Mastering A&P ch. 18

all of the answers

The hypophyseal portal system a. carries ADH and oxytocin. b. is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. c. carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. d. has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. e. All of the answers are correct.

MSH

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is a. TSH. b. FSH. c. MSH. d. ACTH. e. ADH.

oxytocin

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? a. cortisol b. oxytocin c. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

increases the level of calcium ions

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that a. stimulates the formation of white blood cells. b. increases the level of glucose in the blood. c. increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. d. increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. e. increases the level of sodium ions in the blood

ADH

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is a. STH. b. FSH. c. TSH. d. ADH. e. MSH.

ACTH

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is a. TSH. b. ACTH. c. FSH. d. LH. e. GH.

FSH

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is a. TSH. b. ACTH. c. FSH. d. LH. e. GH.

LH

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is a. TSH. b. ACTH. c. FSH. d. LH. e. GH.

somatotropin

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is a. somatotropin. b. insulin. c. MSH. d. ACTH. e. prolactin.

prolactin

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is a. FSH. b. growth hormone. c. prolactin. d. ACTH. e. TSH.

TSH

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is a. TSH. b. ACTH. c. FSH. d. LH. e. GH.

ADH

The posterior pituitary gland secretes a. MSH. b. ADH. c. TSH. d. ACTH. e. FSH.

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys

The primary function of ADH is to a. decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. b. increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. c. increase digestive absorption. d. delay urination. e. decrease blood pressure.

all

The primary target(s) of insulin is/are a. cardiac muscle cells. b. skeletal muscle fibers. c. adipocytes. d. liver cells. e. All of the answers are correct.

catecholamines

The suprarenal medulla produces a. androgens. b. catecholamines. c. corticosteroids. d. glucocorticoids. e. mineralocorticoids.

glucocorticoids

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces a. glucocorticoids. b. epinephrine. c. mineralocorticoids. d. norepinephrine. e. androgens.

mineralocorticoids

The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces a. androgens. b. norepinephrine. c. epinephrine. d. mineralocorticoids. e. glucocorticoids.

androgens

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces a. norepinephrine. b. epinephrine. c. mineralocorticoids. d. glucocorticoids. e. androgens.

iodine

Thyroid hormone contains the element a. zinc. b. iodine. c. fluorine. d. iron. e. chlorine.

plasma membrane receptors

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________. a. adenylate cyclase b. cytoplasmic receptors c. cAMP d. protein kinases e. plasma membrane receptors

liver cells

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose? a. Muscle cells. b. Cells in the pancreas. c. Intestinal cells. d. Liver cells. e. Liver cells and cells in the pancreas.

ADH (vasopressin)

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

iodine

Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone? a. potassium b. sodium c. iodine d. colloid e. iron

phosphodiesterase

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling? a. protein kinase b. adenylate cyclase c. phosphodiesterase d. G protein

cortisol

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? a. epinephrine b. cortisol c. insulin

cortisol

Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? a. acetylcholine b. insulin c. cortisol d. parathyroid hormone e. growth hormone

epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

insulin and epinephrine

Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors? a. cortisol b. calcitriol c. insulin and epinephrine d. insulin e. epinephrine

growth hormone

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates? a. parathyroid hormone b. growth hormone c. insulin d. epinephrine e. cortisol

epinephrine

Which of the following is considered a first messenger? a. Ca2+ b. cAMP c. ATP d. Epinephrine

all

Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? a. prostate b. mammary glands c. ductus deferens d. uterus e. All of the answers are correct.

all

Which of the following statements is true about paracrine communication? a. Many cells produce paracrine factors. b. It is used for the regulation of cell and organ activities. c. Paracrine factors are rather similar to hormones. d. The cells make local hormones, made by cells that affect surrounding cells. e. All of the answers are correct.

calcitonin

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce a. calcitonin. b. PTH. c. thyroxine. d. triiodothyronine. e. TSH.

homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called a. positive feedback. b. homeostasis. c. diabetes. d. negative feedback. e. None of the above.

hypothalamus

The brain region that exerts the most direct effects on the endocrine system is the __________.

much androgen production

The condition known as hirsutism can result from too a. little glucagon. b. much insulin. c. little TSH. d. much ACTH. e. much androgen production.

increased levels of melatonin

The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by a. increased levels of melanocyte-stimulating hormone. b. increased levels of melatonin. c. decreased levels of testosterone. d. increased levels of gonadotrophins. e. increased levels of melanin.

all

The hormone oxytocin a. is produced in the hypothalamus. b. triggers prostate gland contraction. c. is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. d. promotes uterine contractions. e. All of the answers are correct.

endocrine

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by a. altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. b. gap synaptic junctions. c. indirect osmotic control. d. direct neural stimulation. e. secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.

calmodulin

The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes.

a G protein

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually a. a G protein. b. calcium ion levels. c. adenyl cyclase. d. cGMP. e. cAMP.

cAMP in the cytoplasm

The magnification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______. a. cAMP in the cytoplasm b. adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane c. plasma membrane receptors d. phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm e. water-soluble hormone in the blood

increased water conservation by kidneys

The main action of antidiuretic hormone is a. increased blood pressure by increased Na+ reabsorption. b. to stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin. c. increased water conservation by kidneys. d. increase urine output to remove excess fluid. e. inhibition of aldosterone.

hypothalamus

The most complex endocrine responses involve the

insulin

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

cortisol

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is a. cortisol. b. aldosterone. c. erythropoietin. d. thymosin. e. parathormone.

taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen

A liver cell responds to insulin by a. Releasing insulin. b. Releasing glucagon. c. Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen. d. Taking in glucose and converting it to glucagon. e. Breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose.

gene transcription is initiated

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, a. G proteins are phosphylated. b. protein kinases are activated. c. gene transcription is initiated. d. cyclic nucleotides are formed. e. adenyl cyclase is activated.

liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body

Body cells that respond to insulin include a. Muscle cells only. b. Liver cells only. c. Intestinal cells only. d. Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body. e. Liver cells and muscle cells only

calmodulin

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein a. calcitriol. b. calcitropin. c. calcium-binding globulin. d. calcitonin. e. calmodulin.

target

Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells.

ADH

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of a. LH. b. ACTH. c. ADH. d. oxytocin. e. TSH.

cushing's disease

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." a. Addison's disease b. pheochromocytoma c. Cushing's disease

glucocorticoids

Cushing's disease results from an excess of a. parathyroid hormone. b. epinephrine. c. glucocorticoids. d. growth hormone. e. ADH.

phosphodiesterase

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in a. decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. b. increased water retention. c. the loss of axillary and pubic hair. d. decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose. e. increased volume of urine formation.

loss of ADH secretion

Diabetes insipidus occurs when the _____ lobe of the pituitary gland no longer releases _____. a. anterior, ADH b. posterior, ACTH c. posterior; ADH d. anterior, ACTH

testosterone

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except a. norepinephrine. b. testosterone. c. thyroid hormone. d. melatonin. e. epinephrine.

somatomedins

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called a. somatomedins. b. prostaglandins. c. gonadotrophins. d. hepatic hormones. e. glucocorticoids.

pineal gland

Melatonin is produced by the a. heart. b. thymus. c. skin. d. kidneys. e. pineal gland.

have hormone receptors

All target cells a. secrete hormones. b. have hormone receptors. c. respond to electrical signals. d. produce their own hormones. e. are in the blood.

glucagon; insulin

Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________. a. somatostatin; insulin b. pancreatic polypeptide; insulin c. glucagon; insulin d. insulin; glucagon e. glucagon; somatostatin

all

An activated G protein can trigger a. the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. b. the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. c. the activation of adenyl cyclase. d. a fall in cAMP levels. a. All of the answers are correct.

posterior, ADH

Diabetes insipidus occurs when the _____ lobe of the pituitary gland no longer releases _____. a. anterior, ADH b. posterior, ACTH c. posterior; ADH d. anterior, ACTH

oxytocin

Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis except a. somatotropin. b. TSH. c. corticotropin. d. oxytocin. e. FSH.

tyrosine kinase receptors

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor? a. G proteins b. tyrosine kinase receptors c. intracellular receptors

all

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include a. amino acid derivatives. b. eicosanoids. c. steroids. d. peptides. e. All of the answers are correct.

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are a. derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. b. derivatives of reproductive glands. c. peptides. d. steroids. e. lipids.

hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? a. Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells. b. Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells. c. Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. d. Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells. e. Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells.

glucagon

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting a. thyroid hormone. b. antidiuretic hormone. c. glucagon. d. aldosterone. e. GHIH.

TSH, ACTH, PRL

If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones? a. PRL b. ADH and OXT c. TSH d. TSH, ACTH, PRL e. ACTH

decreased insulin secretion

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? a. decreased sweating b. decreased cardiac output c. decreased insulin secretion d. decreased or difficulty breathing

cAMP

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of

GH (growth hormone)

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? a. GH (growth hormone) b. thyroid hormones c. prolactin (PRL) d. oxytocin

all

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia a. in some disease processes. b. in very young children. c. during pregnancy. d. during fetal development. e. All of the answers are correct.

build up bone

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except a. build up bone. b. inhibit osteoblast activity. c. enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys. d. stimulate osteoclast activity. e. stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? a. control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) b. control secretion of oxytocin c. control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) d. control secretion of thyroid hormones

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? a. activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell b. increasing protein kinases c. phosphorylation of intracellular proteins

negative feedback

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? a. a circadian rhythm of release b. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) c. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) d. negative feedback

phosphorylate proteins

What is the role of activated protein kinases? a. Degrade cAMP to AMP. b. Activate adenylate cyclase. c. Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation. d. Phosphorylate ADP to ATP. e. Phosphorylate proteins.

chaperone proteins

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? a. Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it. b. chaperone proteins (chaperonins) c. transcription factors

ACTH

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? a. growth hormone (GH) b. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) c. luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) d. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed

When adenyl cyclase is activated, a. cAMP is formed. b. cAMP is broken down. c. ATP is consumed. d. ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed. e. ATP is produced.

the pancreas releases insulin

When blood glucose levels are high a. The liver releases insulin. b. The pancreas releases glucose. c. The pancreas releases glucagon. d. The liver releases glucagon. e. The pancreas releases insulin.

the pancreas releases insulin which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase

When blood glucose levels are low a.The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. b. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase. c.. The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease. d.. Liver cells convert more glucose to glycogen. e. The pancreas releases insulin, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to decrease.

hypothalamus

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? a. hypothalamus b. kidney c. posterior pituitary d. anterior pituitary

glucocorticoids

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action? a. thyroglobulins b. antidiuretic hormones c. pancreatic hormones d. glucocorticoids e. mineralocorticoids

thyroid hormone

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? a. cortisol b. thyroid hormone c. insulin

phosphodiesterase

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone? a. protein kinase C b. adenylate cyclase c. phosphodiesterase d. phospholipase C

heart palpitations

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? a. cool, dry skin b. low blood glucose c. heart palpitations d. slow heart rate

osteoblasts

Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration? a. C cells b. All cells in the body, especially cartilage, bone, and muscle cells. c. osteoblasts d. alpha cells e. osteoclasts

the islets contain a variety of different cells producing different hormones

Which of the following statements is true about the pancreas? a. The islets contain a variety of different cells producing different hormones. b. The pituitary gland produces stimulating hormones that control the pancreas. c. The pancreas lies over the top of the stomach. d. The sole function of the pancreas is to produce hormones. e. The pancreas stores glucose, which can be released into the blood.

there are four small glands

Which of the following statements is true regarding the parathyroid glands? a. The parathyroid gland contains the four thyroid glands. b. The gland sits over the heart. c. The two glands straddle the larynx in the neck. d. There are four small glands. e. None of the answers are correct.

cyclic AMP

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger? a. ACTH b. epinephrine c. insulin d. TSH e. cyclic AMP

insulin

Which of these hormones is NOT derived from an amino acid? a. insulin b. epinephrine c. norepinephrine d. thyroid hormone

zona reticularis;

Which of these is mismatched? a. zone reticularis; norepinephrine b. zona fasciculata; cortisol c. adrenal medulla; epinephrine d. zona glomerulosa; aldosterone

ADH

Which of these is released by the neurohypophysis? a. ADH b. ACTH c. FSH d. TSH

all

Which of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release? a. increased loss of bone minerals b. elevated blood calcium c. osteopenia d. All of these might result from excessive parathyroid hormone release.

hormones

________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.