Mastering A&P, Chapter 20, The Lymphatic System and Immunity

the presence of antigens or antigenic fragments on plasma membranes

Antigen presentation is __________. -not required for the activation of specific defenses -only carried out by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) -the presence of antigens or antigenic fragments on plasma membranes -the presence of antigens in body fluids

Innate immunity protects us from disease by using physical barriers such as skin, phagocytes that engulf pathogens, immune surveillance of abnormal cells, interferons to defend from viruses, complement to assist antibodies, inflammation to limit the spread of infection, and fever.

How does innate immunity protect us from disease? (Module 20.8B)

Cytotoxic T cells

Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells? B cells macrophages Cytotoxic T cells

CD8

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)? CD4 CD8

Antigen-presenting cells

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types? antigen-presenting cells all nucleated cells

Peyer's patches

Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine? Peyer's patches appendix tonsils

2, 4, 1, 3

Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity: 1.The Tc recognizes the infected host cell 2.The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell 3.The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis 4.The helper T cell activates the Tc cell 4,2,1,3 1,2,4,3 2,4,1,3 2,1,3,4

anaphylactic shock

An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed hypersensitivity. anaphylactic shock. asthma. allergy. allergic rhinitis.

mast cells release histamine and heparin

An inflammatory response is triggered when blood flow to an area increases. T cells release interferon. neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. red blood cells release pyrogens. mast cells release histamine and heparin.

1. Recognition and adhesion 2. Realignment of Golgi Apparatus 3. Secretion of perforins 4. Lysis of abnormal cell

Identify the correct sequence in the activation of natural killer cells and how they kill their cellular targets.

NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells? -NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells. -NK cells attack transplanted organs. -NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane. -NK cells induce the target cell to undergo "apoptosis" (cell suicide).

Innate external defenses

Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system? innate external defenses adaptive defenses innate internal defenses

B and T cells

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except the skin. inflammation. complement. B and T cells. interferon.

an antibody attached to an antigen

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to the cell wall of bacteria. a cell surface antigen. the plasma membrane of bacteria. a plasma protein. an antibody attached to an antigen.

phagocytes

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the NK cells. plasma cells. phagocytes. T cells. B cells.

opsonization

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called sensitization. agglutination. antigen presentation. neutralization. opsonization.

Memory B cells

The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again? Plasma cells Memory B cells Antibodies that are "left over" from the last infection Dendritic cells

Thymus

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline? lymph nodes spleen thymus

monocytes

Various types of macrophages are derived from neutrophils. basophils. eosinophils. monocytes. lymphocytes.

Plasma B cells

What cells make antibodies? memory T cells plasma B cells memory B cells cytotoxic T cells

An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.

What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell? -An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells. -An activated B cell will engulf and digest anything foreign. -An activated B cell will kill infected host cells. -An activated B cell will immediately begin to produce antibodies.

An antigenic determinant

What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to? antigen an antigenic determinant pathogen antibody

Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.

What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response? -Helper T cells directly kill infected host cells. -Helper T cells phagocytize bacteria and viruses. -Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells. -Helper T cells produce and secrete antibodies.

Humoral immunity

What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient? cell-mediated immunity cellular immunity humoral immunity

Deep in the cortex

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells? germinal centers of the cortex deep in the cortex medullary cords in the medulla lymphoid follicles of the outer cortex

Class II MHC proteins

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens? class II MHC proteins class I MHC proteins

neutrophils

Which leukocytes are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria? free macrophages fixed macrophages eosinophils neutrophils

CD8 cells

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells? CD4 cells CD8 cells CD6 cells

interferons

Which nonspecific defense mechanism increases the resistance of cells to viral infection and slows the spread of disease? immunological surveillance pyrogens complement system interferons

Bone marrow and thymus

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs? lymph nodes and tonsils spleen and thymus appendix and spleen bone marrow and thymus

White pulp of the spleen

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes? Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus germinal centers of the lymph nodes white pulp of the spleen red pulp of the spleen

Antibodies and complement proteins

Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis? antibodies and complement proteins natural killer (NK) cells T cells interferons

Interferons

Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication? interferons complement proteins phagocytes T lymphocytes

Infection of body cells by antigens

Which of the following is NOT a possible result of antigen presentation? destruction of pathogens infection of body cells by antigens T-cell activation antibody production

The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.

How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria? -The phagocytes look for the absence of "self" proteins. -All the foreign cells or bacteria are marked with opsonins that the phagocytes recognize. -Phagocytes recognize a specific antigen on the cell surface. -The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.

Innate immunity

A child falls off her bike and skins her knee. Which form of immunity will be activated immediately? (Module 20.8C) Antibody-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity Innate immunity Adaptive immunity

Clonal selection of B cells

A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count? Clonal selection of B cells Clonal expansion and antibody production Activation of cytotoxic T cells Apoptosis of infected host cells

titer

A test to measure the antibody level of a blood sample is called a(n) secondary response. primary response. titer. major histocompatibility complex. anaphylaxis test.

T and B cells

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of mast cells. NK cells. T and B cells. antigen-antibody complexes. interferons.

1. Body cell becomes infected by a virus or bacterium 2. Abnormal peptides appear in the cytoplasm 3. The endoplasmic reticulum incorporates abnormal peptides as it synthesizes class I MHC 4. The Golgi apparatus packages class I MHC into secretory vesicles 5. Class I MHC displays abnormal peptides on the plasma membrane

Antigen presentation occurs when an antigen-glycoprotein complex capable of activating T cells appears in a plasma membrane. Place the steps in the correct order to outline how most body cells find and present antigens.

Macrophages use Class II MHC to display antigens they have phagocytized.

Antigen-presenting cells are differentiated from other body cells by the presence of Class II MHC proteins in their plasma membranes. Which of the following correctly describes a difference between Class I and Class II MHC? -Cells must be infected by a pathogen before they can display its antigens on Class II MHC. -Macrophages use Class II MHC to display antigens they have phagocytized. -Class I MHC activates more types of lymphocytes than Class II MHC. -Class I MHC is produced in the Golgi apparatus, while Class II MHC is produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

directed against the body's own antigens

Autoantibodies are produced by activated T cells. important in tissue rejection reactions. directed against the body's own antigens. the first step in immunological competence. produced during an allergic reaction.

specific immunity

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by specific immunity. immunological surveillance. skin defenses. nonspecific immunity. fever.

Interferons are small proteins released by virus-infected cells that trigger the production of antiviral proteins.

Define interferons. (Module 20.12A) -Interferons are circulating proteins that assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens. -Interferons are chemicals that induce fever to accelerate tissue metabolism and defenses. -Interferons are circulating proteins that bind specific antigens as part of the adaptive immune response. -Interferons are phagocytic white blood cells that attack virus-infected cells. -Interferons are small proteins released by virus-infected cells that trigger the production of antiviral proteins.

Opsonization is the process by which the coating of pathogens with antibodies and complement proteins makes the pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis.

Define opsonization. (Module 20.19B) -Opsonization is the formation of insoluble immune complexes. -Opsonization is the process by which antibodies binding superficial sites on the bacteria or toxins make the virus or toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. -Opsonization is the process by which the coating of pathogens with antibodies and complement proteins makes the pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis. -Opsonization is the binding of antibodies to the surface of the bacteria or virus causing inflammatory reactions. -Opsonization is the release of chemicals from basophils and mast cells.

Immunodeficiency diseases are an inadequate immune responses due to problems with embryonic development of lymphoid organs and tissues, a viral infection, or treatment with or exposure to immunosuppressive agents.

Describe immunodeficiency diseases. (Module 20.22B) -Immunodeficiency diseases are an inadequate immune responses due to problems with embryonic development of lymphoid organs and tissues, a viral infection, or treatment with or exposure to immunosuppressive agents. -Immunodeficiency diseases are conditions that result from the production of antibodies directed against normal antigens in the body. -Immunodeficiency diseases are excessive immune responses to an allergen, which is an antigen that triggers an allergic reaction. -Immunodeficiency diseases are an immune response to a circulating antigen that stimulates mast cells throughout the body to release chemicals that prompt the inflammatory response. -Immunodeficiency diseases are excessive immune reactions of antibodies to a virus-infected cell.

Inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Describe inflammation. (Module 20.13A) -Inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. -Inflammation is an increase in body temperature. -Inflammation is a vascular response to injury to cause vasoconstriction and reduce blood loss. -Inflammation is the mechanism by which NK cells destroy abnormal cells in peripheral tissues. -Inflammation is the response of chemical messengers that coordinate defense against viral infections.

Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats.

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A) -Innate immunity primarily uses T cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily uses B cells to neutralize the threat. -Innate immunity primarily uses B cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily uses T cells to neutralize the threat. -Innate immunity is specific and protects against particular threats. Adaptive immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. -Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats. -Innate immunity relies on the activity of cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily relies on the activity of specific proteins, such as antibodies to neutralize the threat.

The body's phagocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. Fixed macrophages are scattered among connective tissues and do not move; free macrophages are mobile and can travel to the site of injury.

Identify the types of phagocytes in the body, and differentiate between fixed macrophages and free macrophages. (Module 20.10A) -The body's phagocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. Fixed macrophages can only respond to one type of pathogen; free macrophages are free to respond to any pathogen. -The body's phagocytes are B cells, T cells, and macrophages. Fixed macrophages can only respond to one type of pathogen; free macrophages are free to respond to any pathogen. -The body's phagocytes are B cells, T cells, and macrophages. Fixed macrophages are scattered among connective tissues and do not move; free macrophages are mobile and can travel to the site of injury. -The body's phagocytes are macrophages. Fixed macrophages are scattered among connective tissues and do not move; free macrophages are mobile and can travel to the site of injury. -The body's phagocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. Fixed macrophages are scattered among connective tissues and do not move; free macrophages are mobile and can travel to the site of injury.

Cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated? cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity) antibody-mediated immunity humoral immunity

innate

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. maternal passive innate auto active

naturally acquired passive

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. naturally acquired active naturally acquired passive innate passive auto

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. innate auto naturally acquired passive passive naturally acquired active

IgD

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgG

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgA

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgE

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal.

In passive immunity, the -body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. -body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal. -body receives antibodies produced by an animal. -immune system attacks normal body cells. -body receives antibodies produced by other humans.

produce a fever

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens produce a fever. activate antibodies. cause inflammation. opsonize pathogens. activate complement.

allergies

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are the result of stress. autoimmune diseases. immunodeficiency diseases. signs of a weak system. allergies.

Innate internal defenses

Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system? innate internal defenses innate external defenses adaptive defenses

2, 1, 4, 3, 5

Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur: 1.Endosome fuses with lysozome 2.Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus 3.Epitopes are attached to MHC-II 4.Digestion of the Rhinovirus 5.MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell 2,1,4,3,5 1,2,4,3,5 2,1,3,4,5 2,4,1,3,5

is an autoimmune disorder.

Rheumatoid arthritis: -occurs when a virus binds to CD4 proteins and infects helper T cells. -is an autoimmune disorder. -is an immunodeficiency disease. -occurs when T cells are activated by contact with MHC proteins on plasma membranes.

Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells

Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production? -Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells -Activation of helper T cells by dendritic cells -Differentiation of plasma cells -Naive B cells conducting surveillance for foreign epitopes

Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein

Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells? -Secretion of granzyme -Secretion of perforin -Recognition of infected host cell using its TCR -Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein

Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.

Which of the following statements is true? -Innate defenses are enough to keep a person healthy. -Memory B cells are typically established when the B cell binds to an antigen. -Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity. -Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only.

All nucleated cells

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them? all nucleated cells macrophages dendritic cells B cells

Complement proteins

Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis? natural killer (NK) cells complement proteins interferons cytokines

BCR and TCR

Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another? BCR and epitope CD8 and MHC-I CD4 and MHC-II BCR and TCR

Cancer cells often mutate and can sometimes avoid detection by NK cells.

Which statement is most accurate regarding immunological escape? -Once immunological escape has occurred, cancer cells remain stationary. -Daughter cells that display tumor-specific antigens will not be attacked by NK cells. -Cancer cells often mutate and can sometimes avoid detection by NK cells. -If a primary tumor has a surrounding capsule, the cells within absolutely cannot provoke a massive response by NK cells.

Memory

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. Plasma Memory Suppressor Dendritic IgM

CD8 T

________ cells provide cell-mediated immunity. Helper T Suppressor T CD8 T Cytotoxic T Memory B

Fever

________ is an elevation of body temperature that accelerates tissue metabolism and defenses.

Physical barriers

________ such as skin and mucous membranes keep hazardous organisms and materials outside the body. Such are often the first line of the body's defenses.

Autoimmune disorders

________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues. Anaphylaxis Immunosuppression Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Allergies Autoimmune disorders

Phagocytes

__________ are cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris. Examples are the macrophages of peripheral tissues and the eosinophils and neutrophils of blood.

Complement

__________ is a system of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in the destruction of pathogens.

Interferons

___________ are chemicals that coordinate the defenses against viral infections.

Inflammation

____________ is a localized, tissue-level response that tends to limit the spread of an injury or infection.

Immune surveillance

___________________ is the destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues.