo Act of 1807 was an attempt by President Thomas Jefferson and the U.S. Congress to punish Britain and France for interfering with American trade while the two major European powers were at war with each other. The law, which was passed after sailors from the USS Chesapeake were impressed by officers from the British ship HMS Leopard, ultimately failed to achieve its objective. By barring American ships from using European ports, it stifled American trade, and wound up doing more damage to American merchants than to European governments.

The Federalist Papers published, 1787-8

The Federalist Papers were 85 newspaper essays by Madison, Hamilton, and John Jay on the importance of having a new Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation. This explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. Considered the definitive statement on the political philosophy behind the American system of government.

French Alliance

The French entered the war in 1778, and assisted in the victory of the Americans seeking independence from Britain

Pearl Harbor, 1941

The Japanese wanted to continue their expansion within Asia in the late 1930s and early 40s but the US had placed an extremely restrictive embargo on Japan in the hopes of curbing Japan's aggression. The Japanese decided to launch a surprise attack against the United States at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 (a "day that will live in infamy" according to the famous words of FDR). The United States abandoned its policy of isolationism and entered WWII by declaring war on Japan the following day.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. Led to massive escalation of Vietnam War.

HUAC

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda

Nixon resigned, 1974

The Watergate scandal led to the discovery of multiple abuses of power by the Nixon administration, articles of impeachment, and the resignation of Republican Richard Nixon, the President of the United States, on August 9, 1974—the only resignation of a U.S. president to date.

What factors led to the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade?

The abundance of land, a shortage of indentured servants, the lack of an effective means to enslave native peoples, and a growing European demand for colonial goods led to the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade.

National Defense Education Act

The act that was passed in response to Sputnik; it provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Glory, God, Gold

Three reasons Europeans justified their exploration and exploitation of the Americas

Destroyers for Bases

To circumvent the provisions of the Neutrality Acts to help Great Britain, the U.S. gave England fifty destroyers in return for the right to build American bases on British territory in the Caribbean

Morrill Land-Grant Act, 1862

Transferred public acreage to the state governments which could sell land and use proceeds for the establishment of agricultural colleges (for example, Texas A&M). Called "Land-Grant" colleges, it help spread public education in America.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Workers led by Eugene Debs rebelled because the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages by 1/3 and the American Federation of Labor refused to support the strikers. Military action was needed in order to keep mail delivery on track.

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3 million. Project cost tax payers $13 million.

26. The Glorious Revolution

William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures

Election of 1912

Woodrow Wilson wins! When Theodore Roosevelt broke from the Republicans to form the Bull Moose (AKA "Progressive") Party, he hoped to win back the presidency. His presence split the Republican vote resulting in a win for the Democrat, Wilson. Wilson led an era of Progressive Reform (creating the Federal Reserve for instance), took the nation into World War I and staunchly fought for the 'League of Nations' - which the US wouldn't join because of Wilson's unwillingness to compromise with the Republicans in the Senate.

Great Depression

Worst financial crisis in US history, led to calls for the creation of a stronger financial regulatory system

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. (1799)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 1798-99

Written by Jefferson and Madison, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, these resolutions gave states the power to decide when the government has abused its powers, and allowed states to declare federal acts unconstitutional. These resolutions would contribute to one of the reasons why the Civil War erupted, since it was the beginning of "nullification".

Common Sense

Written by T-Paine, and Enlightenment thinker. Urged that it was "Common Sense" that colonies should break away from Great Britain

James Fennimore Cooper

Wrote numerous sea-stories as well as the historical romances known as the Leather stocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, which many people consider his masterpiece.