Mastering Bio Ch 31 (Fungi) Dynamic Study Module

*Haustoria _________.* A. Are specialized hyphae of both mutualistic and parasitic fungi B. Are specialized hyphae of parasitic fungi C. Are the fruiting bodies of asexual fungi D. Are specialized hyphae of mutualistic fungi E. Form symbiotic relationships with lichens

A. Are specialized hyphae of both mutualistic and parasitic fungi

*The asexual spores produced by members of the phylum Ascomycota are called __________.* A. Conidia B. Mycorrhizae C. Lichens D. Mushrooms E. Asci

A. Conidia

*Multicellular fungal bodies are composed of ___________.* A. Filaments called hyphae B. Haustoria C. Vascular bundles called the stele D. Filaments called mycelia E. Cells called yeasts

A. Filaments called hyphae

*What role do pheromones play in fungal sexual reproduction?* A. Fungi use these chemicals to determine whether a potential sexual partner is of a suitable mating type B. Pheromones initiate the production of spores in molds C. Pheromones initiate zygotes to form during karyogamy D. After plasmogamy, pheromones cause the haploid nuclei from each parent to exchange genes E. Pheromones allow the hyphae of two distinct mycelia to follow each other as they grow

A. Fungi use these chemicals to determine whether a potential sexual partner is of a suitable mating type

*During what stage of fungal reproduction are diploid cells produced?* A. Karyogamy B. Meiosis C. Binary fission D. Plasmogamy E. Dikaryotic stage

A. Karyogamy

*____________ shows that the ancestors of animals and fungi diverged into separate lineages 1-1.5 billion years ago.* A. Molecular clock analysis B. Whole genome sequencing C. Comparative gene expression D. Microarray analysis E. Proteomics

A. Molecular clock analysis

*In coenocytic hyphae, __________.* A. Nuclei undergo mitosis without cytokinesis B. Nuclei undergo mitosis with cytokinesis C. Nuclei undergo meiosis with cytokinesis D. Nuclei undergo meiosis without cytokinesis E. A megakaryon forms

A. Nuclei undergo mitosis without cytokinesis

*Which choice below generally represents the correct order of events in fungal sexual reproduction?* A. Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, germination B. Plasmogamy, meiosis, germination, karyogamy C. Karyogamy, meiosis, plasmogamy, germination D. Meiosis, plasmogamy, karyogomy, germination E. Germination, meiosis, karyogamy, plasmogomy

A. Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, germination

*Fungal species are classified in a particular phylum based on __________.* A. The type of sexual structure they form B. Their mode of nutrition C. Their type of motility D. Whether they produce sexually or asexually E. Whether they are mutualistic of parasitic

A. The type of sexual structure they form

*During sexual reproduction of Neurospora, you observe asci that contain _________ ascospores that resulted from _________.* A. eight; meiosis followed by mitosis B. eight; two consecutive rounds of mitosis C. four; meiosis D. eight; mitosis followed by meiosis E. four; mitosis

A. eight; meiosis followed by mitosis

*Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ___________.* A. Form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and extracellular spaces of the root cortex B. Form branching hyphae by invaginating through the cell wall of the shoots C. Form branching hyphae by invaginating through the cell wall of the roots D. Form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant shoots and extracellular spaces of the shoot cortex E. Are parasitic fungi

C. Form branching hyphae by invaginating through the cell wall of the roots

*It has been suggested that the fungal ancestor was a ___________.* A. Opisthokont B. Deuteromycete C. Nucleariid D. Glomeromycete E. Chytrid

C. Nucleariid

*Based on a genomic analysis of a mycorrhizal fungus and four nonmycorrhizal fungi, researchers were able to identify ___________.* A. How researches inoculate pine seedlings with mycorrhizal fungi B. How the mycorrhizal fungus and the nonmycorrhizal fungi are grown in a laboratory C. Protein-coding genes, genes for membrane transporters, and genes for small secreted proteins D. How the mycorrhizal fungus and the nonmycorrhizal fungi compete for tree roots E. Trees that need mycorrhizal fungi

C. Protein-coding genes, genes for membrane transporters, and genes for small secreted proteins

*Fungi "eat" their food by ___________.* A. Ingesting large molecules from the environment and digesting the material within their bodies B. Absorbing large molecules from the environment and digesting the material within their bodies C. Secreting digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorbing the smaller compounds into their bodies D. Through phagocytosis

C. Secreting digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorbing the smaller compounds into their bodies

*_________ fungi absorb nutrients from living organisms.* A. Decomposer B. Both parasitic and mutualistic C. Mutualistic D. All of the above responses are correct E. Parasitic

B. Both parasitic and mutualistic

*The fungal groups that are paraphyletic—that is, a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants—are the __________.* A. Zygomycetes and the glomeromycetes B. Chytrids and the zygomycetes C. Ascomycetes and the basidiomycetes D. Glomeromycetes and the ascomycetes E. Chytrids and the glomeromycetes

B. Chytrids and the zygomycetes

*Fungi that consist of a continuous mass containing hundreds or thousands of nuclei are known as __________.* A. Imperfect fungi B. Coenocytic C. Septic D. Chytrids E. Dikaryotic

B. Coenocytic

*The zygosporangium _________.* A. Is the asexual fruiting body of bread mold B. Develops a rough, thick-walled coating that can resist harsh conditions for months C. Is always a diploid structure D. Always contains monokaryotic nuclei E. Produces spores by mitosis

B. Develops a rough, thick-walled coating that can resist harsh conditions for months

*The __________ clade includes 160 species, with most producing arbuscular mycorrhizae.* A. Basidiomycete B. Glomeromycete C. Chytrid D. Ascomycete E. Zygomycete

B. Glomeromycete

*Molecular evidence suggests that fungi __________.* A. Were once photosynthetic B. Are a polyphyletic group C. Evolved from a multicellular protist D. And animals have a common ancestor E. Evolved from plants

D. And animals have a common ancestor

*A parasitic fungus that attacks rye plants produces a structure called a(n) ________.* A. Mycosis B. Smut C. Lichen D. Ergot E. Canker

D. Ergot

*Ectomycorrhizal fungi __________.* A. Are parasitic fungi B. Form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant shoots and extracellular spaces of the shoot cortex C. Form branching hyphae by invaginating through the cell wall of the shoots D. Form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and extracellular spaces of the root cortex E. Form branching hyphae by invaginating through the cell wall of the roots

D. Form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and extracellular spaces of the root cortex

*Fungi belong to the clade ___________.* A. Chytrids B. Deuteromycetes C. Nucleariids D. Opisthokonts E. Glomeromycetes

D. Opisthokonts

*What is the major feature of glomeromycetes?* A. Ascocarps B. Soredia C. Mycorrhizae D. The containment of millions of photosynthetic microorganisms in their hyphae E. Arbuscules

E. Arbuscules

*Two of the most common mycoses (fungal infections) in humans are __________.* A. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Penicillium B. Ergots and rusts C. Indoor molds and Aspergillus D. Rusts and white rot fungi E. Athlete's foot and yeast infections

E. Athlete's foot and yeast infections

*The decline of amphibian populations is most probably due to a(n) ________ parasite.* A. Glomeromycete B. Zygomycete C. Ascomycete D. Basidiomycete E. Chytrid

E. Chytrid

*Hyphae with two nuclei per cell are called __________.* A. Prokaryotic B. Multicellular C. Diploid D. Heterozygotic E. Dikaryotic

E. Dikaryotic

*While hiking through a forest, you discover a fungus growing on the remains of a decaying tree trunk. You hypothesize that it is a basidiomycete fungus because it resembles a mushroom in shape and size. If your logic is correct, microscopic analysis of the tissue found in the stalk of this fungus will reveal the presence of __________.* A. More than one of the cell types listed is correct B. Monokaryotic cells with diploid nuclei C. Monokaryotic cells with a haploid nucleus D. Dikaryotic cells with a diploid nuclei E. Dikaryotic cells with haploid nuclei

E. Dikaryotic cells with haploid nuclei

*Fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota are the most important decomposers of wood because of their ability to break down __________.* A. Mycorrhizae B. Cellulose C. Opisthokonts D. Jet fuel E. Lignin

E. Lignin

*Lichens are important pioneers in areas that have been burned by fires or destroyed by lava flows because __________.* A. They thrive on acid rain B. All of the listed responses are correct C. They release chemicals that maintain the surfaces of the underlying substratum D. They take up excess nitrogen E. They are important in the initial stages of soil formation

E. They are important in the initial stages of soil formation