MAT terms/ synonyms/ definition
epi, ep, eph
upon, among; epidemic- happening among many people
Roman
used in Romantic languages and English
tracheophyta
vascular plants. They have water carrying stems that allow them to live on land solo, unlike mosses.
multitude
a great number
oracular
clairvoyant
limpid
clear, transparent
worms
clew
propinquity
closeness; proximity
maladroit
clumsy, tactless
cosset
coddle
croupier
collector and placer of bets at a casino
opera buffa
comic opera
doggerel
comic, loose verse
telepathy
communication between mind of and mind asa distance
inveterate
confirmed, long-standing, deeply rooted
connubial
conjugal
consonant (adj.)
consistent with, in agreement with
minimal art
contemporary art movement that rejects emotional expression and stresses restraint, understatement, and precision.
deconstructionism
contemporary literary criticism
deus ex machina
contrived device to resolve a situation; "god from a machine"
polemic
controversy, argument; verbal attack
corpus
corpora
somatic
corporeal.
profligate
corrupt, degenerate
witches
coven
quails
covey
criterion
criteria
captious
critical; fault finding
plebeian
crude, vulgar, low-class
truculent
cruel; brutal; belligerent
recondite
cryptic, esoteric
shillelagh
cudgel of oak
catholicon
cure-all, panacea
curriculum
curricula
imprecation
curse
malediction
curse
mores
customs or manners
diaeresis
cöoperation. Two dots placed side by side over a vowel indicating that the vowel is considered a separate vowel, even though it would normally be considered part of a dipthong.
Hudson, Henry
d. 1611. British Explorer. Hudson River, Hudson Bay area.
dies irae
day of wrath; Judgment Day
cul de sac
dead end
paucity
dearth
magenta
deep purplish red
self
denying; living without luxuries or pleasures
catalogue
descriptive list
desideratum
desiderata
diagnosis
diagnoses
caliber / gauge
diameter of the bore of a gun / the size of a shotgun
fulmination
diatribe
jeremiad
diatribe
de jure
by right; technically true
ipso facto
by the fact itself; as an inevitable result
ex cathedra
by virtue of one's office
Sappho
c. 620 B.C. GREEK female poet whose work does not remain to day except fragments of love poems.
jewels
cache
blandish
cajole
phlegmatic
calm in temperament, sluggish.
percipient
canny
lambaste
castigate
purgation
catharsis
bowdlerize
censor. expurgate.
cynosure
center of interest
alacrity
cheerful readiness, promptness in response.
chef d'oeuvre
chief work; masterpiece
puerile
childish, immature, silly.
arpeggio
chord performed spread out
epicycle
circle whose center moves on the circumference of a greater circle
pertinacious
dogged; holding firmly, even stubbornly, to a belief
doctrinaire
dogmatic; rigidly devoted to theories without regard for practicality; dogmatic
pro forma
done as a matter of form; perfunctory
perfunctory
done in a routine way, indifferent
de
down, from; decline-to slope downward
cata, cat, cath
down;catacombs- underground passageways
swans
drift
risible
droll; hilarious, provoking laughter
cozen
dupe
gull
dupe
ashcan school
early 20th century school of American realist painters who abandoned idealized subjects for more sordid aspects of urban life.
volt
electrical output
ohm
electrical resistance
vis a vis
face to face with; in relation to; as compared with
manumit
emancipate
Laissez
faire Capitalism - Economic system; no governmental regulation of the market is advocated
laissez
faire capitalism - No government regulation of the market is advocated.
perfidious
faithless, disloyal, untrustworthy
rhapsody
emotional literary or musical work
deciduous
falling off or shedding at a certain season; ephemeral, not permenant
calumny
false and malicious accusation, misrepresentation, slander
chimerical
fanciful, imaginary, visionary, impossible
apogee
farthest point from the earth in the orbit of a heavenly body
allegro
fast tempo. not as fast as presto
fauna
faunae
propitious
favorable, advantageous.
truckle
fawn
discomfit
faze. abash.
ornithophobia
fear of birds
ochlophobia
fear of crowds
nyctophobia
fear of darkness
cynophobia
fear of dogs
acrophobia
fear of heights
astraphobia
fear of lightening
androphobia
fear of men
agoraphobia
fear of open spaces
herpetophobia
fear of snakes
ophidophobia
fear of snakes
trikaidekaphobia
fear of the number 13
xenophobia
fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers
timorous
fearful; timid
vim
energy, enthusiasm
intaglio
engraving on stone to achieve a concave effect; opposite of cameo
schadenfreude
enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others; "harm joy"
encomium
enthusiastic praise
mendacious
dishonest lying, untruthful
antipathy
dislike, hostility, extreme opposition or aversion
derogate
disparage; to belittle
ignominy
disrepute; deep disgrace
expostulate
dissent. demur.
remonstrate
dissent. demur.
donnybrook
fracas
amicus curiae
friend of the court
saturnine
gloomy; sullen; morose
fustian
grandiloquence
unctuous
greasy, oily; smug and falsely earnest.
cupidity
greed. avarice.
verdant
green with vegitation; inexperienced
kowtow
grovel
indolent
habitually lazy, idle
banal
hackneyed
hirsute
hairy (antonym glabrous)
semiannual
half-yearly
biennial
happening every two years
hale
hardy
nocent
harmful, deleterious
nocuous
harmful, deleterious
pernicious
harmful, deleterious
deleterious
harmful, often in a subtle or unexpected way.
baleful
harmful, with evil intensions
asperity
harshness of tone or manner. acrimony.
vainglorious
haughtly
pejorative
having bad connotations, disparaging
auspicious
having favorable prospects, promising
tortuous
having many twists and turns; highly complex
stolid
having or showing little emotion. impassive.
salubrious
healthful
voluptuary
hedonist
inimical
hostile, unfriendly
enmity
hostility, antagonism, ill will. antipathy.
splenetic
hot tempered; easily angered
menage
household
ribald
humorous in a vulgar way
jocose
humorous; witty
spleen
ill temper. acrimony.
holograph
image in three dimensions created by a laser passing through a photographic film or plate without a camera
restive
impatient, uneasy, restless
inchoate
imperfectly formed or formulated
supplicate
importune
effrontery
impudent boldness, audacity
gainsay
impugn
capricious
impulsive, whimsical, without much thought
gargoyle
in Gothic architecture, a bizarre creature whose open mouth was used as a gutter to carry water away from the walls.
in vacuo
in a vacuum
diurnal
daily
philippic
diatribe
langourous
lackadasical
otology
The study of the ears
eschatology
The study of the end of the world
horology
The study of the measurement of time
spurious
lacking authenticity, counterfeit, false
languid
lacking energy, indifferent, slow
desultory
lacking plan, regularity, or purpose; random
insensate
lacking sensation, unconscious
parrallel
lines of latitude
meridan
lines of longitude (east west)
bildungsroman
personal development novel
palter
pervaricate
procacious
petulant, forward, saucy. contumelious.
re- back, against
reimburse - payback
sidereal
related to the stars; astral
seminal
relating to the beginning or seeds of something
denigrate
to slur or blacken someone's reputation
diminuendo (also decrescendo)
Gradually becoming softer
withdraw
to take away
excoriate
to wear off the skin
ad
to, towards adjacent - next to
persona non grata
unwelcome person
vapid
Lacking vitality; flat; uninteresting. Not challenging. Insipid, spiritless.
Smith, Adam
1723-1790. English; one of the founders of modern economics, author of *The Wealth of Nations*
Reynolds, Sir Joshua
1723-1792. 18th century British portrait painter
Marx, Karl
1818-1883. German economist; founder of communism.
Blitzkrieg
"Lightening War" 1939 Hitler- aircraft attacks immediately followed by ground attack during Poland invasion
flag / flam
*to burn.* conflagration (large, destructive fire), flagrant, flambeau (a lighted torch), flammable
pallid
(adj.) pale, lacking color; weak and lifeless
polyphony
(ic) - With two or more lines of melody
Russian Civil War
*Conflicting sides* - Bolsheviks (majority) vs. Mensheviks (minority). *Leaders of opposing sides* - Lenin and Trotsky (Reds) vs. Kerensky and Plekanov (Whites)
post
*after.* post facto (after the fact), posterior, posterity (succeeding in future generations collectively), posthumous
ob / oc / of / op
*toward, to, against, over.* obese, obfuscate (to render indistinct or dim, darken), oblique (having a slanting or sloping direction), obsequious (overly submissive) obstinate, obstreperous (nosily defiant, unruly), obstruct, obtuse (not sharp, pointed, or acute in any form).
bi
*twice, double.* biennial (every two years), bilateral, bilingual, bipartisan (representing two parties)
hypo
*under, beneath, less than.* hypochondriac (one affected by extreme depression of mind or spirits often centered on imaginary physical ailments), hypocritical (affecting virtues or qualities one doesn't have), hypodermic (beneath the skin), hypothesis (assumption subject to proof).
Caste
1 of 4 hereditary classes of society in Hinduism
dram
1/16 of an ounce
grain
1/7000 of a pound
bit
1/8 of a byte - 8 bits in a byte
furlong
1/8 of a mile, 220 yards
quintal
100 kg
Magna Carta
1215, document that specifies English political and civil liberties; formed basis of English common law
Polo, Marco
1254-1324. Italian Explorer. Explored China and Asia.
butt
126 gallons - four barrels or two hogsheads
Dante
1265-1321. 13th-early 14th century poet considered the greatest Italian poet. *The Divine Comedy*, an allegory in verse consisting of 100 cantos.
Gothic
12th to 16th century style of architecture typical of Northern Europe cathedrals with elaborate architecture and stained glass panels.
Petrarch
1304-1374. 14th century Italian poet and scholar, known for his love poems and his discovery of classical authors. *Canzoniere [Book of Songs]*, a collection of 400 of his poems, most of them about a woman named Laura.
Chaucer, Geoffrey
1343-1400. 14th century English author, often called the father of English Poetry. *The Canterbury Tales*.
Donatello
1386-1466. 15th century FLOR sculptor; one of the founders of Italian Renaissance sculpture. *David, St. George Slaying the Dragon*.
Aquinas, St. Thomas
13th century Christian philosopher. Wrote "The Five Ways", which outlined five proofs for the existence of God.
Raphael
1483-1520. Early 16th century Italian painter who, along with Leonardo and Michelangelo, is considered the creator of the Renaissance. *Transfiguration, St. Michael, Saint George and the Dragon*.
Cortes, Hernando
1485-1547. Spanish Explorer. Mexico, Aztec nation.
Titian
1488-1576. 16th century Italian artist, one of the greatest masters of the Renaissance. *Assumption, Venus of Urbino, Venus and Adonis*.
Henry VIII
1491-1547. Began Church of England in the 16th century.
Cartier, Jacques
1491-1557. French Explorer. St. Lawrence river region.
Holbein, Hans (the Younger)
1497-1543. 16th century GER Renaissance painter. *Dance of Death, Dead Christ*.
rod
16.5 feet or 5.5 yards
Rembrandt, Harmenszoon
1606-1669. 17th century Dutch painter who is best known for his portraits but who also did landscapes, Biblical subjects, and etchings. *Self Portrait with Sprouting Beard, Night Watch, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, The Shooting Company of Capt. Frans Banning Cocq.*.
van Eyck, Jan
1632-1675. 15th century Flemish painter known for his perfection of the oil medium.
Gainsborough, Thomas
1727-1788. 18th century ENG painter of landscapes and portraits. *Blue Boy*.
Balzac, Honore de
1799-1850. French novelist. *The Human Comedy, Cousin Bette, Pere Goriot*
Anthony, Susan
1820-1906. US leader of the suffrage movement to grant women the right to vote.
Binet, Alfred & Simon, Theodore
1851-1942 & 1873-1961. French psychologists; development of IQ tests.
Wolfe, Thomas
1900-1938. American author, known for his autobiographical novels. *Look Homeward, Angel; You Can't Go Home Again*.
Parker, Charlie
1920-1955. American saxophonist nicknamed "Bird". True jazz innovator.
19th Amendment (XIX)
1920. Granted women the right to vote.
bushel
2 buckets or 4 pecks (dry)
bucket
2 pecks or 16 quarts (dry)
prime number
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 17, 23, 29, 31
hectare
2.47 acres
Schoenberg, Arnold
20th century AUST-American composer *Ode to Napoleon*, opera *Moses and Aaron*
Mihaud, Darius
20th century FR composer. Operas *David* and *Christopher Columbus*, ballets **Jeux de printemps* and *Creation of the World*.
Orff, Carl
20th century GER composer and conductor. Operas *Oedipus the Tyrant*, incendal music and choral works, *Songs of Catullus, Carmina Burana*.
Ovid
43 BC - 17 AD. Roman poet who was a major inspiration to Renaissance and Baroque writers. *Metamorphoses, The Art of Love*
Aristophanes
445-380 BC. Greek playwright, master of Old Comedy. *Lysistrata, The Frogs*.
Euripides
480-406 B.C. GREEK tragic dramatist. *Medea*
Sophocles
496-406 BC. Greek dramatist. *Oedipus the King, Antigone*.
Vergil (Virgil)
70-19 BC. Greatest Roman poet; wrote the *Aeneid*, the epic that tells of the founding of Rome and describes the adventures of Aeneas, the legendary Trojan hero who founded the city.
peck
8 quarts or 1/4 of a bushel (dry)
Homer
9th-8th century B.C. Earliest greek author whose works have survived. *The Illiad* and *The Odyssey* are both about the Trojan War.
preposition
A (usually small) word that combines with a noun, pronoun, or noun equivalent to form a prepositional phrase that modifies part of the sentence. After, at, before, by, for, with.
kitch
A German word that means "trash" and is frequently applied to a work of poor quality taht appeals to low-brow tastes
transitive verb
A verb that can act upon an object. One might say that a transitive verb is object oriented. Examples - see, buy (I say my friend when I bought a bagel).
intransitive verb
A verb that doesn't act on an object. You sleep, you don't "sleep it".
concerto
A classical piece written for an orchestra and one or more soloists, most often in three movements (Beethoven, Mozart)
genus
A classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species. Humans are in the genus Homo.
Talmud
A collection of authoritative Jewish writings that comment and interpret biblical laws.
buffo
A comic opratic bass vocalist
isthmus
A comparably narrow link between larger bodies of land.
angle
A figure created by two distinct rays (line segments) that share a common endpoint (also known as a vertex).
quadrilateral
A four sided polygon. Squares, rectangles, parallelograms, and trapezoids.
Beat movement
A group of American poets and artist whose expressions of alienation in the 1950's became a calling card of the underground
Lost generation
A group of expatriate writers and artists in Paris in the 1920's centered around Gertrude Stein
arthropod
A huge animal phylum that includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans.
Stream of consciousness
A literary device in which a character's thoughts emerge on the page as they occur
irony
A literary device in which the meaning stated is contrary to the one intended.
burlesque
A ludicrous or mocking imitation; a travesty; a literary or dramatic work that makes fun of something, often by means of outlandish exaggeration; a variety show.
Ode
A lyric poem of rigidly structured stanzas
canto
A major division of a long poem.
phenomenology
A method of inquiry based on inspection of one's own conscious thought
symphony
A musical composition for full symphony orchestra; an orchestra with full wind and brass accompaniment
rondo
A musical piece of alternating and contrasting themes - one section recurs intermittently
étude
A musical piece written to display a specific talent or technique
allegory
A narrative poem or prose work in which persons, events, and objects represent or stand for something else, frequently abstract ideas.
roman a clef
A novel based on real persons and events.
epistolary novel
A novel in which the story is carried forward entirely through letters from one or more persons (Richardson's *Pamela*).
prepositional phrase
A phrase that starts with a preposition.
sonata
A piece written for more than one soloist and usually consisting of three or more movements
sonnet
A poem of 14 iambic pentameter lines and a rigidly prescribed rhyme scheme; two type- Italian or Petrarchan, and English or Shakespearean.
Elegy
A poem of remembrance
elegy
A poem of remembrance.
operant conditioning
A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
satire
A type of literary work that uses sarcasm, wit, and irony to ridicule and expose the follies of mankind. *The Rape of the Lock, Gulliver's Travels*.
octave
A poetic stanza with eight lines.
sestet
A poetic stanza with six lines.
pyramid
A polyhedron whose base is a polygon and whose faces are triangles that have a common vertex. That common vertex is called the apex of the pyramid.
glazing
A process of applying a transparent layer of oil paint over a solid one so that the color of the first layer is greatly modified.
epithalamion or epithalamium
A song or poem written to celebrate marriage
igneous
A type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface. Includes basalt and granite.
serigraphy
A type of silk screen painting.
Parable
A story depicting a message of a moral or religious nature
Ballad
A story-poem
Canto
A subdivision of an epic poem
family
A subdivision of an order in the classification of living organisms. Under the order primate, humans are classified into the family hominidae, which also includes the great apes.
ode
A sustained lyric poem with a noble theme and intellectual tone. Rigidly structured stanzas.
equilateral triangle
A triangle that has all three sides the same length and all angles 60 degrees
acute triangle
A triangle with 3 acute angles
scalene triangle
A triangle with sides of different lengths
composite number
A whole number greater than 1 that has more than 2 factors. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18
caduceus
A winged staff with two serpents coiled around it; emblem of the medical profession
pronoun
A word that is used as a substitute for a noun or noun equivilent, takes noun counstructions, and refers to persons or things named or understood in the context. I, you, he, she it, we, they , me, him, her, us, then.
conjunction
A word that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words. There are two kinds of conjunctions-coordinating conjunctions (and, or) and subordinating conjunctions (although, because).
onomatopoeia
A word whose sound is descriptive of its sense of meaning.
cosmology
The study of the nature and origin of the universe.
von Karajan, Herert
AUS-born GER conductor
Wittgenstein, Ludwig
AUST philosopher who began as a logical positivist and later developed important ideas in the philosophy of language.
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery 1865
Bourgeoisie
According to Marx and Engels, middle class in France.
epistemology
The study of the nature, grounds, and limits of knowledge
etymology
The study of the origin of words
Cyrillic Alphabet
Alphabet of Russian and Slavic language
Other metals
Aluminum, gallium, indium, tin, thallium, lead, bismuth. Ductile and malleable like transition metals, but don't have variable oxidation states and their valence electrons are only present in their outer shell.
luminism
American art movement associated with impressionism, concerned with the effect of light.
Transcendentalism
American movement in which insight and experience took precedence over logic and reason and that held the belief that all things coexist in nature
Beat Movement
American writers of the 1950s who expressed their feelings of alienation from society. *Kerouac, Ginsberg, Ferlinghetti*.
Rijksmuseum
Amsterdam
Realism
An artistic and literary style in which society and events are depicted as they appear in real life
oxymoron
An expression that employs two opposing terms; for example, "benign neglect"
potboiler
An inferior literary work written solely to provide the author with money
eukaryote
An organism comprised of cells that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Includes all plants and animals. Compare to prokaryote.
ellipse
An oval shape generated by a point moving in a plane so that the sum of its distances from two other points (the foci) is constant.
Cuneiform
Ancient Egyptian iconographic writing
Hieroglyphic
Ancient Egyptian ideographic writing
Greek
Ancient or modern; Greek alphabet
mollusk
Any of the large phylym (Molluska) of inverterate animals (squids, snails) with a soft unsegmented body usually in a shell.
realism
Art form that attempts to search for the squalid and depressing with a style of strict attention to detail.
Structuralism
Anthropology, Sociology. Suggests that meaning is produced through practices and activities. The mind uses binary opposites (like day/night) that differ from culture to culture. Proponents include *Claude Levi Strauss.*
Functionalism
Anthropology, sociology. Applies the scientific method to the examination of the social world (e.g., social surveys, interviews) and uses anaologies between individual organisms and society. Emphasis on use. Proponents include *Emile Durkhiem* and *Talcott Parsons*
Cultural Materialism
Anthropology. Attaches special importance to technology and economic factors in the development of a society.
halogen
Any of the five elements flourine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), Iodine (I), and astatine (At) that exists in the free state normally as diatomic molecules.
Argerich, Martha
Argentiean pianist
classicism
Art attributed to ancient Greece and Rome, characterized by discipline, harmony, objectivity, and reason.
surrealism
Art form, since 1924, that seeks to reveal psychological reality behind appearances; subject matter stresses dreams, fantasies, and the subconscious. *Magritte, Dali, Miro*.
Kinetic art
Art that moves through magnets, motorized parts, etc.
modern art
Art, since the 1850s, that has extricated itself from subject matter and stresses form.
Classicism
Artistic or literary movement that is aesthetically based on the Ancient Greeks or Romans
Barzun, Jacques
B. 1907. American historian specializing in expressions of culture like music, literature, and education.
Ferguson, Niall
B. 1964. Scottish historian specializing in financial and economic history.
rabbit
Baby-bunny/kitten Male-buck Female-doe Group-nest/warren Adjective-rabbity
tabula rasa
Belief put forth by John Locke that the human mind begins with a blank slate
logical positivism
Belief that a concept is meaningful only if it can be empirically verified
empiricism
Belief that all knowledge is derived from experience
idealism
Belief that the so-called external world exists first and foremost in the percievers mind
rationalism
Belief that the world can be known by reason alone
Pergamon
Berlin
metalloids
Boron, carbon, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, polonium, and astatine. Elements intermediate in properties between typical metals and nonmetals.
axiology
The study of values and value judgments (e.g., ethics)
Cultural Revolution
Campaign carried out by the Chinese Red Guards 1966-1976 with the goal of revitalizing the Chinese Communist Party and consolidating Mao Zedong's leadership.
Kelvin
Celcius + 273
prokaryote
Cellular organism that doesn't have a distinct nucleus. Moneran kingdom only.
vulcanology
The study of volcanos
cetology
The study of wales
St. Anselm of Canterbury
Christian philosopher. Developed an ontological argument for the existence of God.
assonance
Close repetition of similar vowel sounds.
Fitzgerald, F[rancis] Scott
Considered the literary spokesperson for America's "Jazz Age" (the lost generation). *This Side of Paradise, The Great Gatsby*.
Detente
Cooling of Cold War tension; initiated by Nixon and Brezhnev
Kierkegaard, Soren
Danish *existentialist* philosopher
vignette
Decoration, often of leaves, adorning the first letter of a chapter of book section.
ontogeny
Development of an organism
allotrope
Different forms of the same element having different molecular structures.
longitude
Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees
Constitution
Drafted 1787; ratified 1789
Mill, John Stuart
ENG *empiricist* philosopher known for his ethical writings on utilitarianism.
Locke, John
ENG *empiricist* philosopher who put forth many of the basic ideas of empiricism, including tabula rasa. Important figure in the Age of Enlightenment.
Hobbes, Thomas
ENG materialist philosopher who viewed human existence as nasty, brutish, and short
Russell, Bertrand
ENG philosopher and linguist
Ryle, Gilbert
ENG philosopher of language and logical positivist.
enology
The study of wines and wine making.
latitude
East-west lines parallel to the equator used to measure distance in degrees *north or south* of the equator
Byzantine art
Eastern (Greek) art of the 5th to 15th centuries, characterized by Oriental motifs, formal design, and free use of gilding.
Heterodox economics
Economic schools of thought that are outside of mainstream economics. They include the *Austrian School, ecological economics*, and *Post-Keynesian* economics.
Communism
Economic system, workers control means of production
archon
Elected official who served as the chief of state
Panumonjon, Korea
End of Korean War (1953)
Vienna, Congress of
End of Napoleonic Wars (1814-1815)
Cold War
End of WWII to early 90s. Period of tension between US and Soviet Union
Ghent, Belgium
End of War of 1812
hubris
Excessive pride leading to the downfall of the hero in a tragic drama
Pathos
Evoking pity in a literary work
pathos
Evoking pity in a literary work
pianissimo
Exceptionally soft volume
fortissimo
Extremely loud volume
grave
Extremely slow and moody
largo
Extremely slow tempo
Rosseau, Jean Jaqcues
FR *Romantic* philosopher and philosopher of education.
Sartre, Jean Paul
FR *existentialist* philosopher
Pascal, Blaise
FR philosopher, mathematician, and theologian best known for "Pascal's Bargain" which argues for belief in the existence of God.
Buddhism
Faith centered around enlightenment. Based on teachings of the Buddha, Siddhartha Gotama. Its main tenet is that life is suffering. Through meditative practice, one can escape Samsara (the Wheel of Suffering) and achieve a state of Nirvana (spiritual enlightment)
pagoda
Far Eastern tower generally erected as a temple or memorial
pistil
Female reproductive organ of a plant
simile
Figure of speech in which a comparison between two distinctly different things is indicated by the word like or as. "O my love is like a red, red rose".
species
Final classificaiton for living organism. Humans are homo sapiens.
kingdom
First and largest category used to classify organisms. There are five kingdoms Plant, Animal, Fungi, Moneran (bacteria, blue-green algae, and primitive pathogens that have prokaryotic cells), and Protista (Primitive, animal-like organisms distinguished by method of locomotion).
Cognitive Psychology
Focuses on mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember, and learn. One of the most influential theories was the stages of cognitive development theory proposed by *Jean Piaget*. Other cognitive psychologists include *Albert Bandura, Daniel Kahneman, Steven Pinker, Daniel Schacter, and Robert Sternberg*
Farenheit
Freezing at 32 and boiling at 212
Celcius
Freezing is at 0 and boiling at 100
Existentialism
French philosophical idea that the individual lives in an indifferent world and must take responsibility for his/her own choices
Existentialism
French school of thought based on the belief that people live in an indifferent world with free will and are therefore completely responsible for their actions. *Dostoyevsky*.
Leibnitz, Gottfried Willhelp von
GER *rationalist* philosopher and mathematician.
Kant, Immanuel
GER idealist philosopher best known for the "categorical imperative" which states that a moral agent acts only in ways that could become universal laws. 1883-1946. German philosopher; proposed categorical imperative.
Mesozoic Era
Geologic era between the Paleozoic Era to the Cenozoic Era, marked by the rise and fall of the dinosaurs. 245-66 million years ago.
rune
Germanic, from 3rd to 13th centuries
Axis
Germany, Italy, and Japan WWII opposed Allies
Republic
Government, citizens ruled by elected representatives
Balfour Declaration
Great Britain's 1917 proclamation supporting the establishment of a separate homeland for Jews in Palestine.
Apollo
Greek god of light, sun, prophecy, medicine, music. Roman counterpart is *Apollo*, Norse is *Frey*
Adonis
Greek god of male beauty
Poseidon
Greek god of the sea. Roman counterpart is *Neptune*
Hades
Greek god of the underworld. Roman counterpart is *Pluto*
Hermes
Greek god of travelers, commerce, and profit. Symbol is caduceus. Roman counterpart is *Mercury*.
Ares
Greek god of war. Roman counterpart is *Mars*
Dionysus
Greek god of wine and pleasure. Roman counterpart is *Bacchus*
Urania
Greek muse of astronomy
execration
a curse; something that is cursed or loathed. anathema.
Satyrs
Half-man, half-goats associated with Dionysus, indulgence, and sensuality.
Beyle, Marie
Henri (pseud. Stendhal) - 1783-1842. One of the leading 19th century French novelists, famous for the psychological and political insight of his works. *The Red and the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma*
Modernism
High intellectual movement whose goal was the examination of pure art
Modernism
High intellectual movement whose goal was the examination of pure art *Pound, Stein, Woolf*.
Brahmin
Highest Hindu caste reserved for priests, spiritual leaders, etc
tenor
Highest adult male vocal range
soprano
Highest female vocal range
nonmetals
Hydrogen (only nonmetal in IA), nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Sulfur usually occurs as a solid.
mea culpa
I am to blame
Domino Theory
Idea during Cold War, one country falls to communism neighboring country is next
Descartes, Rene
Important FR rationalist philosopher and mathematician. Saw mind and body as distinct (Cartesian dualism). "Cogito ergo sum"
Mehta, Zubin
Indian conductor
Devanagari
Indian writing with syllabic feature
Hagia Sophia
Instanbul
Yalta
Island; Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met to discuss the partitioning of Europe at end of WWII
Toscanini, Arturo
Italian conductor
Shintoism
Japanese religion based on the polytheistic worship of nature and ancestors
ocher
earthy yellow or red
Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel work; outlined basic principles of communism
fecund
fertile, fruitful, productive
Paganini, Nicolo
Late 18th early 19th century ITA violinist and composer *Bell Rondo, The Carnival of Venice*.
impressionism
Late 19th century FR School that stressed visual impression; first of the modern art movements *Monet, Renoir, Dégas*
naturalism
Late 19th century art movement that tried to depict humans and society true to life and in precise detail.
Realism
Literary and artistic style in which society and events are depicted as they appear in real life.
Classicism
Literature characterized by balance, restraint, unity, and proportion; epitomized by *Virgil, Pope, Homer*.
Tate Britain / Modern
London
forte
Loud volume
contralto
Lowest female vocal range
Prado
Madrid
monotreme
Mammal that reproduces by laying eggs. Platypuses, echidnas. AKA protheria.
area
Measure of the size of a region in a plane. usually length x width. Area of a circle is π x r(radius) squared
Yalta Conference
Meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin during World War II (1945). Discussed the partitioning of Europe at the conclusion of WWII.
Potsdam (German) Conference
Meeting of Truman, Churchill (replaced by Atlee), and Stalin during World War II (1945). Decided how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on 8 May (V-E Day)
Montgolfier, Joseph
Michel - 1740-1810. French Inventor of the hot air balloon.
bryophyta
Mosses
mezzo forte
Moderately loud volume
messo piano
Moderately soft volume
Tretyakov
Moscow
Bauhaus
Most famous school of architecture and design of modern times; founded in Germany in 1919; austere, geometric style. Founder; Gropius, Teacher; Klee, and Kandinsky.
Abolitionism
Movement to abolish slavery
madrigal
Musical piece utilizing poetry and stanzas.
ex parte
from a partisan point of view
ex, e
from, out,exceed- go beyond the limit
Frick Collection
New York
Whitney
New York
Hillary, Sir Edmund Percival
New Zealand explorer. First to reach top of Mt. Everest
Huns
Nomadic group from central Asia, mass migration to the Roman empire in 400s c.e.
Blank verse
Non-rhyming verse consisting of 10-syllable lines
Loki
Norse god of mischief
Njord
Norse god of the sea. Greek counterpart is *Poseidon*, Roman counterpart is *Neptune.*
Balder
Norse god of the sun. Greek counterpart is *Helios*.
Thor
Norse god of thunder. Thursday is based on his name.
Tiw (Tyr)
Norse god of war. Tuesday is based on his name.
Frey
Norse god; twin brother of Freyja. Greek counterpart is Apollo.
Frigg (Frija)
Norse goddess of love and marriage. Wife of Odin. Friday is based on her name.
ogham
Old Irish, 5th and 6th century, notches
Prussia
Old name for Germany, ruled by Frederick the Great
article
One of a small set of words or affixes (a, an, and the) used with nouns to limit or give definiteness to the application. English has an indefinite article (a, an) and a definite article (the).
Stanza
One division within a poem, usually of commonly metered verse
Protista
One of the basic kingdoms that consists of primitive, animal-like organisms distinguished by method of locomotion.
teetoaler
One pledged to abstinence from all intoxicating drinks.
Cronus and Rhea
Parents of the gods. Roman counterparts are *Saturn* and *Ops*
Musee d' Orsay
Paris
pariah
Outcasts or untouchables comprising the lowest of the Hindu castes.
de Gama, Vasco
PORT explorer who discovered an ocean route from Portugal to the East (India)
sfumato
Painting technique in which one tone is blended into another without an abrupt outline.
Griffin
Part lion, part eagle.
predicate
Part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said of the subject and usually consists of a verb with or without objects, complements, or adverbial modifiers.
Triassic Period
Part of the Mesozoic Era, the period where dinosaurs first appeared. (248-213 million years ago).
Cretaceous Period
Part of the Mesozoic Era. Period from 144 million to 66 million years ago. Widespread volcanic activity occurs. First flowering plants appear. Dinosaurs, including Tyrannosaurus rex, dominate. First snakes appear. Mass extinction at the end of the period causes disappearance of many land and marine life forms, including dinosaurs.
Rameu, Jean
Philippe - 18th century FR composer and organist. *Castor et Pollux*
collage
Picture built up wholly or partly from pieces of paper, cloth, or other material stuck on canvas or other surface (early Cubist, dadaists, Matisse).
pastiche
Piece of art created in the style of a particular artist or movement but not faked, like a forgery.
eutheria
Placental mammal. One of the 3 subclasses of Mammals. Includes all placental mammals, i.e. humans, dogs, elephants, whales, rodents, armadillos, dolphins, etc.
Marshall Plan
Plan put forth by US Secretary of State George C. Marshall describing how to rebuild Europe after WWII.
Teetotaler
Pledge to abstain from all intoxicating drinks
Imperialism
Political, economic, or social domination of a strong nation over another nation
imperialism
Political, economic, or social domination of a strong nation over another nation or territory.
blank verse
Poetry in which each line must have 10 syllables and a specific rhythm (iambic pentameter); the lines are unrhymed.
Positivism
Positivism is the philosophy of science that information derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge, and that there is valid knowledge (truth) only in this derived knowledge.
Fourteen Points
Post WWI peace plan developed by Woodrow Wilson; major points included the principle of self-determination and the establishment of an association of nations.
Pythagoras
Pre-Socratic philosopher and mathematician
baroque
Predominately 17th-century movement characterized by flourish and ornamentation. (Monteverdi, Bach)
Romantic movement
Predominately English movement in the 19th century whose basic belief was that passion should supersede logic and whose main opposition was Classicism
New Deal
Programs to help US overcome Great Depression, FDR admin.
18th Amendment
Prohibition 1919
Psychoanalysis
Psychology. Founded by Sigmund Freud States that the human mind is composed of three element-the id, ego, and the superego. The unconscious plays an important role in the explanation of behavior. Other psychoanalysts include Anna Freud, Carl Jung, and rik Erikson
Gagarin, Colonel Yuri
RUS cosmonaut and the first human in space.
bourgeois
middle-class, conventional, capitalist
ape
mimic
Reykajavik Conference
Reagan-Gorbachev summit meeting (1986)
Fayum potrait
Realistic form of portraiture found on shrouds and mummy cases from the first to fourth centuries
neoplatonism
Rebirth of platonic thought in Europe from CE 250-1250. Incorporated the ideas of Aristotle, Pythagorus, and others into the teachings of Plato.
consonance
Recurrence or repetition of consonants, especially at the end of stressed syllables without similar correspondence of vowels.
tautology
Repetition of an idea in a different word, phrase, or sentence. Cease and desist.
sedimentary rocks
Rocks formed by becoming compacted and cemented over time. Examples include shale, sandstone, and limestone.
metamorphic rocks
Rocks that have been altered by heat, pressure, and/or the chemical action of fluids and gasses. Examples include slate, quartzite, and marble.
La Salle, Rene
Rovert Cavalier - FR explorer who was the first european to travel the length of the Mississippi river.
Hume, David
SCOT empiricist philosopher. Questioned the necessity of the connection between cause and effect. 1711-1776. Scottish philosopher. Use of induction.
Diaspora
Scattering of specific ethnic groups
diaspora
Scattering of specific ethnic groups throughout various parts of the world.
mebula
nebulae
Saffir
Simpson - scale of intensity (category) of an earthquake
Waterloo
Site Napoleon suffered his greatest defeat
Cyrillic
Slavic and Russian languages
Symbolic interactionalism
Sociology. People interact with each other by interpreting each other's actions. Their interactions are therefore based on the meaning they attach to the actions. Proponents include *George H. Mead, Herbert Blumer*, and *Erving Goffman*.
Mutter, Anne
Sofie - GER violinist
piano
Soft volume
Apartheid
South African; races separated by law
Glasnost
Soviet policy, introduced 1985 by Mikhail Gorbechev, sharing of information and ideas
de rigueur
necessary, obligatory
montage
Sticking one layer over another, especially photographs applied to an unusual background; associated with cubists.
obdurate
Stubborn. inexorable. refractory.
Odin
Supreme god of Norse mythology. Wednesday is based on his name.
Confucianism
System of codes and ethics originating under Confucius. Religion centers around individuals understanding and fulfilling their roles in society.
utilitarianism
System of ethics based on maximizing the collective good
lost generation
Term coined by Gertrude Stein, originally referring to the many young American writers who gathered in Paris after WWI. *Hemingway, Fitzgerald*. Modernist.
Colony
Territory under control
chiaroscuro
The balance of light and shadow in a picture; used to describe works that are predominantly dark, like those of Rembrandt.
existentialism
The belief that existence acquires value and meaning through active reflection on one's own existence
Metaphor
The comparison of two things in which one item represents another
Denouement
The conclusion following the climax of the story
denouement
The conclusion or resolution following the climax of a story.
coda
The conclusion; the concluding portion of a musical composition
superlative
The degree of grammatical comparison that denotes an extreme or unsurpassed level, or extent, denoted usually by an -est ending. Best, worst fastest, smartest.
still life
The depiction of inanimate objects.
absolute value
The distance a number is from zero on a number line. ALWAYS POSITIVE
Moneran
The kingdom of classification for prokaryotic organisms (no distinct nucleus); these organisms include bacteria and blue-green algae.
phylum
The major taxonomic group of animals and plants, primary unit of division of a kingdom. Major phyla of the Animal Kingdom include Chordata (vertebrates), Anthropoda, and Mollusca.
roseate
overoptimistic; cheerful
subject
The part of the sentence that indicates what acts upon the verb. Noun, pronoun, or noun clause. *Skiing* is one of my favorite activities.
morphology
The study of structure and forms of plants and animals; word formation in a language
Restoration
The period of intensely active literary and artistic activity in England 1660-1688 when Charles II returned to the throne
Climax
The point in any story at which the action reaches its zenith
cytology
The study of the cell and its functions
timbre
The quality that allows tones to be discerned from one another
motif
The recurrence of a theme, word pattern, or character in a literary work.
serial art
The repetition, possibly with slight variation, of a particular image in a work of art. *Warhol*.
suffrage
The right or privilege of voting; franchise
Suffrage
The right to vote
mammalogy
The study of mammals
cartology
The study of maps and mapmaking
ontology
The study of nature of existence
herpetology
The study of reptiles and amphibians
petrology
The study of rocks
gerontology
The study of aging and problems of the aged
alology
The study of algae
ethology
The study of animal behavior in the wild.
myrmecology
The study of ants
apiology
The study of bees
ornithology
The study of birds
etiology
The study of causes of phenomena
libretto
The text of an opera
noble gasses
They can't mix with other elements, so they are called inert. Examples include argon (Ar), helium (He), krypton (Kr), neon (Ne), and xenon (Xe).
Rare earth metals
Thirty elements, including uranium (U) and einsteinium (ES).
vivace
Up-tempo and upbeat
triptych
Three panels, usually arranged or joined by hinges so that the two wings can be folded over to cover the larger central panel.
aestivate
To spend the summer in an inactive state
onomatopoeia
Use of words to imitate natural sounds; accommodation of sound to sense. Hiss, whack, hum, cough, scratch.
complementary angles
Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Couplet
Two rhyming lines of poetry in succession
couplet
Two successive rhyming lines of poetry, usually having the same meter.
Marshall Plan
US Sec. of State George Marshall plan to rebuild Europe after WWII
James, WIlliam
US empiricist philosopher and psychologist. Known for his description of the flow of ideas as a "stream of consciousness"
Chomsky, Noam
US philosopher and linguist. Believes in an innate "deep structure" to language.
Allies
US, England, France, and eventually Russia WWII opposed Axis
presto
Very Fast Tempo
19th Amendment
Women's voting rights 1920
protmanteau
Word created by blending two words together to forma new word related to the original words. Brunch.
adverb
Word serving as a modifer fo a verb, an adjective, another adverb, preposition, etc which often, but not always, ends in -ly. Slowly, sadly, well, often.
anagram
Word that is formed when the letters of a word or phrase are rearranged.
Allegory
Written piece in which ideas or morals are represented by individual characters or things
Five Year Plans
Year Plans - Economic plans in Soviet Union, China, India to increase industrial and agricultural productivity
welter
a chaotic mass or jumble
weltanschauung
a comprehensive apprehension of the world; "world view"
poltroon
a coward
burnoose / cassock
a hooded Arabic cloak / a loose robe worn by priests
wag (n.)
a humorous or droll person
mobile
a kinetic sculpture consisting of shapes cut from different materials and hung at different levels. *Calder*.
errata
a list of errors
virago
a loud, overbearing woman; a termagant
equivocate
to use vague or ambiguous language intentionally
alter ego
a second self
edge
a sharp side formed by the intersection of two surfaces of an object
truncheon
a shattered spear or lance.
self
abnegating - monastic
obloquy
abusive language; bad repute
de facto
actual
trenchant
acute, sharp, incisive in expression or style; having a sharp edge. "heard trenchant voices"
upbraid
admonish.
ex post facto
after the fact; retroactively
contra
against; contrary - opposed
fait accompli
an accomplished fact; a done deed
granivore
an animal that feeds chiefly on seeds
aficionado
an ardent devotee
corpus delicti
body of the crime; substantial fact necessary to prove the commission of a crime
ennui
boredom, lack of interest and energy
fastidious
careful with details.
circumspect
considering all options
factious
contumacious, rebellious
puce
dark red
elan
dash; vigorous spirit
datum
data
assiduous
diligent, persistent, hard-working
threnody
dirge
fiasco
disaster
livid
discolored from a bruise; pale; reddened with anger
politic
discreet, tactful
choleric
easily angered, short-tempered
irascible
easily angered; choleric; malevolent
facile
easily done, simplistic; poised, assured.
lissome
easily flexed, limber, agile
temerity
effrontery
panegyric
elaborate praise, formal hymn of praise. encomium.
coulomb
electrical charge
ampere
electrical current
gourmand
epicure, gastronome
erratum
errata
rapprochement
establishing a cordial relationship; developing mutual understanding
malefactor
evildoer, culprit
didactic
excessively instructive
effete
exhausted; worn out (antonym- effervescent)
penury
extreme poverty
redolent
exuding fragrance; evocative
pique (n.)
fleeting feeling of hurt pride
verdure
flora
flora
florae
temerarious
foolhardy
ad hoc
for a specific purpose
pro tempore
for the time being, temporarily
haiku
form of verse or poetry made up of 3 unrhymed lines containing 5, 7, and 5 syllables respectively
quondam
former; sometime
métier
forte
physiology
function
dirge
funeral hymn
flagon
gallon
voluble
garrulous
florid
gaudy, extremely ornate; ruddy, flushed
meretricious
gaudy, falsely attractive
genus
genera
zephyr
gentle breeze
sententious
given to excessive moralizing; given to pithy sayings or maxims; pithy
stygian
hellish
schismatic
heretical
superior
higher in place or position
probity
honesty; uprightness; rectitude
ungulate
hooflike; relating to hoofed animals
aquiline
hooked; like an eagle
hypotheiss
hypotheses
obtuse
insensitive, stupid, dull
cant
insincere; jargon; whining or singsong speech, especially of beggars.
peremptory
insisting on immediate attention or obedience; final.
contumelious
insolently abusive and humiliating. brazen.
insuperable
insurmountable, unconquerable
inhume
inter
exegesis
interpretation of a text
catechize
interrogate
larva
larvae
torpor
lassitude
A teacher, especially one who is dull and narrow
minded
peccadillo
minor sin or offense
foible
minor weakness or character flaw
arch (adj.)
mischievous, roguish
epistle
missive
andante
moderate tempo
desquamate
molt
ephemeral
momentary, transient, fleeting.
penultimate
next to last
sobriquet
nickname. pseudonym.
nolo contendre
no contest
noblesse oblige
nobility obligates; the behavior and graciousness of nobility
beau geste
noble gesture
ob-against
obscene-offensive to modesty
idee fixe
obsession; "fixed idea"
patent (adj.)
obvious, unconcealed
anterior
occurring before
quotidian
occurring daily, commonplace
sibyl
oracle
tempo
pace at which music is played
reciprocals
pair of numbers whose product is one - 1/2 x 2/1
chiromancy
palmistry
post
posterior - coming after
comestible
potable
troy
pound is 12 ounces
watt
power
approbation
praise, distinction. accolade.
antediluvian
prehistoric, ancient beyond measure.
pre- before
premature- ready before the proper time
mantic
prescient
causes beli
pretext for war
pettifog
quibble; a petty, quibbling, unscrupulous lawyer or politician; a shyster
cavil
quibble; to find fault in a petty way, carp; a trivial objection or criticism
mercurial
quick, shrewd; unpredictable
fomenter
rabble-rouser. demagogue.
curie
radioactivity
turkeys
rafter
fulminate
rant
harangue
rant
assonance
resemblance in sound, esp. in vowel sounds; partial rhyme.
adagio
slow tempo; a slow movement
dilatory
slow, tending to delay
lento
slower tempo
coterie
small group of people with a similar purpose.
glabrous
smooth; referring to a surface without hair or projections
faux pas
social blunder; "false step"
bete noire
someone or something particularly disliked
troglodyte
someone who lives in solitude
er -
someone who; painter- someone who paints
sine qua non
something indispensable; "without which not"
anodyne
something that calms or soothes pain
non sequitur
something that doesn't logically follow
panacea
something that will make everything about a situation better.
unison
sound together
benison
spoken blessing
ersatz
spurious
ingenue
stage role of a ingenuous girl; a naive girl
super- above
supersonic- above the speed of sound
vicarious
surrogate; delegated imagined participation in someone else's experience
soupcon
suspicion; a little bit or trace, as in a recipe
turgid
swollen, bloated
lickspittle
sycophant
diarchy
system of government with two authorities
cloy / glut
to satiate / to oversupply; satiate
mot juste
the appropriate word
brontophobia
the fear of thunder
ne plus ultra
the highest point achievable; the acme
sanctum sanctorum
the holy of holies; office of an awesome person
dernier cri
the last word; the newest fashion
aphelion
the place in the orbit of a planet where the planet is farthest from the sun
quotient
the result of division
radical
the root symbol
zeitgeist
the spirit of the times
dolce vita
the sweet life; a life of indulgence
legs
the two sides of a right triangle that are not the hypotenuse
impasto
thick application of paint to canvas
solid
three dimensional figure
sic transit gloria mundi
thus passes away the glory of the world
fugitive
transitory
invective
verbal abuse
munificent
very generous
hoary
very old; whitish or grey from age
com
with; combine-join together
wizened
withered, shriveled, wrinkled
with- away, against
withhold-to hold back
intramural
within a a single college or its students body
intra
within; intravenous- within a vein
bon mot
witty remark or comment; literally "good word"
raconteur
witty storyteller
engraving
a method of multiplying prints. See also relief, intaglio and lithography.
melange
a mixture or medley, often of incongruous elements
obeisance
a movement of the body made in token of respect or submission; deference
fugue
a musical composition in which one or two themes are repeated by different interweaving voices (Bach)
polymath
a person of encyclopedic learning
apiary
a place where bees are kept
premonition
a previous warning
cadence
a progression of chords giving an effect of closing a sentence
nostrum
a questionable remedy or scheme
memento mori
a reminder that you must die
riposte
a retort; a retaliatory verbal sally
loggia
a roofed, open gallery, like a porch
apothegm
a short instructive saying. adage.
termagant
a shrew; a nagging woman; an imaginary deity of violent and turbulent character, often appearing in morality plays.
monotone
a single, unvaried tone
aria
a solo sung for voice in an opera or oratorio
avoirdupois
a system of weights based upon a pound of sixteen ounces
quisling
a traitor
chanson
a type of song popular to 14th to 16th century France
chorale
a type of traditional German hymn-tune for congregational use; an instrumental piece based on a chorale
dray / teamster
a vehicle used to haul goods / a person who drives a truck as an occupation
ambergris
a waxy substance found floating in or on the shores of tropical waters; originates in the intestines of the sperm whale
seraphic
angelic, pure, sublime
choler
anger, irritability. acrimony.
formicary
ant's nest
anti
against; antidote --- remedy to act against an evil antibiotic - substance that fight against bacteria
bumptious
aggressive and assertive in an offensive way (antonym shy; self-effacing).
coloratura
agile, florid style of vocal music
tryst
agreement between lovers to meet, rendezvous
alga
algae
tout le monde
all the world; everyone of importance
diaphanous
allowing light to show through; delicate.
Cyrillic alphabet
alphabet of Russian and other Slavic langauges
alumna
alumnae
equivocal
ambiguous, open to more than one interpretation
quid pro quo
an equal exchange; "this for that"
cantata
an extended choral work, with or without solo voices, and usually with orchestral accompanyment
contretemps
an inopportune or embarrassing situation
homily
an inspirational discourse; a sermon
interlude
an intervening period of time
analysis
analyses
bona fide
in good faith; genuine
in medias res
in the middle of things
in vino veritas
in wine there is truth
in, il, im, ir
in, on,into; instill - to add or introduce slowly
incorrigible
incapable of being corrected
immiscible
incapable of being mixed
querulous
inclined to complain; irritable
ineffaceable
indelible
insouciance
indifference; lack of concern
endemic
indigenous
autochthonous
indigenous, native
fainéant
indolent
feckless
ineffective, careless, irresponsible.
ineluctable
inescapable; inevitable
inexorable
inflexible, unyielding
au courant
informed of the latest
turpitude
inherent vileness, foulness, depravity
vituperation
invective
jaundiced
jaded
argot
jargon
joie de vivre
joy of living; buoyant enjoyment of life
abstain
keep from doing refrain
kittens
kindle
privation
lack of usual necessities or comforts.
finéant
lackadasical
bromidic
lacking originality; trite
baroque
late 16th-to-early 18th century movement, developed in Italy, that stressed grand theatrical effects and elaborate ornamentation. *Palace of Versailles*.
Scarlatti, Domenico
late 17th early 18th century ITL composer of opera
Weber, Carl Maria von
late 18th early 19th century GER composer, conductor, and pianist. *Der Freischutz, Oberon* operas.
Monteverdi, Claudio
late16th early 17th century ITA composer. opera *La favola d'Orfeo*.
hegemony
leadership, domination, usually by a country
leopards
leap
erudite
learned, scholarly
radius
length of a line connecting the center to a point on a circle. radius is 1/2 the diameter
torpid
lethargic, unable to move, dormant
lassitude
lethargy, sluggishness
louse
lice
pellucid
limpid
stream of consciousness
literary style, employed especially by *Joyce and Faulkner*, that presents the inner thoughts of a character in an uneven, endless stream that simulates the character's consciousness.
alkali metals
lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium. Univalent, mostly basic metals of group IA.
ebullient
lively; enthusiastic; boiling up
execrate
loathe
djellabah
loose-fitting gown worn in North Africa
inanition
loss of vitality from lack of food and water
strident
loud, harsh, unpleasantly noisy
bass
lowest male vocal range
galumph
lumber (v.)
prurient
lustful, exhibiting lewd desires. licentious.
lurid
macabre
deliquesce
macerate
magus
magi
nabob
magnate
alkaline earth metals
magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium. Bivalent, strongly basic metals of group IIA.
ate -
make; decimate- destroy
cooper
maker of casks and barrels
gauche
maladroit
stamen
male reproductive organ of a plant
ductile
malleable
fop
man who is devoted to or vain about his appearance or dress
churlish
marked by a lack of civility or graciousness
prolix / prolixity
marked by or using an excess of words
maculate
marked with spots
metatheria
marsupial. Koala, kangaroo, opossum.
bathetic
maudlin
mawkish
maudlin
pH
measures whether something is an acid or base. 0 is an acid, 14 is a base, and 7 is neutral
memorandum
memoranda
avaricious
mercenary
venal
mercenary
specious
meretricious; (adj.) deceptive, apparently good or valid but lacking real merit
andiron
metal supports for logs in a fireplace
metamorphosis
metamorphoses
modus operandi
method of operating
lithography
method of painting that uses wax and ink on hard plates
frieze
middle section of a building, where relief sculpture was often executed.
evanescent
momentary, transitory, short-lived
protheria
monotreme. mammal that lays eggs.
reprobate
morally unprincipled person
obtuse
more than 90 degrees and less than 180.
alpinism
mountain climbing
elegy
mournful poem, usually about the dead
peripatetic
moving from place to place
discursive
moving from topic to topic without order
turbid
muddy
multi- many
multiple-of many parts
uxoricide
murder of one's wife
chamber music
music meant for a room
peacocks
muster
credulous
naive
philistine
narrow-minded person, someone lacking appreciation for art or culture
in extremis
near death
myopic
nearsighted
non- no, not
nonsense- lack of sense
boreal
northern (antonym- austral)
unbelievable
not believable
intractable
not easily managed. incorrigible.
nonentity
not existing
irreversible
not reversible
in, il, im, ir
not; inactive -not active
nota bene
note well
neophyte
novice, beginner
Avogadro's number
number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^23
imaginary number
number that can't be represented on the number line
divsor
number that divides into another number
dividend
number to be divided
oasis
oases
impenitent
obdurate
tractable
obedient, yielding
prochial
of limited scope or outlook, provincial
nugatory
of slight worth, trivial, insignificant
uxorial
of, relating to, or characteristic of a wife
fluvial
of, relating to, or living in a stream or river
umbrage
offense, resentment; a shadow from trees
impudent
offensively bold or disrespectful; insolent or impertinent.
aphorism
old saying or short, pithy statement.
prima facie
on the face of it
sui generis
one of a kind
in loco parentis
in place of a parent
in camera
in private; secretly
lampoon
in prose or poetry, a viscous character sketch or satire of a person
parvenu
one recently risen to an unaccustomed position and not yet possessing the requisite dignity or characteristic; upstart
iconoclast
one who attacks traditional beliefs or religious images.
hypercritical
one who is critical beyond measure
libertine
one without moral restraint. hedonist.
Totalitarianism
one-party political system, goal of supporting the welfare of the state above everything else
mono
one; monogamy- marriage to one person at a time
fulsome
ostentatious
anachronistic
outdated.
alfresco
outdoors
extra
outside, beyond; extraordinary- beyond or outside the common method
be
over, thoroughly; bemoan- to mourn over
officious
overly helpful, meddlesome
maudlin
overly sentimental
obsequious
overly submissive, brown-nosing. Servant.
nonpareil
paragon. having no equal
para, par-beside
parallel- to maintain effort
penguins
parcel
metatarsus
part of foot beyond the flat of the foot
bucolic
pastoral, rural
salaam
peace (greeting)
pax vobiscum
peace be with you; peace
pedagogue
pedant
ant -
performs an action; reactant- part of a chemical reaction
epoch
period of geologic time less than a period and greater than an age
per- through
persevere - to maintain an effort permeate-to pass through
sybarite
person devoted to pleasure and luxury
epicure
person with refined taste in food and wine
phenomenon
phenomena
dudgeon
pique, umbrage
bromide
platitude
dulcet
pleasant sounding, soothing to the ear
superfluity
plethora
whales
pod or gam
piquant
poignant
face
polygon formed by edges of a solid
poly- many
polygon- a plane figure with many sides or angles
litterateur
polymath
grandiloquence
pompous talk, fancy but meaningless speech
impecunious
poor, having no money
epigram
short, witty saying or poem.
perspicacious
shrewd, astute, keen-witted
sagacious
shrewd; wise
Cimmerian / stygian
shrouded in gloom and darkness (mytical people from Homer) / dark and gloomy, relating to the Styx
diffidence
shyness, lack of confidence
hypotenuse
side of a triangle opposite the right angle. a squared plus b squared is c squared.
tacit
silently understood or implied
esque -
similar to; statuesque- like a statue
homology
similarity in structure (thought to be common origin)
conterpart
simultaneous combination of two or more melodies to make musical sense
iniquity
sin, evil act
curvilinear
sinuous
soporific
sleepy or tending to cause sleep
oviparous
producing eggs hatched outside the body
viviparous
producing live young, as most mammals, some reptiles, and a few fishes.
pro- in favor of , forward
prolific- bringing forth an abundance of offspring; project throw or cast forward
pro rata
proportionally according to a factor
amour
propre - self-esteem
nom de guerre
pseudonym
jejune
puerile.
rhombus
quadrilateral with four equal sides. A rhombus with right angles is a square.
ence -
quality of ; prevalence- being prevelant
joule
quantity of energy
cord
quantity of logs measuring 128 cubic feet
rara avis
rare bird; an unusual specimen
arroyo
ravine
raison d'etre
reason for being
niche
recess in a wall; best position for something
leitmotif
recurring theme
ambrosial
redolent
pleonasm
redundancy
recusant
refusal to obey authority
al -
relating to; musical- relating to music
cerulean
resembling the blue of the sky
recalcitrant
resisting authority or control
refractory
resisting control or authority, stubborn
product
result of multiplication
sanguine
ruddy; cheerfully optimistic
plaintive
sad, lamenting
doleful
sad, mournful
surfeit
satiate
trancendentalism
school of thought based on the belief in the essential untiy of all creation, the innate goodness of human beings, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. *Thoreau, Emerson*.
ornithologist
scientist who studies birds
relief
sculpture that isn't free standing; in having a background, the sculpture resembles a painting.
laic
secular
ascetic
self-denying, abstinent, astute, abstemious
sang froid
self-possession or equanimity, especially under strain; "cold blood"
sycophant
self-serving flatterer, yes-man
semi- half
semicircle- half a circle
dimiss
send away
parenthesis
sentence inserted within a passage
aphoristic
sententious; given to quoting aphorisms - a terse saying embodying a general truth
weltschmerz
sorrow over the evils of the world; "world pain"
lugubrious
sorrowful, mournful, dismal. doleful.
austral
southern (antonym- boreal)
bolero
spanish dance
celerity
speed, swiftness, alacrity
nascent
starting to develop, coming into existence. incipient.
dom -
state of being; serfdom- the state of being a serf
fish
shoal or school
bagatelle
short light piece, often for piano
hoi polloi
the common people
acy -
state; normalcy- condition of being normal
viscid
sticky. viscous.
parsimony
stinginess
noisome
stinking, putrid. malodorous.
martinet
strict disciplinarian, one who rigidly follows rules
contumacious
stubbornly disobedient
hermeneutics
study of principles of interpretation (e.g., the bible)
fatuous
stupid, foolishly self-satisfied.
sub- under
subdue- to bring under one's power
dyspeptic
suffering from indigestion; gloomy and irritable
vernal
suggestive of youth
dour
sullen and gloomy, stern and severe.
perimeter
sum of the lengths of the sides of a polygon
napery
table linens
piquancy
tang
order
taxonomic group containing one or more families. Some orders under mammalia eutheria (placental mammals) are primates, rodentia, and cetacea (whales).
lachrymose
tearful
tele, tel- across
telecast- transmit across a distance
laconic
terse
baksheesh
tip, gratuity
succor
to aid. abet.
foment
to arouse or incite
importune
to ask repeatedly, to beg
expiate
to atone for, make amends for
hypocrisy
to be under a pretense of goodness
etiolate
to bleach and alter the natural environment of (a green plant) by excluding sunlight.
impugn
to call into quesiton, attack verbally
expurgate
to censor
adjure
to command or urge solemnly and earnestly
imprecate
to curse
arrogate
to demand, claim arrogantly
decamp
to depart secretly. abscond.
extirpate
to destroy completely
address
to direct
retract
to draw back
abash
to embarrass
defalcate
to embezzle; to abscond with money
belabor
to exert much labor upon
demur
to express doubts or objections.
founder (v.)
to fall helplessly, sink
husband (v.)
to farm; to manage carefully and thriftily
obtrude
to force, usually oneself or one's ideas on another person without request
presage
to foretell, indicate in advance.
yean
to give birth, used with sheep and goats
hypertrophy
to grow or cause to grow large (esp. organs)
communication
to have dealing with
anneal
to heat and then cool; to toughen
obstruct
to hinder the passage of
wax (v.)
to increase gradually, begin to be
inculpate
to incriminate
adumbrate
to intimate or foreshadow; to obscure
embroil
to involve in; cause to fall into disorder
impose
to lay on
depredate
to lay waste; to plunder
pervaricate
to lie, evade the truth
declaim
to make a bombastic speech
ameliorate
to make better, improve.
efface
to make indistinct by wearing away, to erase or remove
palliate
to make less serious, ease. make excuses.
rarefy
to make thinner, purer, or more refined
obviate
to make unnecessary, anticipate and prevent
amalgamate
to mix, combine.
melitate
to operate against, work against
permeate
to pass through
dissemble
to pretend, disguise one's motives
postpone
to put off until a future time
decontrol
to release from government control
emit
to send forth
transmit
to send from one person to another
contrast
to stand in opposition
purloin
to steal
inculcate
to teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions
misappropriate
to use wrongly
macerate
to waste away or to become soft, esp. by soaking in water
enervate
to weaken, sap strength from
hyaline
transparent or almost so; glassy
trans- acroos
transpose- to change the position of two things
submarine
travel under the surface of the sea
mordant
trenchant; Biting or caustic in thought, manner, or style
obtuse triangle
triangle with one that has an obtuse angle (between 90 and 180 degrees)
isosceles triangle
triangle with two sides of equal length
incommodious
troublesome; inconvienent
knobkerrie
truncheon
supplementary angles
two angles who add up to 180 degrees
amphora
two handled greek jar
Bi
two; bisect - to divide
di
two;dichotomy - cutting in tow
jalouise
type of blind or shutter having adjustable slats or louvers and usually made of glass
fagoting
type of embroidery
ultra- beyond
ultraviolet- beyond the limit of visibility
taciturn
uncommunicative, not inclined to speak much
intrasigent
uncompromising, refusing to be reconciled
oleaginous
unctuous
un- not
undeclared- not declared
deshabille
undressed or partially undressed
pedant
uninspired, boring
elite
unit of type measurement
pica
unit of type measurement
uni- one
unity- state of oneness
carte blanche
unrestricted power; blank document
fractious
unruly, rebellious
garrulous
very talkative
brio
vim
esprit
vim
vox populi
voice of the people
rapacious
voracious; excessively greedy and grasping
snails
walk
fresco
wall painting; painting on wet plaster
bellicose
warlike, aggressive
circumspect
watchful on all sides
chary
watchful, cautious, extremely shy
fathom
water depth of 6 feet
sinecure
well-paying job or office that requires little or no work
quo vadis
where are you going
strop
whet; (n.) device for sharpening razors; (v.) to sharpen
puling
whining, whimpering
maelstrom
whirlpool; turmoil, agitated state of mind
mirabilis dictu
wonderful to relate
ligneous
woodlike
palindrome
word spelled the same forward as backward. Radar, kayak.
Arabic
written right to left, no vowels
Hebrew
written right to left; no vowels
chartreuse
yellow-green
xanthic
yellowish
dis, di
apart, away; discern - to distinguish as separate
ostensible
apparent
oxymoron
apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another.
pelagic
aquatic.
beaux arts
architectural style, popular from 1890 to 1920, using formal and classical techniques.
pi
area of a circle is πr squared and circumference is 2πr.
patrician
aristocrat
circum
around;circumscribe- to draw a circle around
supercilious
arrogant, haughty, overbearing, condescending
abstract art
art form that assumes the artistic values reside in form and color and are independent of the subject of the art or painting.
factitious
artificial; sham
comme il faut
as it aught to be; proper
ary -
associated with; adversary- enemy
dictum
authoritative statement; popular saying
rapacity
avarice
Ab
away, from - absent- away not present
aslant
awry
Engelbart, Douglas
b. 1925. American Inventor of the computer mouse.
Greenspan, Alan
b. 1926. American economist; former chairman of the Federal Reserve.
Johns, Jasper
b. 1930. 20th century US painter and important part of the "Pop Art" movement. Known for blown-up images. Flags, Targets.
Mansfield, Harvey
b. 1932. American political scientist; conservative; author of *Manliness*
Goodall, Jane
b. 1934. American anthropologist and primatologist; known for her chimpanzee studies in Tanzania.
Walzer, Michael
b. 1935. American political philosopher; known for his work on just and unjust wars, economic justice, and ethnicity.
Nye, Joseph
b. 1937. American political scientist; developed the concepts of asymmetrical and complex interdependence with *Robert Keohane*.
Horowitz, Vladimir
b. 1937. RUS pianist and conductor
Allison, Graham
b. 1940. American political scientist, has worked in decision-making and is an important analyst of national security.
Patterson, Orlando
b. 1940. American sociologist known for his work on race.
Barenboim, Daniel
b. 1942. ISRAELI conductor and pianist
Walker, Alice
b. 1944. 20th century American author. *The Color Purple*.
Krugman, Paul
b. 1953. American economist; won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2008 for his work on New Trade theory.
Sachs, Jeffrey
b. 1954. American economist; author of The End of Poverty.
Bell, Joshua
b. 1967. US violinist
Hahn, Hilary
b. 1979. US violinist
bacillus
bacilli
mis
badly, wrongly; misconstrue- to interpret wrongly;
anathema
ban, curse; so,thing shunned or disliked.
palaver
banter
a priori
based on deductive reasoning
a posteriori
based on inductive reasoning
basis
bases
ululate
bay (v.)
pulchritude
beauty
en -
become; sharpen- become sharp
ante
before; antecedent - going before in time
mendicant
beggar
tyro
beginner, novice. neophyte.
incipient
beginning to exist or appear, in an initial stage
sedition
behaviour promoting rebellion
ecce homo
behold the man
able -
being doable; dissolvable- able to be dissolved
ubiquitous
being everywhere simultaneously
benighted
being in a state of intellectual darkness; ignorant; unenlightened
polytheism
belief in existence of many gods
sophmoric
believing one's level of knowledge and maturity to be higher than it actually is
jingoism
belligerent support of one's country
hypo
beneath, lower; hypodermic- pertaining to or injected beneath the skin
beauties
bevy
ultramarine
beyond the sea
extrasensory
beyond the senses
meta
beyond, over along with; metamorphosis- change in form or nature
hyper
beyond, over; hyperactive- above the normal activity level
incarnadine
blood red
World War II
*Major events* - Munich Pact (1938), policy of appeasement, associated with British Prime Minister Chamberlain. *Start of war* - blitzkrieg over Poland (1939); sinking of Arizona and ohter ships at Pearl Harbor attack in Honolulu led to US declaration of war against Japan and Germany (1941). *Major battles* - Dunkirk (1940), Ardennes (1944), Alamein (North Africa 1942), Stalingrad (1942-1943). *Characteristics* - tank warfare, blitzkrieg, use of massive bombing by air force; development of atomic weapons. *End of war* - Japan surrenders unconditionally at Potsdam Conference (1945).
The American Civil War
*Start of war* - Harper's Ferry (1859). *First battles* - Fort Sumter (1861) and Bull Run (1861), both Confederate victories. *Major battles* - Antietam (1862), Fredericksburg (1862), Gettysburg (1863), Shiloh (1862) (the Union named battles after towns, the Confederates named them after streams), Sherman's March to the Sea (1864), Vicksburg (great victory for Grant). *End of war* - surrender of General Lee to General Grant at Appomatox (1865).
World War I
*Start of war* - assination of Archduke Ferdinand (1914); sinking of the Lusitania (British ship with American passengers) by Germans led to US entry into the war (1915). *Major battles* - Ypres (1917), Marne (1914), Verdun (1916), Somme (1916). *Offensive characteristics* - trench warfare, use of poison gas. *End of war* - Treaty of Versailles (1918); attempt to divide nations on basis of national self-determination; establishment of the League of Nations.
French Revolution
*Start of war* - storming the Bastille (1789). *Important events/documents* - Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Preamble to the Constitution), 1791; Reign of Terror, which ended 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794) with the execution of Robespierre; coup d'etat of 18 Brumaire (November 9-10, 1799) whereby Napoleon I becomes consul. *End of war* - treaty of Amiens, France.
super / sur
*above.* supercilious (arrogant, haughty, condescending), superfluous (more than necessary), superlative (highest kind or order), supersede (replace in power), surmount (to get over or across, to prevail), surpass (to go beyond in amount, extent, or degree), surveillance
trans
*across.* intransigent (refusing to agree or compromise), transaction (act of carrying on or conduct to a conclusion or settlement), transcendent, transgress (to violate a law, commandment, or moral code), transition, transparent.
anti
*against.* antibody (protein in blood serum that reacts to overcome toxic effects of an antigen), antidote, antipathy (aversion), antipodal (opposite side of the globe), antiseptic (free from germs, particularly clean).
pan
*all, everyone.* pandemic (widespread, general, universal), panegyric (formal or elaborate praise at an assembly), panoply (wide ranging and impressive array or display), panorama, pantheon (public building containing tombs or memorials of the illustrious dead of a nation).
omni
*all.* omnibus (anthology of all the works of an author or writings on a subject), omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient
di / dia
*apart, through.*diagnose (determine from the symptoms), dialogue (conversation between two or more persons), dichotomy (division into two parts, kinds, etc), dilate (to cause to expand or make wider), dilatory (inclined to delay or procrastinate)
se
*apart.* secede, sedition (incitement of discontent or rebellion against a government), seduce (to lead astray), segregate, select, separate, sequester (to remove or withdraw into solitude or retirement).
circu
*around, on all sides.* circuit (act of going or moving around), circuitous, circumambulate (walk about or around), circumference (outer boundary of a circular area), circumstances
peri
*around.* perimeter, peripatetic (walking or traveling about, itinerant), periscope
dis / dif
*away from, apart, reversal, not.* diffuse (to pour out and spread, as in a fluid), disperse, disseminate, dissipate, dissuade.
de
*away, off, down, completely, reversal.* decipher, defame (to attack the reputation of), deferential, defile, delineate (to trace the outline of, sketch, or trace in outline), descend
apo
*away.* apocalypse, apocryphal (doubtful authorship or authenticity), apogee (highest or most distant point), apostasy (total desertion of one's religion, principles, party, cause, etc), apostle (disciple sent to preach).
mal / male
*bad, ill, evil, wrong.* maladroit, malady, malapropism (humorous misuse of a word), malediction (curse), malfeasance, malfunction, malicious, malign (to speak harmful untruths about, to slander).
vil
*base, mean.* revile (to criticize with sharp language), vile, vilify (to slander, defame).
esce
*becoming.* adolescent (between childhood and adulthood), convalescent (recovering from illness), incandescent, obsolescent (becoming obsolete), reminiscent (reminding or suggestive of).
ante
*before.* antebellum (before the war, esp. the US Civil War), antecedent (existing, being, or going before), antedate (precede in time), antediluvian (belonging to a period before the Flood, very old or old fashioned), anterior (placed before).
fore
*before.* foreshadow (be warning or indication of), foresight (care or provision for the future), forestall (prevent by advance action), forthright (straightforward)
pre
*before.* precarious (dependent on circumstances beyond one's control), precedent, precept (commandment given as a rule of action or conduct), precocious, premonition (feeling of anticipation over a future event), presentiment (foreboding).
sub / sup
*below.* subliminal (below the threshold of consciousness), submissive, subsidiary, subterfuge, subtle, supposition
inter
*between, among.* interim, interloper (intruder into the domain of others), intermittent, intersperse (to scatter here and there), interstate
mag / maj / max
*big.* magnanimous (generous in forgiving an insult or injury), magnate, magnify, magnitude, maxim (expression of general truth or principle), maximum
gen
*birth, creation, race, kind.* carcinogenic, congenital, gender, generous, genetics, miscegenation (interbreeding of races), progeny (offspring).
culp
*blame.* culpable (deserving blame or censure), culprit, inculpate (to charge with fault), mea culpa (my fault, through my fault).
amb / amph
*both, more than one, around.* ambidextrous, ambiguous (open to more than one interpretation), amphibian (aquatic and terrestrial; person with two sides)
centr
*center.* centrifuge, centrist (moderate political or social ideas), concentrate (to bring to common center), concentric (to have a common center, as in circles or spheres), eccentric (off center)
fort (fortune)
*chance.* fortuitous (happening by luck), fortunate, fortune (chance or luck in human affairs).
mut
*change.* commute (to substitute, exchange), immutable (unchangeable), mutation, permutation (complete change), transmutation (changing from one form to another)
arch / archi / archy
*chief, principal, ruler.* anarchy (state with no government or law), archenemy, architect (devisor, maker, or planner of anything), monarchy, oligarchy (state or society ruled by a select group).
ped
*child, education.* encyclopedia, pedagogue (a teacher), pedant (one who displays learning ostentatiously), pediatrician.
per
*completely.* perforate, perfunctory (performed merely as a routine duty), perplex, persistent, perspicacious (shrewd, astute), pertinacious (resolute), peruse (to read with thoroughness or care).
cast / chast
*cut.* cast, caste, castigate (punish in order to correct), chaste, chastise (to discipline, esp. corporal punishment).
mort
*death.* immortal, morbid, moribund (dying, decaying).
(h)etero
*different.* heterodox (different from acknowledged standard; having unorthodox opinions or doctrines), heterogeneous (of other origin, not originating from the body), heterosexual (orientation towards opposite sex)
dub
*doubt.* dubiety (doubtfulness), dubious, indubitable (unquestionable)
fin
*end.* confine, definitive, final, infinite, infinitesimal (infinitely or very small)
equ
*equal, even.* adequate (equal to the requirement or occasion), equation, equidistant, iniquity (gross injustice, wickedness).
par
*equal.* apartheid (any system or caste that separates people according to race), disparage (belittle), disparate (essentially different), par (equality in value or standing) parity (equally, as in amount, status, or character).
fid
*faith, trust.* affidavit (written statement on oath), confide, fidelity (faithfulness, loyalty), fiduciary (of a trust, held or given in trust), infidel (disbeliever in the supposed true religion)
dys
*faulty, abnormal.* dysfunctional, dyslexia (brain defect causing impaired reading), dyspepsia (impaired digestion), dystrophy (faulty nutrition or development)
pas / pat / path
*feeling, suffering, disease.* compassion, dispassionate, empathy, impassive, pathogenic (causing disease), sociopath (person with antisocial behavior who lacks moral responsibility), sympathy
pau / po / pov / pu
*few, little, poor.* impoverish (to deplete), paucity (smallness of quantity, scarcity, scantiness), pauper (person without any personal means of support), poverty, puerile (childish, immature), pusillanimous (lacking courage or resolution).
carn
*flesh.* carnage, carnival, carnivorous, incarnation, reincarnation.
ped / pod
*foot.* antipodes (places diametrically opposite of each other on the globe), expedite, impede, pedal, pedestrian, podium.
theo
*god.* apotheosis (glorification, glorified ideal), athiest, theocracy (government where deity is supreme ruler), theology.
eu
*good, well.* eugenics (improvement of qualities of race by control of inherited characteristics), eulogy (speech or writing in praise or commendation), euphemism (pleasant sounding term for something unpleasant), euphony (pleasantness of sound), euthanasia (killing person painlessly)
ben / bon
*good.* benediction (act of uttering a blessing), benefit, benevolent (desiring to do good to others), benign (kindly disposition), bona fide (in good faith, without fraud), bonus
man
*hand.* emancipate, mandate (authoritative order or command), manifest (readily perceived by the eye or understanding), manual, manufacture.
dur
*hard.* dour (sullen, gloomy), durable, duration, duress, endure
nic / noc / nox
*harm.* innocent, innocuous, noxious (injurious to health or morals), obnoxious (highly disagreeable or offensive)
cap / capit / cipit
*head, headlong.* capital, capitulate (surrender unconditionally or on stipulated terms), caption, disciple, precipice (cliff with vertical face), precipitate (bring about prematurely).
card / cord / cour
*heart.* cardiac, concord (agreement, peace, amity), concordance (agreement, concord, harmony), discord, encourage.
cryp
*hidden.* apocryphal (doubtful authorship or authenticity), crypt, cryptography (procedures of making and using secret writing), cryptology (science of interpreting secret writings, codes, ciphers, etc).
alto
A mid-range vocal part between tenor and soprano
im / in / em / en
*in, into.* embrace, enclose, implicit, incarnate (given a bodily form), indigenous (native, innate, natural), influx, intrinsic
gn / gno
*know.* agnostic, diagnose, ignoramus, ignore, incognito, prognosis (to forecast, especially disease), recognize (to identify as already known)
vi
*life.* convivial (sociable), joie de vivre (joy of life), viable (capable of living), vicarious (performed, exercised, received, or suffered in place of another), vivacity (quality of being lively, animated), vivid
lev
*lift, light, rise.* alleviate, levee (embankment against river flooding), levitate, levity (humor, frivolity, gaiety), relevant, relieve
luc / lum / lus
*light.* illuminate, illustrate, illustrious, lackluster, lucid (easily understood, intelligible), luminous, transluscent
am
*love.* amateur (for pleasure rather than financial gain), amenity (agreeable ways or manners), amity (friendship, peaceful harmony), amorous, enamored, inamorata (female lover).
phil
*love.* bibliophile (one who loves books), philatelist (one who loves stamps), philology (study of literary texts to establish their authenticity and determine their meaning), philosophy (rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct).
anthro / andr
*man, human.* androgen (any substance that promotes masculine characteristics), androgynous (male and female), android, anthropocentric (regarding humans as central fact of the universe), anthropology (looks at human origins), misanthrope (someone who hates humans or mankind), philanderer (one who carries on flirtations).
misc
*mixed.* miscegenation (interbreeding of races, esp. white and non-white people), miscellaneous, promiscuous (consisting of diverse and unrelated parts or individuals).
pro
*much, for, a lot.* prodigal (wastefully or recklessly extravagant), prodigious (extraordinary in size, amount, or extent), profuse (spending or giving freely), prolific, propound (to set forth for consideration), proselytize (to convert or attempt to recruit), provident (having or showing foresight).
nom / nym / noun / nown
*name.* acronym, anonymous, nomenclature (system of names, systematic naming), nominal (in name only; negligible), nominate, synonym
nov / neo / nou
*new.* innovate, neologism (newly coined word, phrase, or expression), neophyte (recent convert), nouveau riche (recently become rich), novice, renovate
para
*next to, beside.* parable, paragon (model of excellence), parallel, paranoid (baseless distrust of others), parasite, parody
anim
*of the life, mind, soul, spirit.* animosity, animus (hostile feeling or attitude), equanimity (mental or emotional stability, especially under tension), magnanimous (generous in forgiving an insult or injury), unanimous
ab / abs
*off, away from, apart, down.* abdicate, abduct, abhor (to hate, detest), abstinence, abstract (apart from reality), abstruse (hard to understand; secret, hidden).
idio
*one's own*. idiom (language, dialect, or style of speaking particular to a people), idiosyncrasy (peculiarity of temperment, eccentricity), idiot
dog / dox
*opinion.* dogma (system of tenets, as of a church), orthodox, paradox.
al / ali / alter
*other, another.* alias, alien, allegory (figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another), alternative, altruist (unselfishly concerned for the welfare of others).
e / ef / ex
*out, out of, from, former, completely.* efface (to rub or wipe out; to surpass, eclipse), evade, exclude, exonerate, expire, extricate
extra
*outside, beyond.* extract (to take out, obtain against a person's will), extradite, extraordinary, extrapolate (to estimate from known data), extrasensory
hyper
*over, excessive.* hyperactive, hyperbole (purposeful exaggeration for effect), hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
pac / peac
*peace.* appease, pacifier (someone or something that eases the anger or agitation of), pacify, pact
dem
*people.* democracy, demographics, endemic (peculiar to a particular place or locality), epidemic, pandemic (general, universal)
grat
*pleasing.* gracious, grateful, gratuity, ingratiate (to bring oneself into favor).
bildungsroman
A novel, usually autobiographical, that covers the principal subject's life from adolescence to maturity.
cloisonné
A process of enameling in which a design is displayed in strips of metal on a china or metal background, making channels, or cloisons, to hold the enamel colors
rectangle
A quadrilateral with four right angles. All rectangles are parallelograms, but not all parallelograms are rectangles.
parallelogram
A quadrilateral with two parallel sides
trapezoid
A quadrilateral with two parallel sides and two nonparallel sides
Motif
A recurring element or theme in an artistic work
Allusion
A reference within an artistic work to another artistic work
qui
*quiet.* acquiesce (to comply, give in), disquiet, quiescence (the condition of being at rest, still, inactive), quiet, tranquil
nom
*rule, order.* astronomy, autonomy (independence), economy, gastronomy (art or science of good eating), taxonomy (science or laws of classification)
cour / cur
*running, a course.* courier, cursive (flowing handwriting), cursory (hasty, superficial), excursion (short trip), incursion (hostile entrance into a place, esp. suddenly), recur (to happen again).
scr / sanct / secr
*sacred.* execrable (abominable), sacrament (something possessing sacred character), sacred, sacrifice, sacrilege (violation of something sacred), sanctify (make holy), sanction (authoritative permission or approval)
(h)om
*same.* anomaly (deviation from common rule), homeostasis (stable state of equalibrium), homogeneous, homonym (words spelled and pronounced alike with different meanings), homosexual
auto
*self.* autocrat (absolute ruler), automatic (self-moving or self-acting), autonomy (independence or freedom)
morph
*shape.* amorphous (without shape), anthropomorphism, metamorphosis
ac / acr
*sharp, bitter.* acerbic (sour taste or temper), acrid, acrimonious (bitter in nature), acute (ending in a point, sharp at the end), exacerbate (increase in bitterness or violence; aggravate).
cla / clo / clu
*shut, close.* claustrophobia, cloister (courtyard bordered by covered walks, esp. in a religious institution), conclude, disclose (to uncover), exclusive (shutting out others), preclude (to prevent existence or occurrence of)
min (minutiae)
*small.* diminish, diminution (act of diminishing), miniature, minute, minutiae (small details)
sua
*smooth.* assuage (to make less severe, ease, relieve), dissuade (to deter), persuade (to encourage, convince), suave
fab / fam
*speak.* affable (friendly, courteous), defame, fable, famous, ineffable (too great for description that which must not be uttered).
fort (forte)
*strength.*forte (strong point, something someone does well), fortify, fortissimo (very loud).
dol
*suffer, pain.* condolence, doleful (sorrowful, mournful), dolorous (full of pain or sorrow, grievous), indolence (being lazy or slothful)
chron
*time.* anachronism (obsolete or archaic form), chronic (constant, habitual), chronology, chronometer (timepiece with a mechanism to adjust for accuracy), synchronize
nounc / nunc
*to announce.* announce, pronounce, renounce
rog
*to ask.* abrogate (to abolish by formal means), arrogant (making claims to superior importance or rights), arrogate (to claim unwarrantably or presumptuously), derogatory, interrogate, surrogate (person appointed to act for another).
nat / nas / nai
*to be born.* cognate (related by blood), naive, nascent (starting to develop), native, natural, renaissance (rebirth, esp. relating to culture).
tac / tic
*to be silent.* reticent (disposed to be silent or not to speak freely), tacit (unspoken understanding), taciturn (uncommunicative)
be
*to be, to have a particular quality, to exist.* belie (to misrepresent; to contradict), belittle (to regard something as less impressive than it apparently is), bemoan (express pity for), bewilder (to confuse or puzzle completely)
cred
*to believe, to trust.* credentials, credit (trustworthiness), credo (any formulation of belief), credulity (willingness to believe or trust to readily), incredible (unbelievable).
flect / flex
*to bend.* deflect, flexible, genuflect (to bend knee, esp. in worship), inflect (to change or vary the pitch of), reflect
ferv
*to boil, to bubble.* effervescent (with the quality of giving off bubbles of gass), fervid (ardent, intense), fervor (passion, zeal)
fra / frac / frag / fring
*to break.* fractious (irritable, peevish), fracture, fragment, infringe (to break or violate - law, etc), refractory (stubborn, unmanageable, rebellious)
fer
*to bring; to carry; to bear.* confer (to grant, bestow), offer, proffer (to offer), proliferate (to reproduce, produce rapidly), referendum (to vote on a political question open to the entire electorate)
voc / vok
*to call.* advocate, avocation (something one does in addition to a principal occupation), equivocate (use ambiguous or unclear expressions), invoke, vocation (particular occupation), vociferous (crying out noisily).
port
*to carry.* deportment (conduct, behavior), disport (divert or amuse oneself), export, import, importune (to urge or press with excessive persistence), portable (easily carried).
ven / vent
*to come or to move toward.* adventitious (accidental), contravene (to come into conflict with), convene (to assemble for some public purpose), intervene, venturesome (showing a disposition to undertaking risks).
cis
*to cut.* exorcise, incision, incisive (penetrating, cutting), precise, scissors
fac / fic / fig / fait / fy
*to do, make.* configuration, counterfeit, deficient, effigy (sculpture or model of person), faction (small dissenting group), factory, prolific (much output, producing many offspring), ratify (to confirm or accept by formal consent)
act / ag
*to do, to drive, to force, to lead.* agile, agitate (to move for force in violent, irregular action), pedagogue (teacher), synagogue (gathering of Jews for worship).
tract
*to drag, to pull, to draw.* abstract (to draw or pull away, remove), attract, contract, detract, protract, tractable (easily managed or controlled), tractor
vor
*to eat.* carnivorous, omnivorous, voracious (having a great appetite).
cad / cid
*to fall, to happen by chance.* accident, cascade, coincidence, decadent (moral or cultural decline), recidivist (repeated relapser, as into crime).
sens / sent
*to feel, to be aware.* dissent, insensate (without feeling or sensitivity), resent, sensory, sentiment, sentinel (person or thing that stands watch).
pug
*to fight.* impugn (to challenge as false), pugilist (fighter or boxer), pugnacious (to quarrel or fight readily), repugnant (objectionable or offensive)
ple
*to fill.* complete, deplete, implement, plethora (overabundance), replete (abundantly supplied), supplement
flu / flux
*to flow.* confluence (merging into one), effluence (flowing out of - light, electricity, etc), fluctuation, fluid, mellifluous (pleasing, musical)
plex / plic / ply
*to fold, twist, tangle, or bend.* complex, duplicity, implicate, implicit (not explicitly stated), replica, supplicate (to make humble and earnest entreaty).
sec / sequ
*to follow.* non sequitur (inference or conclusion that doesn't follow from the premise), prosecute, second, sequence
don / dot / dow
*to give.* anecdote (short narrative about an interesting event), antidote, donate, endow (to provide with a permanent fund), pardon
pet / pit
*to go, to seek, to strive.* appetite, centripetal (moving toward to center), compete, impetuous (characterized by sudden or rash action or emotion), petition, petulant (showing sudden irritation, esp. over some annoyance).
amb
*to go, to walk.* ambient (moving freely, circulating), ambitious, ambulance, ambulatory (of, pertaining to, or capable of walking), perambulator (one who makes a tour of inspection on foot), preamble (introductory statement).
ced / ceed / cees
*to go, yield, to stop.* antecedent (existing or going before), cessation, concede (admit), incessant, predecessor (comes before another in office)
cre / cresc / cret
*to grow.* accretion (increase in natural growth), accrue, creation, increase, increment (something added or gained)
pend / pens
*to hang, to weight, to pay.* appendage, appendix (supplementary material at the end of a text), compensate, depend, indispensable, stipend (periodic payment, fixed or regular pay).
tain / ten / tent / tin
*to hold.* abstention (act of refraining voluntarily), detain, pertain, pertinacious (persistent, stubborn), sustenance, tenable (capable of being held), tenacious (holding fast), tenure (holding or possessing of anything).
sci
*to know.* conscience, conscious, omniscient, prescient (having knowledge of things before they happen), unconscionable (unscrupulous).
rid / ris
*to laugh.* derision (act of mockery), riddle, risible (causing laughter)
duc / duct
*to lead.* abduct (to carry off), conducive (contributive, helpful), conduct, induce (to lead or move away by influence), induct, produce
cli
*to lean toward.* climax (most intense point in the development of something), decline, disinclination, proclivity (inclination, bias), recline
sal / sil / sault / sult
*to leap, to jump.* assault, desultory (at random, unmethodical), exult (to show or feel triumphant joy), insolent (boldly rude or disrespectful), insult, resilient, salient (prominent or conspicuous0, somersault
cub / cumb
*to lie down.* cubicle (small space partitioned off), incubate (to sit upon for the purpose of hatching), incumbent (holding an indicated position), recumbent (lying down, reclining), succumb (to give away to superior force, yield).
spec / spic / spit
*to look, to see.* circumspect (watchful and discreet, cautious), perspicacious (having keen mental perception and understanding), retrospective (contemplative of past situations), specious (deceptively attractive), spectrum (broad range of related things that form a continuous series), speculation.
sol
*to loosen, to free.* absolution (forgiveness for wrongdoing), dissolute (indifferent to moral restraints), dissolution, dissolve, resolution (formal expression of opinion or intention made), soluble (capable of being dissolved into liquid).
join / junct
*to meet; to join.* adjoin (to be next to and joined with), junction, junta (clique, usually military, that takes power after a coup d'etat), rejoinder (to reply, retort), subjugate.
pen / pun
*to pay, to compensate.* penal (pertaining to punishment, as for crimes), penalty, penance (punishment to express regret for sin), penitent (contrite), punitive (concerned with inflicting punishment)
lud / lus
*to play.* allude, delude (to mislead the mind or judgement of, deceive), elude, illusion, ludicrous, prelude
plac
*to please.* complacent (self-satisified, unconcerned), complaisant (inclined to please), implacable (unable to be pleased), placebo, placid (pleasantly calm or peaceful).
punc / pung / poign
*to point, to prick.* compunction (feeling of uneasiness for doing wrong), expunge, point, punctilious (strict or exact in the observance of formalities), puncture, pungent.
fus
*to pour.* diffuse, fusillade (continuous discharge of firearms or outburst of criticism), infusion, profuse (lavish, extravagant, copious), suffuse (to spread throughout or over from within)
min (prominent)
*to project, to hang over.* eminent (towering over others; projecting), imminent, minatory (menacing, threatening) preeminent, prominent (projecting outward).
prob
*to prove, to test.* approbation (praise, consideration), opprobrium (disgrace incurred by shameful conduct), probe, probity (honestly, high-mindedness), problematic, reprobate (depraved or wicked person).
pon / pos / pound
*to put, to place.* component, expose, expound, juxtapose (to place close together or side by side, esp. for contract), repository (place where things are deposited).
mon / monit
*to remind, to warn.* admonish (to counsel or caution against something), monitor (one that cautions, reminds), monument, premonition, remonstrate (to say or plead in protection, objection, or reproof), summon
dic / dict / dit
*to say, to tell, to use words.* dictionary, interdict (to forbid, prohibit), predict, verdict, edict (official proclamation)
vid / vis
*to see.* evident (plain or clear to sight or understanding), vista (view or prospect)
que / quis
*to seek.* acquire, conquest, exquisite, inquisitive, perquisite (gratuity, tip), querulous (full of complaints), query
lect / leg
*to select, to choose.* collect, eclectic (selecting ideas from various sources), elect, predilection (preference, liking), select
mis / mit
*to send.* emissary, intermittent, remission, remit (send money), transmit
claim / clam
*to shout, cry out.* clamor, disclaim (to deny interest in or connection with), exclaim, proclaim (to announce in an official way), reclaim
cant / cent / chant
*to sing.* accent (prominence of a syllable pronunciation), chant, enchant, incantation, incentive (incites action), recant (withdraw statement)
sed / sess / sid
*to sit, to be still, to plan, to plot.* assiduous (diligent, persistent, hardworking), dissident, insidious (intended to entrap or beguile), preside, residual, subsidiary (serving to assist or supplement)
sta / sti
*to stand, to be in place.* apostasy (renunciation of an object of one's previous loyalty), constitute, destitute (without means of subsistence), obstinate, stasis, static
grad / gress
*to step.* aggressive, degrade, digress (to depart from main subject), egress (going out, a way out), progress, regress
her / hes
*to stick.* adherent (able to adhere, believer), adhesive, coherent (logically consistent; having waves in phase and of one wavelength), heredity, inherent
tend / tens / tent / tenu
*to stretch; to thin.* attenuate (to weaken or reduce in force), contentious, distend, extenuating (make less serious by offering excuses), tendentious (having a predisposition towards a point of view), tension, tentative, tenuous (very weak or slight)
jur
*to swear.* abjure (to renounce an oath), adjure (to beg or command), perjury.
cap / cip / cept
*to take, get.* anticipate, capture, emancipate, percipient (having perception, discerning, discriminating), precept (commandment or direction given as a rule of conduct), susceptible (capable of receiving, admitting, undergoing, or being affected by something).
prehend / prise
*to take, to get, to seize.* apprehend (to take into custody), comprise (to include or contain), comprehend (to understand), enterprise (a project undertaken), reprehensible (deserving rebuke), reprisals (retaliation against an enemy), surprise
dac / doc
*to teach.* didactic (intended for instruction), docile (easly managed), doctor, doctrine, indoctrinate
ject
*to throw, to throw down.* abject (utterly hopeless, humiliating, or wretched), conjecture, dejected, eject, inject
us / ut
*to use.* abuse, usage, usurp (to seize and hold), utilitarian (efficient, functional, useful),
err
*to wander.* errant (downright, thorough, notorious), err, erratic (deviating from proper or usual course of conduct), error (deviation from correctness)
lav / lut / luv
*to wash.* ablution (act of cleansing), antediluvian (before the Flood), deluge, dilute, lavatory, pollute
vol
*to wish.* benevolent (expressing goodwill), malevolent (expressing bad will), volition, voluntary
scribe / scrip
*to write.* ascribe, circumscribe (to draw a line around), conscription (draft), describe, postscript (any addition or supplement), proscribe (to condemn as harmful or odious), scribble, script, transcript
ad / al
*to, toward, near.* adapt, adhere, adjacent, advocate
epi
*upon.* epidemic, epidermis (outer layer of skin), epigram (witty or pointed saying tersely expressed), epilogue (concluding part added to a literary work), epithet (word or phrase used invectively as a term of abuse)
bel / bell
*war.* antebellum (before the war), belligerent (warlike), rebel (resists authority), bellicose (willingness to fight).
co / col / com / con
*with, together.* coerce, collaborate, collide, commensurate (suitable in measure, proportionate), compatable, conciliate (to placate, win over), connect
a
*without.* agnostic, amoral, anomaly (irregular), atheist.
loc / log / loqu
*word, speech.* colloquial (of ordinary or familiar conversation), dialogue, elocution (art of clear and expressive speaking), eulogy, grandiloquent (pompous or inflated in language), loquacious, prologue
dign
*worth.* condign (well-deserved, fitting, adequate), deign (to think fit or in accordance with one's dignity), dignitary (person who holds a high rank or office), dignity (nobility or elevation of character, worthiness), distain (to look at with contempt)
annui / enni
*year.* annals (record of events, esp. a yearly record), anniversary, annual, perennial (lasting an indefinite amount of time).
stone
14 pounds, 6.4 kg
Gutenberg, Johannes
1400-1468. German Inventor of movable type and the printing press.
Botticelli, Sandro
1444-1510. 15th century Italian Renaissance artist. *The Birth of Venus, St. Sebastian, Fortitude*.
Cabot, John
1450-1498. English Explorer. North America.
Diaz, Bartolomeu
1450-1500. Portuguese Explorer. Cape of Good Hope.
Bosch, Hieronymus
1450-1516. Early 16th century painter considered perhaps the greatest master of fantasy ever. *Garden of Earthly Delights, Mocking of Christ*
Columbus, Christopher
1451-1506. Italian/Spanish Explorer. Discovery of New World.
Da Vinci, Leonardo
1452-1519. Italian Inventor. Conceptualized a helicopter, painted Mona Lisa, advanced anatomy, etc.
Leonardo da Vinci
1452-1519. Late 15th-early 16th century ITL artist and scientist; most versatile genius of the Renaissance. Fresco- The Last Supper, painting- Mona Lisa; notebook drawings of the human anatomy.
Vespucci, Amerigo
1454-1521. Italian Explorer. America was named after him, first to realize that the Americas were a different continent than Asia.
Ponce de Leon, Juan
1460-1521. Spanish Explorer. First European explorer to Florida.
Pizarro, Franscisco
1470-1541. Spanish Explorer. Peru, Inca empire.
Dürer, Albrecht
1471-1528. late 15th - early 16th century GER artist known for his woodcuts and engravings. *His Mother*, a charcoal drawing; *Adam and Eve*, an engraving; and *The Apocalypse*, a series of woodcuts.
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de
1475-1517. Spanish Explorer. Pacific Ocean.
Michelangelo, Bounarotti
1475-1564. Late 15th-early 16th century Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who embodied the Renaissance. Pieta, David, Madonna and Child, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Magellan, Ferdinand
1480-1521. Portuguese Explorer. First to sail around the world.
Occam, William of
14th century ENG philosopher who developed the notion of "parsimony". Ockham's Razor states that simpler explanations are preferable to more complex ones.
de Soto, Hernando
1500-1542. Spanish Explorer. Cuba, Florida, SE region of US.
Cellini, Benvenuto
1500-1571. 16th century Florentine sculptor, goldsmith, and designer of coins and medals. Perseus bronze, gold saltcellar.
Vasquez de Coronado, Franscisco
1510-1554. Spanish Explorer. First European to explore Arizona and New Mexico.
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de
1510-1554. Spanish Explorer. Sought mythical city of Cibola, explored SW region of the U.S.
mannerism
1520s-1590s school of art and architecture characterized by the exotic and confusing and the distortion of the human form. El Greco, Vassari.
Brueghel, Pieter (the Elder)
1525-1569. 16th century Flemish painter known for pleasant scenes and large landscapes; sometimes known as "Peasant Bruegel". *Hunters in the Snow, The Harvesters, Fall of the Rebel Angel*
Bunyan, John
1528-1688. 17th century English writer of religious allegories. *Pilgrim's Progress*.
Drake, Sir Francis
1540-1596. British Explorer. Circumnavigated the globe, helped defeat the Spanish Armada.
Greco, El
1541-1614. 16th century GREEK painter who lived and worked in Spain specializing in expressive portraits of nobility and cathedral altars. *The Annunciation, The Burial of the Count of Orgaz*.
Cervantes, Miguel de
1547-1616. Spanish writer. *Don Quixote de la Mancha*.
Spenser, Edmund
1552-1599. Great Elizabethan poet. *The Faerie Queene*.
Raleigh, Sir Walter
1552-1618. British Explorer. Eastern coast of US.
Marlowe, Christopher
1564-1593. 16th century English poet and dramatist; he was the first to use blank verse on the stage, influenced Shakespeare.
Galilei, Galileo
1564-1642. Italian Inventor/Physicist. Improved the telescope.
Donne, John
1572-1631. Considered the greatest English metaphysical poet. "The Flea," "Death Be Not Proud".
Rubens, Peter Paul
1577-1640. Late 16th-early 17th century FLEM baroque painter, the most famous artist of northern Europe in his day. *The Judgment of Paris, Portrait of Helene Fourment, The Descent from the Cross, Venus and Adonis*.
van Dyck, Sir Anthony
1599-1641. 17th century Flemish painter. *Charles I of England in Hunting Dress, Portrait of Charles V*.
Cromwell, Oliver
1599-1658. ENG general, member of Parliament, and revolutionary who ruled as Lord Protector without a king during the mid-1600s.
Velazquez, Diego
1599-1660. 17th century Spanish painter. *The Maids of Honor, Pope Innocent X*
Milton, John
1608-1674. 17th century English poet. *Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes*. All three were written while he was blind.
Murillo, Bartolome Estebon
1617-1682. 17th century Spanish painter. *Immaculate Conception, Beggar Boy*.
Moliere (Jean Baptiste Poquelin)
1622-1673. The greatest french writer of comedy. *Tartuffe, The Misanthrope*.
Vermeer, Jan
1632-1675. 17th century Dutch painter known for his domestic scenes. *Woman with a Water Jug, The Lacemaker*
Wren, Sir Christopher
1632-1723. Late 17th-early 18th century Englihs architect known for his reconstruction of St. Paul's Cathedral and other parts of London.
Marquette, Jacques
1637-1675. French Explorer. Discovered the Mississippi.
Louis XIV
1638-1715. Known as the "Sun King". Represents the height of the French monarchy at Versailles. Absolute monarch who claimed to rule by divine right.
Racine, Jean
1639-1699. 17th century French *classicist* writer of tragic drama. *Phadra, Andromache*.
Newton, Issac
1642-1727. English Inventor of the reflecting telescope (reduces chromatic aberration)
Leibniz, Gottfried
1646-1716. German philosopher/mathmatician; use of deduction.
Purcell, Henry
1659-1695. ENG composer of operaand church music. *Dido and Aeneas*.
Defoe, Daniel
1660-1731. Early English novelist. *Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders*
Swift, Jonathan
1667-1745. Late 17th-18th century English author, great satirist. *Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal*
Vivalidi, Antonio
1678-1741. Late 17th early 18th century composer and violinist who wrote *The Four Seasons*.
Bach, Johann Sebastian
1685-1750. Well known GER Baroque composer. *The Brandenberg Concertos, St. Matthew's Passion*.
Handel, George Frideric
1685-1759. GER Baroque composer of oratorio and other music in late 17th early 18th centuries. Messiah.
Pope, Alexander
1688-1744. Classicism. The greatest English poet of the early 1700s, brilliant satirist. *The Rape of the Lock, An Essay on Criticism, An Essay on Man*.
Voltaire
1694-1778. 18th century French author. *Candide*
Hogarth, William
1697-1764. 18th century ENG artist. *Signing the Marriage Contract*
Franklin, Benjamin
1706-1790. American Inventor of the lightening rod.
Fielding, Henry
1707-1754. Early ENG novelist. *Tom Jones, Joseph Andrews*
Johnson, Samuel
1709-1784. 18th century ENG writer, noted for Boswell's famous biography of him, as well as for the first modern Dictionary of the English Language in 1755. Also wrote *The Lives of the English Poets, Rasselas*
Gray, Thomas
1716-1771. Early ENG Romantic poet. "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"
Smith, Adam
1723-1790. Britsh economist and author. Wrote *Wealth of Nations* which outlines basic ideas of free-market (laissez-faire) capitalism.
rococo
1730s-1780s style of European art that glorified asymmetrical ornamentation on paneling, porcelain, and jewelry to display a love of gaiety and elegance.
Haydn, Franz Joseph
1732-1809. 18th century AUST composer
Gibbon, Edward
1737-1794. English historian who wrote *The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire*
Copley, John Singleton
1738-1815. 18th century US portrait painter
Boswell, James
1740-1795. Wrote famous biography of Samuel Johnson.
Goya, Francisco José de
1746-1828. Late 18th - early 19th century SPA painter and printmaker. *Majas on a Balcony*.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
1749-1832. GER poet, playwright, and novelist. *Faust* a verse play where Mephistopheles is the devil; *The Sorrows of a Young Werther*, an epistolary novel.
Louis XVI
1754-1793. FR ruler who ruled until the French Revolution.
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
1756-1791. Important AUST composer of 18th century whose operas *The Marriage of Figaro* and *The Magic Flute* and concertos are among the most famous in history.
Blake, William
1757-1827. Visionary English poet, engraver, and artist; early Romantic. *Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell*.
Robespierre, Maximilien
1758-1794. FR revolutionary who ruled brutally during the early French Revolution.
Gall, Franz Joseph
1758-1828. German anatomist/physiologist; study of nervous system and the brain, founded pseudoscience of phrenology.
Whitney, Eli
1765-1825. American Inventor of interchangable parts and the cotton gin.
Malthus, Thomas
1766-1834. English demographer and political economist; noted the potential for populations to increase rapidly, and more rapidly than the food supply.
Beethoven, Ludwig von
1770-1827. Late 18th-, early 19th-century composer. Composed nine symphonies and scores of concertos.
Wordsworth, William
1770-1850. English romantic poet. Published *Lyrical Ballads* with Coleridge. *The Prelude*.
classicism
1770s-1830s period; opposed to romanticism and folk or popular music (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven).
Scott, Sir Walter
1771-1832. Later 18th-early 19th century Scottish novelist and poet; inventor of the historical novel. *The Lady of the Lake, Waverly, Ivanhoe*.
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor
1772-1834. English *Romantic* poet; with Wordsworth, published *Lyrical Ballads*, which inaugurated the romantic movement in England. *The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, "Kubla Kahn," "Christabel"*
Beaufort, Francis
1774-1854. French Inventor of the Beaufort Scale- a wind force scale named after him.
Lamb, Charles
1775-1832. ENG essayist
Turner, Joseph Mallord William
1775-1851. Late 18th-early 19th century British landscape artist. *Fighting Temeraire*
Constable, John
1776-1837. 19th century English landscape painter. *The Holy Wain*.
O'Higgins, Bernado
1778-1842. Liberator/Unifier of Chile.
San Martin, Jose de
1778-1850. Liberator/Unifier of Peru, Chile (march across the Andes) from Spain.
Stephenson, George
1781-1848. English Inventor of the first steam locomotive.
Bolivar, Simon
1783-1830. South and Central American general and liberator. Liberated Venezuela, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru from Spanish rule in the 19th century.
Audubon, John James
1785-1851. Early 19th century US artist and illustrator known for his color engravings of birds. *Birds in America*.
Drais, Karl
1785-1851. German Inventor of the bicycle (Draisine).
Byron, Lord George Gordon
1788-1824. English *Romantic* poet. *Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Don Juan*.
Cooper, James Fenimore
1789-1851. 18th century American novelist who wrote about the American frontier. *Leather-Stocking Tales*, which includes *The Last of the Mohicans* and *The Deerslayer*.
neoclassicism
1790s-1830s rejection of rococo and a return to classical style; characterized by restraint and balance.
Shelly, Percy Bysshe
1792-1822. Early 19th century English Romantic poet. *Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Ode to the West Wind*.
Rossini, Gioacchino
1792-1868. ITL composer of operas. *Barber of Seville*
Bryant, William Cullen
1794-1878. American nature poet. *Thanatopsis*.
Keats, John
1795-1821. ENG Romantic Poet. "Endymion," "Ode to a Nightingale," "Ode to a Grecian Urn," "La Bell Dame sans Merci"
von Ranke, Leopold
1795-1886. German historian considered on eof hte founders of modern source-based history.
Schubert, Franz
1797-1828. 19th century AUST composer of piano and vocal pieces.
Delacroix, Eugene
1798-1863. 19th century FR painter of the Romantic period. *Liberty at the Barricades*
Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeyvich
1799-1837. Russia's most celebrated poet; also wrote plays and other prose. *Eugene Onegin, The Bronze Horeseman.*
Pachabel, Johann
17th century GER organist and composer of keyboard music
cubit
18 inches
Manifest Destiny
1800's belief the US destiny was to expand westward
Cole, Thomas
1801-1848. 19th century US landscape painter; member of the Hudson River school of painting.
Dumas, Alexandre
1802-1870. FR novelist and dramatist. *The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo*.
Hugo, Victor
1802-1885. Victorian FR novelist *The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Les Misérables*.
Berlioz, Hector
1803-1869. FR composer of innovative pieces. *Symphonie Fantastique*.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
1803-1882. US poet and essayist; central figure in *transcendentalism*.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel
1804-1864. 19th century US author who set many of his stories against the somber background of Puritan New England. *The Scarlet Letter*, in which Hester Pryne is the aduleress, Arthur Dimmesdale the adultere, and Roger Chillingworth the husband. *The House of the Seven Gables*.
Garrison, WIlliam Lloyd
1805-1879. Noted US abolitionist
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett & Robert
1806-1861. Married English poets. Elizabeth = *Sonnets from the Portuguese*, Robert = known for dramatic monologues such as *My Last Duchess*.
Mill, John Stuart
1806-1873. English philosopher; used principle of utility.
Garibaldi, Giuseppe
1807-1882. Liberator/Unifier of Italy
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth
1807-1882. Most popular American poet of the 19th century. *Evangeline*, "Songs of Hiawatha".
Daumier, Honoré
1808-1879. 19th century FR lithographer, cartoonist, and social satirist. *The Print Collector, The People of Justice*.
Davis, Jefferson
1808-1899. President of the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Poe, Edgar Allan
1809-1849. 19th century American poet, critic, and short-story writer; the father of modern mystery and detective fiction. *"Murders in the Rue Morgue," "The Fall of the House of Usher," "The Raven", The Tell-Tale Heart," "The Cask of Amontillado."
Braille, Louis
1809-1852. French Inventor of the Braille writing system.
Chopin, Federic
1810-1849. POL composer of the 19th century known for piano compositions.
Dickens, Charles
1812-1870. English novelist. *David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities, Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickelby, A Christmas Carol*. A contemporary of Thomas Hardy.
Wagner, Richard
1813-1883. 19th century GER composer whose use of *leitmotif* revolutionized opera. *Tristan and Isolde*, *Der Ring des Nibelungen*.
Currier, Nathaniel T. and Ives, James Merrit
1813-1888; 1824-1895. 19th century US lithographers know for prints depicting American life.
Verdi, Giuseppe
1813-1901. ITL composer of operas. *Rigoletto, La Traviata, Aida*.
Bismarck, Otto von
1815-1898. Liberator/Unifier of Germany.
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady
1815-1902. American leader of the women's rights movement.
Bronte, Charlotte & Emily
1816-1855, 1818-1848. English authors. Charlotte = *Jane Eyre*, wrote under "Currer Bell", Emily = *Wuthering Heights*, wrote under Ellis Bell.
Thoreau, Henry David
1817-1862. American philosopher and writer; renowned for having lived the doctrines of transcendentalism. *"Civil Disobedience," Walton*.
Elliot, George (Mary Anne Evans)
1819-1880. ENG novelist. *Middlemarch, The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner*.
Melville, Herman
1819-1891. 19th century American novelist. Wrote *Moby Dick*, in which Ismael narrates the story of Captain Ahab's search for a white whale. *Billy Budd, Typee*. Also wrote "Bartleby the Scrivener".
Whitman, Walt
1819-1892. One of the great American poets; his poems sing the praise of America and democracy. *Leaves of Grass*, "O Captain! My Captain!", a poem on Lincoln's death.
Flaubert, Gustave
1821-1880. FR novelist who coined "le mot juste (the perfect word). *Madame Bovary*
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Mikhaylovich
1821-1881. RUS novelist. *Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov, The Idiot*.
Galton, Sir Francis
1822-1911. English scientist; belief in heredity as predeterminant force. IQ tests.
Manet, Edouard
1823-1883. 19th century French painter who contributed to much of the development of impressionism, although he himself was not a member of the group.
Buckner, Anton
1824-1896. 19th century AUST composer and organist known for his symphonies
Strauss, Johann
1825-1899. AUST composer known for waltzes. *The Blue Danube*.
Ibsen, Henrik
1828-1906. Norwegian playwright; considered the father of modern realistic drama. *A Doll's House, Hedda Gabler*
Tolstoy, Count Leo
1828-1910. 19th century Russian author, one of the world's greatest novelists. *War and Peace, Anna Karenina*.
Rubinstein, Anton
1829-1894. 20th century Polish-born US pianist
Dickinson, Emily
1830-1886. One of the great American poets of the 19th century. *"Because I Could Not Stop for Death"*.
Nobel, Alfred
1833-1896. Swedish Inventor of dynamite.
Brahms, Johannes
1833-1897. GER composer and pianist well known for his chamber music.
Daimler, Gottlieb
1834-1900. German Inventor of the first high-speed internal-combustion engine.
Whistler, James Abbott McNeill
1834-1903. 19th century US painter and etcher. *Whistler's Mother*.
Degas, Edgar
1834-1917. late 19th-early 20th century FR painter. *Study of a Dancer, Woman on Horseback*.
Homer, Winslow
1836-1910. Late 19th century American painter and illustrator; Civil War illustrations.
Bruch, Max
1838-1920. GER composer and conductor. *Kol Nidrei*.
Cezanne, Paul
1839-1906. 19th century French painter, often considered the frontrunner of many 20th century art movements; romantic, impressionist, classical, and naturalistic influences are all condensed in his work.
Peirce, Charles Sanders
1839-1914. American philosopher; pragmatist.
Tchaikovoky, Pyotr
1840-1893. 19th-century RUS composer who wrote the ballets *Swan Lake* and *The Nutcracker*.
Nast, Thomas
1840-1902. 19th century US illustrator and cartoonist known for his depictions of Tweed ring and Tammany Hall.
Zola, Emile
1840-1902. Leader of the French naturalistic school, which deemphasized the role of free will in human life. *Nana; J'accuse*, which helped win a new trial for Alfred Dreyfus.
Rodin, Auguste
1840-1917. Late 19th-early 20th century French sculptor ,the most famous sculptor of the late 19th century. *The Thinker, The Kiss*.
Monet, Claude
1840-1926. Late 19th-early 20th century French painter, a leader of impressionism; known for seeing nature with an "objective eye". *Water Lily* paintings.
Hardy, Thomas
1840-1928. The last of ENG's great Victorian novelists. *Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the D'Urbervilles; Jude the Obscure, Far from the Madding Crowd, The Return of the Native.*
Devoak, Antonin
1841-1904. 19th century CZECH composer of symphonies, including *New World Symphony*.
James, William
1842-1910. American philosopher; pragmatism, functionalism.
Grieg, Edvard
1843-1907. 19th century NOR composer and pianist. Music for *Peer Gynt*
James, Henry
1843-1916. US author, known for his subtle psychological character studies. *The Turn of the Screw, The Ambassadors, Daisy Miller, Washington Square, The Portrait of a Lady*
Rousseau, Henri
1844-1910. 19th century French painter, one of the foremost primitive artists of the modern age. *The Sleeping Gypsy, The Dream*
Benz, Karl
1844-1929. German Inventor of the petrol powered automobile.
Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad
1845-1923. German Inventor of the X-ray machine.
Nation, Carry
1846-1911. Leader of the Temperance movement.
Bell, Alexander Graham
1847-1922. American Inventor of the telephone.
Edison, Thomas Alva
1847-1931. American Inventor of the lightbulb, phonograph.
Gauguin, Paul
1848-1903. 19th century FR painter best known for depiction of simple life in Tahiti. *Indian Ocean Maiden*.
Pavlov, Ivan
1849-1936. Russian physiologist/psychologist; conditioning of reflexes, worked with dogs.
Stevenson, Robert Louis
1850-1894. 19th century Scottish novelist, essayist, and poet; known for his adventure stories. *Treasure Island, Kidnapped, A Child's Garden of Verses*.
van Gogh, Vincent
1853-1890. 19th century Dutch postimpressionist painter. *The Sunflowers, Starry Night, Self-Portrait*
Diesel, Rudolf
1853-1913. German Inventor of the first internal-combustion engine using fuel oil instead of gasoline.
Wilde, Oscar
1854-1900. Late 19th century Irish playwright, poet, and novelist; attacked Victorian narrow-mindedness and complacency. *The Picture of Dorian Gray, The Importance of Being Earnest, Salmoé*.
Sousa, John Phillip
1854-1932. Early 20th century US band conductor and composer of marches such as the classic *Stars and Stripes Forever*
Washington, Booker T.
1856-1915. Important African American spokesperson and scholar of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Peary, Robert E.
1856-1920. American Explorer. Explored North Pole (disputed claim; prior claim of Fred Cook)
Sargent, John Singer
1856-1925. Late 19th-early 20th century US portrait painter. *Lady Hamilton*.
Freud, Sigmund
1856-1939. Austrian psychiatrist; sexual drive, Oedipus complex.
Shaw, George Bernard
1856-1950. English (Irish-born) author of satirical plays. *Pygmalion*, used as a basis for *My Fair Lady; Man and Superman; Saint Joan*.
Conrad, Joseph
1857-1924. English novelist born in Poland. *Heart of Darkness, Lord Jim*.
Ravel, Maurice
1857-1937. FR composer known for his nationalistic symphonies. *Bolero*.
Boas, Franz
1858 - 1942. German American anthropologist; known for being the "father" of modern anthropology as he applied the scientific method to his anthropological studies
Puccini, Giacomo
1858-1924. ITL composer of operas, including *La Boheme* and *Madame Butterfly*.
Seurat, Georges
1859-1891. 19th century French artist who introduced pointillism. *Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte*.
Durkheim, Emile
1859-1917. French sociologist, considered one of the fathers of modern sociology.
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan
1859-1930. ENG author, creator of Sherlock Holmes.
Dewey, John
1859-1952. American educator/philosopher; pragmatism.
Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich
1860-1904. Russian writer, best known for his plays. *The Cherry Orchard, The Three Sisters, The Seagull*.
Mahler, Gustav
1860-1911. Late 19th-early 20th century AUST composer and conductor. *Symphony of a Thousand*.
Moses, Anna Mary (Grandma)
1860-1961. Late 19th-early 20th US painter known for her simple depictions of New England life and landscapes.
Remington, Federic
1861-1909. 19th century US painter, illustrator, and sculptor known for his romantic scenes of the American Old West.
Maillol, Aristide
1861-1944. Late 19th-early 20th century FR painter and sculptor. The Three Graces, Seated Woman
Debussy, Claude
1862-1918. FR Impressionist composer of late 19th-early 20th centuries
Ford, Henry
1863-1947. American Inventor. Developed modern assembly lines for mass production.
Caldecott, Randolph
1864-1886. 19th century English illustrator known for his illustrations of children's books; the prestigious Caldecott Award is given annually for excellence in children's book illustration
Weber, Max
1864-1920. German sociologist; argued in *The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism* that Protestantism influenced the development of capitalism.
Strauss, Richard
1864-1949. GER composer known for his tone poems, operas, and songs. *Lieder*.
Yeats, William Butler
1865-1939. Irish poet and dramatist, considered by many the greatest poet of his time; led the Irish Literary Revival; his love for Maud Gonne, a beautiful Irish nationalist leader, influenced many of his plays and love lyrics.
13th Amendment (XIII)
1865. Abolished slavery.
Kandinsky, Wassily
1866-1944. Late 19th-early 20th century Russian-born GER artist, one of the founders of the abstract movement; known for kinetic lines. Helped found the Bauhaus school. Closely associated with Klee.
Titchener, Edward
1867-1927. American psychologist; structuralist.
Wright, Frank Lloyd
1867-1959. 20th century US architect known for "organic architecture". *Taliesin West, Guggenheim*
Scott, Robert
1868-1912. British Explorer. Antarctica, South Pole (prior claim of Amundsen)
Vuillard, Edouard
1868-1940. Late 19th-early 20th century French post-impressionist painter. *Under the Trees*.
DuBois, W. E. B.
1868-1963. American sociologist and historian; active in the area of racism.
14th Amendment (XIV)
1868. Due process clause (forces states to recognize some federal laws and rights), equal protection clause, citizenship clause (protects rights of freed slaves).
Matisse, Henri
1869-1954. Late 19th-early 20th century French artist known for his still life subjects; a member of the fauve group and influenced by impressionism. Jazz- Icarus, Fruits and Flowers
Lenin, Vladimir
1870-1924. Leader of Russian Revolution of 1917. First leader of the Soviet Union. Bolshevik and Communist.
Adler, Alfred
1870-1937. Austrian psychiatrist; inferiority complex.
15th Amendment (XV)
1870. Race can't be used for a criteria for voting.
Proust, Marcel
1871-1922. French author. *Remembrance of Things Past*, the story of his life told as an allegorical search for truth.
Dreiser, Theodore
1871-1945. US novelist associated with *naturalist* movement. *Sister Carrie, An American Tragedy*.
Rouault, Gorges
1871-1958. Late 19th-century-early 20th century FR expressionist painter. *The Apprentice, Christian Nocturne, The Holy Face*.
Amundson, Roald
1872-1928. Norwegian Explorer. First to reach South Pole and fly over North Pole.
Mondrian, Piet
1872-1944. Late 19th-early 20th century Dutch abstract painter known for his geometric shapes. *Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue*.
Huizinga, Johan
1872-1945. Dutch historian, one of the founders of modern cultural influences on behavior.
Caruso, Enrico
1873-1921. Popular ITL tenor of late 19th early 20th centuries.
Cather, Willa Sibert
1873-1947. American author, wrote about 1880s pioneering life in the midwest. *O Pioneers!, My Antonia*.
Marconi, Guglielmo
1874-1937. Italian Inventor of wireless radio.
Stein, Gertrude
1874-1946. American author, central figure in a circle of outstanding artist and writer expatriates in Paris. *The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas*.
Thorndike, Edward
1874-1949. American educator/psychologist; intelligence, IQ tests, worked with cats.
Frost, Robert
1874-1963. 20th century US American poet. "Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening," "Mending Wall," "After Apple-Picking."
Mann, Thomas
1875-1955. American (German-born) author. *Death in Venice, The Magic Mountain*.
Jung, Carl
1875-1961. Swiss psychiatrist; self-realization.
London, Jack
1876-1916. American novelist and short-story writer, whose works deal romantically with elemental struggles for survival. *Call of the Wild*.
Anderson, Sherwood
1876-1941. American short-story writer whose most famous collection is Winesburg, Ohio.
Brancusi, Constantin
1876-1957. 19th-20th century Romanian sculptor known for highly simplified archetypical human and animal forms. *The Kiss, Bird in Space*.
Casals, Pablo
1876-1973. Popular 20th century SPA cellist
Hesse, Hermann
1877-1962. Swiss-born GER author *Siddhartha, Steppenwolf, Narcissus and Goldmund, Magister Ludi*.
Watson, John
1878-1958. American psychologist, behaviorist.
Sandburg, Carl
1878-1967. Major 20th century American poet, also an historian and a biographer. *Abraham Lincoln, "The Fog," "Chicago"*.
Klee, Paul
1879-1940. Late 19th-early 20th century SWISS painter and etcher knew for his whimsical works that sought to portray reality through its inner nature. Inventions, Senecio. Helped found the Bauhaus school. Closely associated with Kandinsky.
Stalin, Joseph
1879-1953. Soviet leader during WWII and the Cold War.
Einstein, Albert
1879-1955. German Inventor/Physicist responsible for the theory of relativity.
Beecham, Sir Thomas
1879-1961. ENG conductor
Mencken, H[enry] L[ouis]
1880-1956. The most influential American critic of the 1920s and early 1930s.
pointillism
1880s art form in which tiny dots of paint, when viewed from a distance, take on the shape of objects. *Seurat*.
Fleming, Alexander
1881-1955. English Inventor of penicillin.
Picasso, Pablo
1881-1973. 20th century Spanish painter, sculptor, and printmaker considered one of the foremost artists of the 20th century. After his "Blue period" paintings of despairing people and his "Rose period" circus paintings, he turned to cubism and later surrealism and collage. *Gurnica, Three Musicians, Artists*.
Woolf, Virginia
1882-1941. English novelist and critic; with her husband Leonard, provided a center for the Bloomsbury Group, an informal group of famous intellectuals. *Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse*. Modernist.
Joyce, James
1882-1941. IRISH author, noted for use of interior monologue and stream of consciousness. *Ulysses, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, The Dubliners, Finnegan's Wake*
Milne, A[lan] A[lexander]
1882-1956. English author, creator of *Winnie-the-Pooh*.
Hopper, Edward
1882-1967. 20th century US artist known for bleak surreal scenes depicting city life and the ennui of workers. *Early Sunday Morning, Nighthawks*
Kodaly, Zoltan
1882-1967. Late 19th early 20th century HUNG composer, edited Hungarian folk songs (with Bartok). *Psalmas Hungaricus*, opera *Hary Janos*.
Stravinsky, Igor
1882-1971. RUS-born composer best known for his conducting and for his compositions for ballets.
Kafka, Franz
1883-1924. GER *existentialist* novelist who penned the classic *The Metamorphosis*
Keynes, John Maynard
1883-1946. British developer of Keynesian economics, founder of modern theoretical macroeconomics.
Utrillo, Maurice
1883-1955. Late 19th century-early 20th century French painter. *Sacre Coeur*.
Modigliani, Amedeo
1884-1920. Late 19th-early 20th century Italian sculptor and painter known for his sad, elongated faces. *Seated Nude, The Brown Haired Girl*
Malinowski, Bronislaw
1884-1942. Polish anthropologist, pioneer in ethnographic fieldwork.
symbolism
1885 movement in art that sought to depict the world through the visionary eye of dreams and illusions.
Lawrence, D[avid] H[erbert]
1885-1930. ENG novelist, poet, and short-story writer. *Sons and Lovers, Lady Chatterley's Lover*.
Lewis, Sinclair
1885-1951. Early 20th century US novelist and social critic. *Main Street, Babbitt, Arrowsmith, Elmer Gantry*
Horney, Karen
1885-1952. American psychiatrist; importance of social and cultural influences on behavior.
Pound, Ezra
1885-1972. American poet and critic, one of the most influential poets and controversial figures of the 20th century. *Cantos*. Modernism.
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig
1886-1969. 20th century German-US architect known for clean-line skyscrapers of glass and metal and for steel-framed furniture. Barcelona chair.
Benedict, Ruth
1887-1911. American anthropologist; author of *Patterns of Culture*
Kohler, Wolfgang
1887-1967. German-American psychologist; Gestaltist, worked with chimps.
O'Keeffe, Georgia
1887-1986. 20th century US painter known for her large New Mexican landscape.
O'Neill, Eugene
1888-1953. One of the greatest American playwrights. *The Hairy Ape, The Emperor Jones, Desire Under the Elms, Ah! Wilderness, The Iceman Cometh, Long Day's Journey Into Night.*
Eliot, T[homas] S[tearns]
1888-1965. 20th century ENG (American born) poet, dramatist, and critic. *Prufrock and Other Observations, The Waste Land, Murder in the Cathedral*.
Gardner, Erle Stanley
1889-1970. US writer, author of Perry Mason mysteries.
Chagall, Marc
1889-1985. 20th century French painter of Russian-Jewish origin, forerunner of surrealism. *The Juggler, The Green Violinist*.
Prokofiev, Sergei
1891-1953. 20th centiry composer of *Peter and the Wolf*
Ernst, Max
1891-1976. 20th century German-born FR artist, a leading surrealist and one of the founders of dada; known for his "reveries". *Europe after the Rain, Mundus est Fabula, Two Children are Threatened by a Nightingale*.
Miller, Henry
1891-1980. 20th century American author. *Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn*.
Wood, Grant
1892-1942. 20th century US regionalist painter famous for midwestern American themes. *American Gothic*
Mao Tse Dung
1893-1976. Chinese revolutionary who established communism in mainland China.
Miro, Joan
1893-1983. 20th century Spanish surrealist painter known for depicting fantasies. Dutch Interior, Woman and Bird in the Moonlight
Hammett, Dashiell
1894-1961. Popular US writer of noir, or detective, fiction. Many of his novels, including *The Maltese Falcon* and *The Thin Man* became successful movies.
Huxley, Aldous
1894-1963. ENG novelist and critic. *Brave New World*
art noveau
1895-1905 "new art" movement characterized by motifs of highly stylized flowing plants, curving lines, and fluent forms.
Fuller, Buckminster
1895-1983. 20th century American avant-garde architect famous for his *geodesic domes*.
Dos Passos, John
1896-1970. US author, known for his trilogy *U.S.A.* about the first 30 years of 20th century America.
Piaget, Jean
1896-1980. Swiss psychologist; stage theory of intellectual development.
Faulkner, William
1897-1962. 20th century US novelist; wrote about the South; famous for his use of *stream of consciousness*. *The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Absalom -Absalom!*.
Wilder, Thornton
1897-1975. American novelist and playwright. *The Bridge of San Luis Rey, Our Town, Matchmaker*, which was the basis for the Broadway musical *Hello, Dolly*.
Gershwin, George
1898-1937. US composer of symphony and jazz music, as well as musicals. *Porgy and Bess, Rhapsody in Blue, An American in Paris*.
Calder, Alexander
1898-1976. 20th century US sculptor and abstract painter best known for mobiles and stabiles (nonmoving sculptures). *Lobster Trap and Fish Tail, Spiral*
Moore, Henry
1898-1986. 20th century British sculptor known for large-scale abstract works and "truth to materials" doctrine. *Family Group*
Suzuki, Shin'ichi
1898-1998. JAP music educator who promoted learning by repetition as well as by instruction.
Hemingway, Ernest
1899-1961. US author. *A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Old Man and the Sea*.
Nabokov, Vladimir
1899-1977. American author. *Lolita* (effete protagonist Humbert Humbert), *Invitation to a Beheading*.
Copland, Aaron
1900-1990. 20th century AUS composer who utilized folk and jazz in his compositions. *Rodeo, Appalachian Spring*.
Fermi, Enrico
1901-1954. Italian Inventor. One of the first developers of the nuclear reactor.
Heifetz, Jascha
1901-1967. Lithuanian violinist
Steinbeck, John
1902-1968. 20th century American author, known for his powerful novels about agricultural workers. *The Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men, East of Eden*.
Parsons, Talcott
1902-1979. American sociologist; developed structural functionalism as a means of analyzing society.
Rodgers, Richard
1902-1979. US composer who worked first with lyricist Lorenz Hart and later with Oscar Hammerstein on great musicals. *Sound of Music, Oklahoma!*
Erikson, Erik
1902-1994. American psychologist; stage theory of development.
George Orwell (Eric Blair)
1903-1950. British novelist. *Animal Farm, 1984*.
Rothko, Mark
1903-1970. 20th century Russian-born US abstract expressionist painter known for his canvases of irregular shapes and bands of color.
Dali, Salvador
1904-1989. 20th century SPA painter, considered one of the foremost surrealists. *Premonition of the Civil War, Christ of St. John of the Cross, Persistence of Memory*.
Skinner, B[urrhus] F[rederic]
1904-1990. American psychologist; behaviorist; studies the effects of reinforcement on behavior; worked with rats, pigeons (Skinner box)
de Kooning, Willem
1904-1997. 20th century DUTCH abstract painter known for distorted shapes and tragic expressions.
Harlow, Harry
1905-1981. American psychologist; importance of attachment of baby monkeys.
Shostakovich, Dmitri
1906-1974. 20th century RUS composer, known for political motivations. *Leingrad* symphony, *The Golden Age* opera, *Songs of the Forests* ballet.
Beckett, Samuel
1906-1989. Irish-born novelist, dramatist, and poet; lived in France. *Waiting for Godot, Molloy*.
cubism
1907 - to - 1915 art movement, mainly French, characterized by fragmentation of reality; use geometric forms in nature as a departure from representational art; a reaction to Impressionism
Wright, Richard
1908-1960. 20th century American author, known for his description of black life in America. *Native Son, Black Boy*, his autobiography.
Strauss, Claude Levi
1908-2008. French anthropologist; author of Structural Anthropology; viewed culture as a system of symbolic communication.
futurism
1910 Italian art movement that stressed motion and sought to glorify the machine by painting and sculpting multitudes of moving parts.
Williams, Tennessee
1911-1983. Considered the greatest American playwright. *The Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof*.
Golding, William
1911-1993. 20th century ENG author. *Lord of the Flies*.
Pollock, Jackson
1912-1956. 20th century US painter of the abstract expressionist school known for his large canvases (later cut up) that aim to create subconscious reality. Characterizes the Abstract Expressionist movement.
Friedman, Milton
1912-2006. American economist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in economics; opposed government regulation.
Camus, Albert
1913-1960. French *existentialist* writer. *The Stranger* and *The Plague*.
Britten, Benjamin
1913-1976. ENG conductor and composer. *The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra*.
Hersey, John
1914-1993. US novelist, known for his words about WWII *A Bell for Adano*
dada
1915 to 1923 international anti- art movement reflecting cynicism by producing bizarre works that represented the absurd. *Mona Lisa with a Mustache*.
Bellow, Saul
1915-2005. American novelist. *Seize the Day, Herzog*. Awarded the nobel prize in 1976.
Miller, Arthur
1915-2005. Contemporary American dramatist. *Death of a Salesman, The Crucible, The Misfits*.
Balfour Declaration
1917, Great Britain proclamation supporting creating Jewish homeland in Palestine
Wyeth, Andrew
1917-2009. 20th century US painter known for his depictions of Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, and Maine fishing village subjects. *Ground Hog Day*.
Bernstein, Leonard
1918-1990. Contemporary US composer and conductor who wrote *West Side Story*.
18th Amendment (XVIII)
1919. Prohibition of alcohol.
art deco
1920s-30s art movement stressing highly decorative art, utilizing geometric, streamlined forms inspired by industrial design (Chrysler Building)
Mailer, Norman
1923-2007. Contemporary American novelist, essayist, and journalist. *The Naked and the Dead*.
Baldwin, James
1924-1987. American author. *Go Tell It on the Mountain*
Coltrane, John
1926-1967. US jazz innovator and saxophonist who composed experimental and far-reaching pieces of "bop" jazz
Davis, Miles
1926-1992. US trumpet player whose free form and experimental style changed jazz forever.
Coleman, James
1926-1995. American sociologist; one of the early users of the term "social capital"
Geertz, Clifford
1926-2006. American anthropologist; worked in the field of symbolic anthropology, which attributes special importance to thoughts (symbols)
Huntington, Samuel
1927-1987. American political scientist, famous for his theory of the "Clash of Civilizations".
Kohlberg, Lawrence
1927-1987. American psychologist; moral stages of development.
Warhol, Andy
1928-1987. 20th century US pop artist. *Ten-Foot Flowers*.
Morrison, Toni
1931- African American writer. *Beloved, Song of Solomon*.
Plath, Sylvia
1932-1963. US poet and novelist of the confessional school whose tempestous life was the subject of many of her poems. "Daddy", *The Bell Jar*.
Gould, Glenn
1932-1982. CAN pianist
Updike, John
1932-2009. Contemporary American author. *Rabbit* series. *Bech at Bay*.
Goffman, Erving
1933-1982. American sociologist who studied social interaction.
abstract expressionism
1940s-50s American art movement stressing spontaneous, nonrepresentational creation with emphasis on the paint itself; first truly American school of art. *Pollock*.
Du Pre, Jacqueline
1945-1987. ENG cellist.
Rushdie, Salman
1947 - ENG novelist who had a death sentence imposed upon by a leader of the Islamic faith because supposed blaspheme within *The Satanic Verses*.
NATO (North American Treaty Organization)
1949 defense alliance initiated by US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations
Geneva Conference
1954, divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel
Warsaw Pact
1955 Defense alliance organized by Soviet Union and several Eastern European nations
Warsaw Pact
1955 defense alliance organized by the Soviet Union and several Eastern European nations.
op art
1960s American art movement derived from popular culture and commercial art, with art culled from every day life. *Warhol*.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1964, Congress authorized President Johnson to send troops to Vietnam
Cultural Revolution
1966-1976 Chines Red Guard campaign to revitalize the Chinese Communist Party and consolidate Mao Zedong's leadership
Smentana, Bedirch
19th century Czech composer and pianist *The Bartered Bride* opera.
Victorian Age
19th century England, considered the height of the British industrial revolution and the apex of the British Empire. Characterized by rigid social manners and conservatism.
Mendelssohn, Felix
19th century GER composer and conductor. Operetta *Son and Strnger, Scottish* symphony, *Elijah*, overture to *Midsummer Night's Dream*.
Schumann, Robert
19th century GER composer and pianist
Borodin, Aleksandr Porfiryevich
19th century RUS composer. Opera *Prince Igor*
Mussorgsky, Modest Petrovich
19th century RUS composer. Operas *Boris Godunov, Pictures at an Exhibition, Night on Bald Mountain*.
Romantic movement
19th century literary movement that began in England. It contrasts with Classicism because it emphasizes passion rather than reason, and imagination and inspiration rather than logic. *Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelly, Keats, Byron*.
Bill of Rights
1st 10 amendments of the constitution
Neil Armstrong / Buzz Aldrin / Alan Shepard
1st and 2nd people to walk on the moon. Pilot of the first manned space mission.
score
20
expressionism
20th Century art in which the expression of the artist takes precedence over rational and faithful rendering of the subject matter; stress on emotions and inner visions *van Gogh, El Greco*
Weil, Kurt
20th century GER-born US composer. *The Threepenny Opera* opera.
Bartok, Bela
20th century HUNG composer who developed Hungarian national musical style, known for dissonant, atonal sounds. *Bluebeard's Castle*
Menotti, Gian Carlo
20th century ITA-US composer of opera. *Amahl and the Night Vision*
Stern, Issac
20th century RUS born US violinist
Segovia, Andres
20th century Spanish classical guitarist
Tropic of cancer
23.5 degrees north of the equator
Tropic of Capricorn
23.5 degrees south of the equator.
Transition metals
29 metallic metals, including chromium, iron, inckel, copper, silver, and gold. Valence electrons in two shells instead of one. Only mercury (Hg) exists naturally as a liquid.
league
3 miles or 4.8 km at sea
barrel
31.5 gallons
Aristotle
384-322 BCE. Plato's student who criticized the theory of Forms and developed a systemized logic
classical conditioning
A type of conditioning in which a stimulus that does not elicit a response is consistently paired with a stimuli that can elicit a response such that later the stimulus can elicit the response.
Naturalism
A type of realistic fiction that developed in France, America, and England in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It presupposes that human beings are like puppets, controlled completely by external and internal forces.
free verse
A verse form without regular meter. Whitman's *Leaves of Grass* is written in free verse.
Sonnet
A verse of 14 lines and written in one of several rhyme scheme
gill
4 ounces (liquid)
Augustine of Hippo
4th and 5th century bishop, philosopher, and neoplatonist
Aeschylus
525-456 BC. Earliest Greek dramatist. *Promethus Bound, The Oresteia*.
hogshead
63 gallons - two barrels
strait
A comparatively narrow link between larger bodies of water
nocturne
A composition, especially for piano, of a slow and dreamy nature
détente
A cooling of Cold War tensions initiated during the administrations of Nixon and Brezhnev
romanticisim
A current throughout art history that stresses the importance of fantasy and imagination over reason and order.
torus
A doughnut-shaped surface generated by a circle rotated about an axis in its plane that doesn't intersect the circle
class
A major subdivision of phyla into which organisms are classified. Classes of chordata (vertebrates) include mammalia, ave (birds), reptilia, and amphibia.
Renoir, Pierre
Auguste - 1841-1919. Late 19th-early 20th century French painter; a founder of impressionism. *Moulin de la Gallette, Les Grandes Baigneuses, Bather*
cattle
Baby-calf Male-bull Female-cow Group-drove/herd Adjective-bovine
crow
Baby-chick Male-cock Female-hen Group-murder/horde Adjective-corvine
crocodile
Baby-crocklet Male-bull Female-cow Group-congregation/bask Adjective-crocodilian
bear
Baby-cub Male-boar Female-sow Group-sleuth/sloth Adjective-ursine
lion
Baby-cub Male-lion Female-lioness Group-pride Adjective-leonine
swan
Baby-cygnet Male-cob Female-pen Group-bevy/wedge/drift Adjective-swanlike
donkey
Baby-foal Male-jack Female-jenny Group-herd/drove Adjective-asinine
horse
Baby-foal Male-stallion/colt Female-mare/filly Group-herd Adjective-equine Gelding-castrated male horse.
goose
Baby-gosling Male-gander Female-goose Group-gaggle-
shark
Baby-group Male-bull Female-female Group-school/shiver Adjective-sharklike
chimp/monkey
Baby-infant Male-male Female-female Group-cartload Adjective-simian
kangaroo
Baby-joey Mal-buck/jack Female-doe/jill Group-mob/troup
goat
Baby-kid Male-billy Female-nanny Group-trip/tribe/flock Adjective-goatish
ferret
Baby-kit Male-hob Female-jill Group-business Adjective-ferrety
fox
Baby-kit/cub/pup Male-dog/todd Female-vixen Group-leash/skulk Adjective-vulpine
cat
Baby-kitten Male-tom Female-queen Group-clutter/clowder Adjective-feline
sheep
Baby-lamb Male-ram Female-ewe Group-flock/drove Adjective-ovine
bees
Baby-larva Male-drone Female-queen/worker Group-swarm/hive Adjective-apian
pig
Baby-piglet/shoat Male-boar Female-sow Group-sounder Adjective-porcine
porcupine
Baby-pup Male-boar Female-sow Group-prickle
dolphin
Baby-pup Male-bull female-cow Group-pod
Ishtar
Babylonian goddess of love and war. Greek counterpart is *Aphrodite*.
Code of Hammurabi
Babylonian legal code; government responsible for criminal justice
consonance
Comfort brought about in tone or playing
metaphor
Comparison of two things in which one item represents the other.
Gestalt Psychology
Developed in German and Austria in the late 19th century. Gestalt psychologists believe that the conscious experience must be considered as a whole, rather than broken down into small elements. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Proponents include *Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Koehler, and Fritz Perls*.
Humanistic Psychology
Developed in the 1950s in response to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Focused on individual free will, personal growth, and self-actualization. Major proponents include *Abraham Maslow* and *Carl Rogers*.
Hegel, Gerog Wilhelp Freidrich
GER idealist philosopher known for his theory of dialectic- "The thesis combines with the antithesis to form the synthesis of the two." Also know for his teleological (a given thing's purpose) orientation.
Nietzsche, Friedrich
GER philosopher best known for his concept of the Ubermensch (superman)
Husserl, Edmund
GER philosopher known as the father of phenomenology.
Heidegger, Martin
GER philosopher who had a major influence on existentialism.
Socrates
GRK philosopher whose oral teachings were transcribed in part by his student, Plato
Colette, Sidonie
Gabrielle - 1873-1954. Late 19th century FR female author who published the *Claudine* novels as well as *The Innocent Wife*.
crescendo
Gradually becoming louder
Aphrodite
Greek goddess of love. Roman counterpart is *Venus*, Norse is *Frigg*
Hera
Greek goddess of marriage and maternity. Wife of Zeus. Roman counterpart is *Juno*.
Artemis
Greek goddess of the moon, forest, animals, and the hunt. One of the twin children of Zeus (Apollo). Chaste. Roman counterpart is *Diana*.
Muses
Greek goddesses of memory and poetic inspiration.
Heracles
Greek hero who personified strength. Completed the 12 Labors of Heracles. Roman counterpart is *Hercules*
Perseus
Greek hero who rode the Pegasus. Slew Medusa, the snake headed gorgon.
Theseus
Greek hero who slayed the Minotaur of Crete in teh Labyrinth.
Thalia
Greek muse of comedy
Calliope
Greek muse of epic poetry and eloquence
Clio
Greek muse of history
Erato
Greek muse of love poetry
Terpischore
Greek muse of lyric poetry and dance
Polyhumnia
Greek muse of mimic art.
Euterpe
Greek muse of the flute
Melpomene
Greek muse of tragedy
Plato
Greek philosopher who studies under Socrates and developed a theory of Forms in which things of this world are mere reflections or shadows of objects in knowledge, which are universals. His writings form the basis of much of Western philosophy.
Helios
Greek sun god. Roman counterpart is *Sol*, Norse counterpart is *Balder*.
Zeus
Greek supreme god. Roman counterpart is *Jupiter*.
Prometheus
Greek titan who lived on Olympus. Stole fire from the gods and gave it to humans.
Athena
Greek warrior goddess. Goddess of wisdom, cities, and handicrafts. Sprung from the head of Zeus. Roman counterpart is *Minerva*
Berkeley, George
IRISH idealist philosopher who viewed mental representations and impressions as fundamental
ego
In Freudian theory, the conscious component of the psyche that attempts to incorporate the urges of the id with the limitations of conscience and superego
id
In Freudian theory, the division of the psyche that is totally unconscious and serves as the source for instinctual impulses and demands for immediate satisfaction of primitive needs.
superego
In Freudian theory, the division of the unconscious that is formed through internalization of moral standards of parents and society; censors and restrains the ego.
Sibelius, Jean
Late 19th early 20th century Finnish composer *Finlandia*
Scarabin, Aleksandr Nikoloyevich
Late 19th early 20th century RUS composer and pianist
Rachmaninoff, Sergey Vasilyevich
Late 19th early 20th century RUS composer and pianist. *Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, The Isle of the Dead*.
Toulouse
Lautrec, Henri de - 1864-1901. 19th century French artist influenced by the impressionists. *Jane Avril, The Moulin Rouge*.
Lend
Lease Act - 1941 congress allow Roosevelt to give arms and supplies to any nation considered vital to the security of the US
Lend
Lease Act - Allowed FDR to give arms and other supplies to any nation considered vital to the security of the United States.
Berners
Lee, Tim - b. 1955. English Inventor of the World Wide Web (with Robert Cailliau).
Hermitage
Leningrad / St. Petersburg
Barbizon school
Mid-19th century group of landscape artist who rejected the classical and romantic to portray nature as they perceived it; forerunner of impressionism. *Rousseau*.
constructivism
Movement, since the 1920s, principally in Russia, involving the creation of three - dimensional art, using iron, glass, plastic, and other materials to express technological society (Calder's mobiles)
Taoism
Pantheistic religion and philosophy originating in China focused on principles that allow people to live in harmony with the natural order. Founded by Lao-tzu.
Jurassic Period
Part of the Mesozoic Era; Period covers 208 million through 144 million years ago. Largest dinosaurs thrived, including Stegosaurus, Diplodocus, and Apatosaurus. First birds appear. First flying reptiles, pterosaurs, appear.
Restoration
Period of intensely active literary and artistic activity in England 1660-1688 when Charles II returned to the throne. *Dryden*
Baudelaire, Charles
Pierre - 1821-1867, French *symbolist* writer. *The Flowers of Evil*
Presbyterianism
Protestant faith that originated in Scotland
Episcopalianism
Protestant faith that recognizes the Church of England
Behaviorism
Psychology. School of thought in psychology since the early 1900s. Suggests that behavior can be explained by means of environmental causes. Proponents were *John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner*, for example. Focus on classical and operant conditioning.
Victorian Age
Refers to the 19th century England; typified by optimism, rigid social manners, and conservative ideals. Apex of the British Empire.
oratorio
Religious music composed for orchestra, chorus, and soloists
alliteration
Repetition of consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables.
alliteration
Repetition of the same sound beginning several words in a sequence. Vini, vidi, vici.
14th Amendment
Restored and protected the rights of freed salves 1868
Ceres
Roman god of grain. Greek counterpart *Demeter*
period
Subdivison of an era marked by evolutionary changes less dramatic than those used to differentiate eras.
cuneiform
Sumarian system of writing
Cuneiform
Sumerian system of writing
Bhagavad Gita
The sacred book of Hinduism
speleology
The study of caves
pedology
The study of children
nephology
The study of clouds
cryptology
The study of codes and cyphers
numismatology
The study of coins
thanatolgy
The study of death and dying
deontology
The study of ethics
teleology
The study of final causes or purpose in nature
pyrology
The study of fire
ichthyology
The study of fishes
limnology
The study of fresh waters
mycology
The study of fungi
graphology
The study of handwriting
hippology
The study of horses
anthropology
The study of human beings
entomology
The study of insects
philology
The study of language, speech, linguistics, and literature
histology
The study of living tissue
teratology
The study of malformations or serious deviations from the norm in organisms; monsters and monstrosoties
hagiology
The study of saints and revered persons
conchology
The study of shells
ophiology
The study of snakes
hydrology
The study of water
Menuhin, Yehudi
US-born ENG violinist, violist, and conductor
era
Unit of geological time with two periods grouped together
adjective
Word that serves as a modifier of a noun to denote a quality of the thing named. Happy, strong, thin, green.
fauvism
Work of early 20th Century Impressionists, characterized by strident color and distortion; first artistic revolution of the 20th century of *Matisse, Roualt*
Cambrian Period
First period of the Paleozoic era. Many different organisms evolved very suddenly - called the Cambrian Explosion . Many were invertebrates living in the sea.
Uffizi
Florence
The American Revolution
*First battles* - Lexington and Concord (1775). *Major battles* - Bunker Hill (1775), Fort Ticonderoga (1775), Saratoga (1777), and Valley Forge (1777). *Continental Congress* - federal legislature of the 13 colonies under the Articles of Confederation (1774, 1775). *Declaration of Independence* - declared that colonies were free from England (1776). *End of war* - surrender of British General Cornwallis to George Washington at Yorktown (1781); treaty recognizing the United States as a separate nation signed in Paris (1782). *Constitution* - replaced articles of confederation in 1789.
Fable
An allegorical story often employing animals as character
acute angle
An angle that is less than 90 degrees.
torrid
burning hot; passionate
Helen
Face that launched a thousand ships. Kidnapped by Paris to start the Trojan war.
Freyja
Norse goddess; goddess of love and fertility. Greek counterpart is *Aphrodite*, Roman is *Venus*.
effluvium
a disagreeable or noxious vapor; escaping gas
bravura
a display of spirit and dash
tour de force
a feat of strength, skill, or ingenuity
coup de grace
a final, decisive blow or event
punctilio
a fine point; a minute detail of conduct
inter
among, between; intercom- a system allowing for communication between people
volume
amount of three dimensional space taken up by a three dimensional object.
droll
amusing in a wry, subtle way
in extenso
at full length
direful
atrocious
Cenozoic Era
the latest of the four eras into which geologic time is subdivided ; 65 million years ago to the present
piece de resistance
the main course or dish; the most valuable object
