MASTERING #1
Which process is not required for an animal to obtain energy from food?
A. Digestion. B. Excretion. C. Ingestion. D. Secretion. Correct Answer: B. Excretion
Which Structure is not part of the Alimentary Canal (AKA digestive system of GI tract)?
A. Salivary glands. B. Mouth. C. Esophagus. D. Stomach. Correct Answer: A. Salivary Glands. The salivary glands produce enzyme which aid in the process of digestion.
From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. A. right atrium B. left atrium C. aorta D. capillaries of the lungs E. posterior vena cava
Correct Answer: A Right Atrium
Which Statement is True? A. Bile salts from the gall bladder are essential to the digestion of carbohydrates. B. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with salivary amylase. C. Carbohydrates are fully digested after passage through the stomach . D. Carbohydrate absorption occurs primarily in the large intestine.
Correct Answer: C Carbohydrates are fully digested after passage through the stomach .
True or false? The pressure inside the human chest cavity is always positive, so the lungs stay relatively inflated even upon exhalation.
False The pressure inside the chest cavity is always negative which makes the lungs inflated even upon exhalation
True or false? The lungs of humans form from the embryonic foregut.
True Digestive organs such as the stomach and part of the small intestine also develop from the foregut.
The "essential nutrients" for proper human nutrition include ____.
A. active enzymes from plants and/or animals B. cellulose C. calcium, sodium, potassium, and other minerals D. glucose E. all of the amino acids Under no circumstances can the human body make minerals, so they need to be obtained through proper nutrition. Correct Answer: C. calcium, sodium, potassium, and other minerals
Which of the following animals is correctly paired with its feeding mechanism?
A. baleen whale - fluid feeder B. snake - bulk feeder C. aphid - suspension feeder D. clam - substrate feeder Correct Answer: B. A snake is a bulk feeder
The function of mechanical digestion is to break down large chunks of food into smaller pieces. Why is this important? Smaller pieces of food _____.
A. do not taste as good as larger pieces of food B. have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food C. are easier to excrete than are larger pieces of food D. are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces of food Correct Answer: B. have more surface area for chemical digestion then do larger pieces of food
An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system _____.
A. facilitates intracellular digestion B. allows for specialized regions with specialized functions C. allows extensive branching D. excludes the need for extracellular digestion Correct Answer: B. Allows for specialized regions with specialized functions
In a well-fed human eating a Western diet, the richest source of stored chemical energy in the body is _____.
A. fat in adipose tissue B. glycogen in muscle cells C. glucose in the blood D. protein in muscle cells Correct Answer: A. Fat in adipose tissue
To survive, all animals must _____
A. hibernate B. balance consumption of food with use and storage of nutrients C. ingest nutrients from the environment every day of their lives D. have a complete digestive system E. digest plant material Correct Answer: B. balance consumption of food with use and storage of nutrients
Choose the list that presents the four stages of food processing in the order in which they naturally occur.
A. ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination B. digestion → ingestion → absorption → elimination C. ingestion → digestion → elimination → absorption D. ingestion → absorption → elimination → digestion E. absorption → digestion → ingestion → elimination Correct Answer: A. ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination
Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because _____
A. these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients B. the nutrients are necessary coenzymes C. only certain foods contain them D. only those animals use those nutrients Correct Answer: A. These animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients
Which lung structure is a tiny sac that functions as an interface between air and blood? A. Capillary. B. Alveolus. C. Epithelium. D. Diaphragm.
B. Alveolus
Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these muscle cells in arteries has a _____. A. higher PO2 B. lower osmotic pressure C. lower pH D. greater bicarbonate concentration
Correct Answer: A. Higher Po2
How is most carbon dioxide transported from tissues to the lungs? A. As bicarbonate ions (HCO3−). B. As carbonic acid. C. As carbon dioxide gas. D. As protons (H+).
Correct Answer: A As bicarbonate ions HCO3-
Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____. A. a closed circulatory system B. branched tracheae C. an open circulatory system D. a gastrovascular cavity
Correct Answer: A Closed Circulatory System
If you found a vertebrate skull in the woods and the teeth were sharp and scissor-like, what type of food would you expect this animal to eat? A. flesh of another animal B. blood C. grass D. nectar
Correct Answer: A Flesh of another animal
In the digestive system, peristalsis is _____. A. smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus B. the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel C. a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine D. voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation
Correct Answer: A smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals? A. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle pulmonary artery B. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle pulmonary vein C. pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle pulmonary circuit D. left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation
Correct Answer: A vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle pulmonary artery
If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then _____. A. fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues B. the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase C. hemoglobin will not release oxygen D. plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries
Correct Answer: A Fluids will tend to accumulate in the tissues
A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery to the thumb and then back to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through _____. A. two capillary beds B. three capillary beds C. one capillary bed D. four capillary beds
Correct Answer: A Two Capillary Beds
From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the _____. A. right atrium B. left atrium C. aorta D. capillaries of the lungs E. inferior vena cava
Correct Answer: A. Right Atrium
In an open circulatory system, blood is _____. A. not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems B. always inside of vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems C. not always confined to blood vessels and is under higher pressure than in closed circulatory systems D. always inside of vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems
Correct Answer: A. not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems
Among humans, increased interest in food intake normally occurs _____. A. via chemical signals released when the stomach is empty B. only after the production of glucose in the liver can no longer meet metabolic needs C. via chemical signals related to the amount of glucose stored in the liver and muscle cells D. when fewer calories are taken in than are expended, but only after the body depletes its reserves of fat in the liver E. via chemical signals related to the amount of protein stores in the liver
Correct Answer: A. via chemical signals released when the stomach is empty A shrunken, empty stomach releases ghrelin, a protein hormone that sharply increases appetite.
An advantage of gas exchange in fresh water, compared with gas exchange in air, is that _____. A. water usually contains a higher concentration of oxygen than air B. water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized C. ventilation requires less energy in water D. the respiratory surface does not have to be as extensive in water E. water is easier to move over the respiratory surface
Correct Answer: B water loss through evaporation across the respiratory surface can be minimized
From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. A. right atrium B. left atrium C. aorta D. capillaries of the lungs E. posterior vena cava
Correct Answer: B Left Atrium
Consider the interior surface of the human stomach and its secretions, shown in the figure. Why doesn't gastric juice, composed of hydrochloric acid and a protease called pepsin, digest the cells that line the stomach? A. Digestion doesn't begin until the small intestine. B. The stomach lining secretes mucus, a mixture of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water. C. Chief cells release pepsin in an inactive form. HCl in the stomach convert
Correct Answer: B The stomach lining secretes mucus, a mixture of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water.
The amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin _____. A. decreases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen B. increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen C. increases with increasing acidity at the tissue level is called the Bohr shift D. increases as the pH of tissues decreases
Correct Answer: B increases in the presence of high concentrations of oxygen
How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight? A. Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional like in mammals. B. Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation. C. Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung. D. There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use.
Correct Answer: B Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation
From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____. A. right atrium B. left atrium C. aorta D. capillaries of the lungs E. inferior vena cava
Correct Answer: B Left Atrium
The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because _____. A. the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle B. the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system C. the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood D. the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate
Correct Answer: B the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system
An enlarged cecum is typical of _____. A. carnivorous animals B. rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears C. humans and other primates D. tubeworms that digest via symbionts
Correct Answer: B. rabbits, horses, and herbivorous bears
Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic of the _____. A. small intestine B. stomach C. pancreas D. liver
Correct Answer: C Pancreas
Blood returns to the heart via the _____. A. aorta B. pulmonary arteries C. pulmonary veins D. aorta and pulmonary arteries E. aorta and pulmonary veins
Correct Answer: C Pulmonary Veins
Blood returns to the heart via the _____. A. aorta B. pulmonary arteries C. pulmonary veins D. aorta and pulmonary arteries E. aorta and pulmonary veins
Correct Answer: C Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Which of the following statements about the oxygen-hemoglobin interaction is true? A. The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the unloading of the oxygen molecules that are already bound. B. The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is exponential, which means that hemoglobin can respond quickly to small changes in oxygen demand. C. The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules. D. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind one oxygen molecule.
Correct Answer: C The binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulates the binding of other oxygen molecules.
Villi and microvilli in the small intestine _____. A. neutralize stomach acid B. activate trypsinogen C. increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption D. emulsify lipid molecules
Correct Answer: C. increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption
Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol, whereas protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes __________. A. occur inside cells in most animals B. require a low pH resulting from HCl production C. consume ATP D. add a water molecule to break bonds
Correct Answer: D Add a water molecule to break bonds
Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize _____. A. osmosis B. blood pressure C. active transport D diffusion
Correct Answer: D Diffusion
Voice sounds are produced by the _____. A. trachea B. diaphragm C. bronchioles D. larynx E. lungs
Correct Answer: D Larynx
The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air. A. lungs B. trachea C. bronchus D. nasal cavity E. alveoli
Correct Answer: D Nasal Cavity
Which statement is true? A. Protein digestion begins in the small intestine with the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin B. The stomach has a high pH which allows for the activation of digestive enzymes. C. Mechanical digestion of proteins is more important than chemical digestion. D. Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion.
Correct Answer: D Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion.
Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans _____. A. would have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta B. would block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers C. would have a negative effect on peripheral resistance D. would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
Correct Answer: D would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
Which Statement is True? A. Bile salts from the pancreas are essential to the digestion of fats B. Fat digestion begins in the stomach with the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin. C. Fats are fully digested after passage through the mouth and stomach. D. Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestine.
Correct Answer: D Free fatty acid absorption occurs in the small intestines
Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function? A. small intestine - starch digestion B. large intestine - bile production C. pancreas - starch digestion D. stomach - protein digestion
Correct Answer: D. stomach - protein digestion
Arteries carry blood _____. A. away from capillaries B. away from the heart and away from the lungs C. to the heart and away from the lungs D. to the heart only E. away from the heart only
Correct Answer: E Away from the heart only
Which statement about human blood vessels is correct? A. Veins transport blood from the heart to the capillaries. B. Arteries carry blood toward the atria of the heart. C. Arteries carry oxygenated blood; veins carry oxygen-poor blood. D. The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. E. Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
Correct Answer: E Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart.
For ingested foods, the first opportunity for enzymatic digestion occurs in the _____. A. small intestine B. pancreas C. large intestine D. stomach E. mouth
Correct Answer: E The mouth Saliva contains salivary amylase, a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen.
From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. A. right atrium B. left atrium C. aorta D. capillaries of the lungs E. posterior vena cava
Correct Answer: E. Posterior Vena Cava
From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____. A. right atrium B. left atrium C. aorta D. capillaries of the lungs E. inferior vena cava
Correct Answer: E. inferior vena cava
Which barrier(s) must O2 and CO2 cross to pass between air and blood inside lungs? Check all that apply. capillary wall extracellular fluid diaphragm epithelial cells
Extracellular fluid, capillary wall, and epithelial cells
True or false? One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestion of all compounds can take place simultaneously down the tract.
False One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestive processes with different requirements (for example, an acidic or basic environment) can be separated within the tract.
True or False? The liver is a component of the alimentary canal.
False The alimentary canal is the tube through which food passes, beginning at the mouth and ending at the anus. The liver is an accessory organ of digestion and not part of the actual canal through which food passes.
True or false? The driving force for the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin into tissues is the difference in PCO2 levels between the blood and body tissues.
False The PCO2 levels affect the diffusion of carbon dioxide; the driving force for the diffusion of oxygen from hemoglobin into tissues is the difference in PO2 levels between the blood (100 mm Hg when oxygenated) and body tissues (40 mm Hg at rest).