material

The maximum tensilre ,compressive or shearing stress, a material can be expected bear without rupturing or fracturing. Also called booty meat stress

Ultimate strength

Brittle behavior low temperatures can cause in a normally ductile materials

Temperature affect

Measure of hardness of material determined by inventing a piece with the point of it I am on using a known force and dividing the Lord by the surface area of indentation, the higher the number the harder the material

Vickers number

Maximum unit stress permitted for the material in the design of a structural member grandma usually a fraction of materials elastic limit, yield strength, ultimate strength

Allowable stress

Various materials are specified by building codes, engineering societies in trade association based on a specification and methods of testing established by American Society for Testing and Materials. Also called allowable unit stress working stress

Allowable stress

Not crystalline in

Amorphous

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a given element which equals the number of electrons normally surrounds the nucleus. Also called proton number

Atomic number

The average weight of an atom of an element based on 1 / 12 the weight of the carbon 12 atom

Atomic weight

Bowing of inelastic body as an external force is applied transversely to its length,

Bending

structural mechanism that enables the loads to be channeled in a direction perpendicular to its application

Bending

Property of a material that causes it to rupture suddenly under stress with little evident deformation . Since brittle material like the plastic behavior for ductile materials, they can give no advance warning of impending failure

Brittleness

Proficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between a pressure and the corresponding fractional change in volume produce

Bulk modulus

Set of tensile and compressive stresses resulting from the superposition of axialand bending stresses, in the cross section of a structural member, acting in the same direction in equal at any point to the algebraic sum

Combined stresses

Reciprocal of bulk modulus is equal to the ratio of the fractional change in volume to the pressure applied to a substance

Compressibility

The act of shortening or state of being pushed together , resulting in reduction in size or volume of an elastic body

Compression

Test for determining the behavior of material under axial compression, in which a specimen is crushed until fracture or this integration of course. The compression test is used for brittle materials since their low tensile strength is difficult to measure accurately

Compression test

Applied force producing or tending to produce compression in the elastic body

Compressive force

Shortening of a unit length of material produced by a compressive stress

Compressive strain

axial stress that develops the cross-section of an elastic body to resist the collinear compressive for tending to shorten it

Compressive stress

To reduce a denser form as a gas or vapor to a liquid or solid state

Condense

Chemical bond formed by the sharing of pairs of electrons between two atoms

Covalent bond

A solid having a regularly repeating internal structure of atoms ,ions and molecules in enclosed by symmetrically arranged plane service

Crystal

Change in the shape or dimensions of the body or structure resulting from stress

Deformation

Force applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a structural member but not to the centroid of the cross section, producing bending in an even distribution of the stresses in the section. Also called eccentric load

Eccentric force

Temporary change in the dimension or shape of the body produced by a stress less than the elastic limit of the material

Elastic deformation

The maximum stress that can be applied to material without causing permanent deformation

Elastic limit

Range of unit stresses for which a material exhibits elastic deformation

Elastic range

property of a material that animals get to the form in response to and applied forced into recovery its original size and shape up on removal of the force

Elasticity

Fundamental particle of matter having a negative charge

Electron

One of the class of substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means, composed of atoms having an identical number of protons in its nucleus

Element

Measure of the ductility of a material expressed as a percentage increase in length or test specimen after failure in a tensile test

Elongation

The change or convert from a liquid or solid into vapor

Evaporate

substance, such as gas or liquid that is capable of flowing yields easily to pressure, and conforms to the shape of its container

Fluid

matter having neither independent shape or volume, processing perfect molecular mobility in the tendency to expand indefinitely

Gas

Heat liberated by a unit mass of gas at it boiling point as it condenses to liquid

Heat condensation

Quantity of heat required to convert unit mass of solid at its melting point into a liquid at the same temperature equal to the heat of solidification

Heat of fusion

Heat liberated by a unit mass of liquid at its freezing point as it solidifies

Heat of solidification

Electrostatic bond between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom already linked to another electronegative atom by a covalent bond

Hydrogen bond

The stable configuration of an element in which the outer shells of it atom or ion are filled with the maximum number of electrons pairs . Nature moves atoms and ions the configuration break up to ring, surrendering or sharing electrons with neighboring atoms or ions in an effort to achieve a relatively interstate of low energy

Inert gas configuration

Exhibiting the same physical properties along all axes

Isotropic

Regular pattern of isolated point in space showing the location of atoms, ions or molecules in crystalline solid

Lattice

Mother distinguish from the solid or gas gaseous state by characteristic readiness to flow, little or no tendency to disperse and relatively high incompressibility

Liquid

That which occupies space can be perceived by a senses and constitute the substance of a physical body

Matter

Any of the physical properties of a material that exhibits a response to applied forces

Mechanical property

Chemical bond characteristic of metals produced by sharing of valence electrons which moves freely through the lattice of the usually stable crystalline structure

Metallic board

The molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams, gram molecule. Also, mol

Mole

The average weight of a molecule of an element or compound calculated as the sum of the atomic weight of the molecules constituent items. Also called formula weight

Molecular weight

The smallest particle of a substance that display all of the characteristic physical and chemical properties of the substance consisting of one or more like atoms in an element or two or more different atoms in a compound

Molecule

Negatively charged ion created by electron gain, which attracted to the anodes of electrolysis also,anion

Negative ion

Any of the chemical in the gaseous elements, helium, neon ,argon, krypton xenon, and radon. Also called inert gas

Noble gas

Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements in related groups formerly in the order of their atomic weights and now according to their atomic numbers

Periodic table

In elastic strain remaining in material after a complete release of the stress reducing the deformation

Permanent set

Permanent change in the dimension or shape of a body produced by a stress greater than the elastic limit of the material. remaining rigid under stresses of less than a certain intensity, the molecular bonds in a material that exhibit plastic behavior reforms after being stressed beyond the elastic limit. The material thus remain measure of reserve strength. Also called plastic flow

Plastic deformation

Ratio of lateral strain to the corresponding longitudinal train in an elastic body under longitudinal straight stress

Poisons ratio

Essential or distinctive attributes or quality belonging specially in the constitution of or found in, the behavior of a thing

Property

Stress beyond which the ratio of stress to strain for material no longer remain constant

Proportional limit

Positively charged particle that is a fundamental constituent of all atomic nuclei

Proton

Measured of the ductility of material expressed as a percentage decrease in cross-sectional area for a test specimen after rupturing in a tensile test

Reduction of area

internal force tangential to the surface or which it acts developed by a body in response to shear force, equilibrium of rectangular element subject to share, shearing in a vertical plane necessarily involves shearing in horizontal plane and vice versa

Shearing force

Lateral deformation develop anybody in response to shearing stresses, defined as the tangent of the skew angle of the deformation, since this Q and goal is always very small shearing strain is a pure number very nearly equal to the skew angle in radians . also called shear strain

Shearing strain

Force per unit area develop Bologna section or an elastic body to resist a shear, also called shear stress, tangential stress

Shearing stress

Penny of up to seven spherical surfaces containing the orbits of electrons of approximately equal energy about the new clothes of an atom

Shell

Matter having relative firmness, coherence of particles or persistence of form

Solid

The change or convert from a liquid or gas into a solid

Solidify

Measured open material resistance to the formation when stress within its elastic range

Stiffness

The formation of a body under the action of an applied force. strain is a dimensionless quantity, equal to the ratio of the change in size or shape to the original size or shape of a stress element

Strain

An instrument for measuring minute the formation in a test specimen caused by tension, compression, bending or twisting. Also called extensometer

Strain gauge

capability of a material to resist the forces impose on it especially the ability to sustain a high stress without yielding or rupturing

Strength

Study of the relationship between applied external forces in the internal effect produced by this forces anybody

Strength of materials

The internal resistance or reaction of an elastic body to external forces applied to it, equal to the ratio of force to area and express in units of force per unit to cross-sectional area, also called unit stress

Stress

Brittle materials develop trucks that propagates until failure. In ductile materials stress concentration developed local deformation that serves to redistribute and relieve the stresses

Stress concentration

Increase in stress. Develops at discontinuities or flaws any material.

Stress concentration

Graphical presentation of the relationship between units stress values in corresponding units strain for the specific material

Stress-strain diagram

Applied force producing or tending to produce tension in an elastic body

Tensile Force

Elongation of the unit length of material produced by a tensile stresses

Tensile strain

Resistance of the materials to longitudinally stress measured by a minimum amount of longitudinal stress required to rupture the material

Tensile strength

axialstress that develops at the cross section of an elastic body to resist the collinear forces for tending to elongate it

Tensile stress

Test for determining the behavior of a material under axialtension, in which the a specimen is group at both ends and pulled apart until ruppture occurs, the most common this for structural materials

Tensile test

The act of stretching or state of being pulled apart resulting in the elongation of an elastic body

Tension

The property of material. Animals to eat absorb energy before rupturing, represented by the area under the stress-strain curve drive from a tensile test of the material, ductile material are tougher than brittle material

Toughness

An electron located in the outer shell of an atom that can be transferred or shared in forming a chemical bond with another atom

Valence electron

Stress necessary to produce a specified limit permanent set in a material usually 0.2% of its original length when tested in tension. Used to determine the limit of usefulness of a material having a poorly define your point. Also called proof stress

Yield strength

coefficient of elasticity of the material expressing the ratio of longitudinal stress to the corresponding longitudinal strain caused by the stress

Young's modulus

Having different physical properties along different axes, such as those of wood and other fibrous materials

anisotropic

Smallest unit of an element that can exist either alone or in combination consisting of a nucleus of neutrons and protons surrounded by one or more electrons bonds to the nucleus by electrical attraction

atom

Pencil or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structural member in at the centroid of the cross-section reducing axial stress without bending, torsion or shear. Also called axial load

axial force

Pencil or compressive stress that develops to resist an axial force, assume to be normal to and uniformly distributed over the area of the cross section. Also called directors, normal stress

axial stress

the attrative force by which atom ,ions,or groups of atom are bound togetherin a molecule or crystalline structure,also called checmical

bond

The quality of heat required to convert unit mass of liquid at its boiling point into vapor at the same temperature equal to the heat of condensation

heat of vaporization

Electrically charged atom or group of atoms form by the loss or gain of one or more electrons

ion

a chemical bond characteristic of salt and ceramic material ,formed by the complete the transfer of one or more electrons from one kind of ion to another ,also called electrovalent bond

ionic bond

Range of unit stress for which a material exhibits plastic deformation

plastic range

Positively charged ion created by electron loss, which which is attracted to the cathode in electrolysis. Also called cation

positive ion

Moment of a force system that causes or tend to cause rotation rotation

torque

Twisting of an elastic body about its longitudinal axis caused by two equal and a opposite Torques producing shearing stresses in the body

torsion

Force applied perpendicular to the length of a structural member producing bending and shear. Also called transverse load

transverse force

Measure of the capacity of an atom or group to combine with other atoms or groups equal to number of chemical bonds the atom or group can form

valence

matter having unique qualities by it may be categories

material

Stressed beyond which a marked increase in strain occurs , in material without concurrent increase in distress. Many materials do not have clearly in define yield points, for these material theoretical yield strength is calculated from stress strain curve

yield point

Lateral deformation produced in body by an external force that causes one part of the body to slide relative an adjacent part in a direction parallel to their plane of contact

Shear

Applied force with using or tending the producer in a body

Shear force

Coefficient of elasticity of material expressing the ratio between shearing stress and the corresponding shearing strain used by a stress, also called modulus of rigidity, modulus of torsion

Shear modulus

Measured the darkness rather than hardness in is necessary quality of flooring material and surface finishes

Abrasion resistance

Property of material. enables it to resist being worn away by friction when Rob with another object

Abrasion resistance

Measure of the abrasion resistance of materials commonly expressed as the depth of penetration or material loss after testing with the weight abrasive wheels for the specified number of cycles

Abrasion resistance index

adhesion a thin, condensed layer of gas, liquid or dissolved substance to the surface of a solid, usually without any physical or chemical change in the material

Absorption

Browsers for exposing a material to ultraviolet rays, waters please in heating element in order to simulate the long term effect of Sun, rain in temperature changes for you also called accelerated aging

Accelerated weathering

Measure of the hardness of material determined by pressing the standard steel ball into it s face using a standard force in dividing the Lord by the area of indentation. The higher the number the harder the material

Brinell number

Measure of the hardness of a material determined by intending the test piece with a conoidal diamonds in Denver, or with a standard steel bowl, under two successive loads and measuring the net English in depth of the impression, the higher the number the harder the material

Brockwell number

Fractional change in length, area or volume of a material per unit change in temperature at a given constant pressure. Also called expansivity

Coefficient of expansion

the property of the material that enables it to maintain its original shape when dimensions when subjected to changes in temperature or humidity

Dimensional stability

Property of material that animals it to undergro elastic deformation after being stressed beyond the elastic limit rupturing.

Ductility

Weakening or failure of a material at a stress below the elastic limit when subjected to a repeated series of Stratus

Fatigue

The maximum stress to which a material can be subjected for an indefinite number of cycles without failing

Fatigue limit

The ratio between the fatigue limit and the tensile strength of a material. Also called endurance ratio

Fatigue ratio

The breaking of the material resulting from the rupturing of its atomic bonds when stressed beyond its ultimate strength

Fracture

Property of material that enable it raises the formation by compression, indentation or penetration

Hardness

Theory. The temperature of a substance increase with an increase of the average kinetic energy of its particles when heat is absorbed

Kinetic theory of heat

Efficient of elasticity of material expressing the ratio between the unit stress and the corresponding unit strange calls by the stress, as they arrive from hookes law in represented by a slope or of the straight line portion of the stress-strain diagram. Also called coefficient of elasticity ,elastic modulus

Modulus of elasticity

Scale of measuring the hardness of a mineral. it's degrees in increasing hardness are, 1. tal C, 2. gypsum, 3. calcite,4. fluorite,5. Apatite,6. Feldspar grandma 7. quartz,8. topaz,9. Sapphire, 10. Diamonds

Mohs scale

An increase in the bulk of material cost by the absorption of water or water vapor. Also called bulking

Moisture expansion

The Ranges unit of stresses for which immaterial exhibits in increase strength in some loss of ability

Strain hardening range

Brittle behavior an increase rate of application can cause in a normally ductile materials

Strain rate affect

The time-dependent decrease in stress in a constrained material under constant load

Stress relaxation

Decrease in length, area or volume of a material caused by a drop in temperature

Thermal contraction

Increase in length, area or volume of a material caused by a rise in temperature

Thermal expansion

The sudden stress a rapid change in temperature can produce in a material

Thermal shock

Tensile and compressive stress develop any material constraint against thermal expansion or contraction

Thermal stress

Taking in or reception of a gas or liquid by molecular or chemical action

absorption

Deflection in concrete structure continuous over time and can be significantly greater than the initial elastic deflection

creep

Gradual and permanent deformation of body produced by a continued application of stress or prolonged exposure to heat

creep

The law stating that the stress on the body is directly proportional to the strain produced provided the tress does not exceed the elastic limit of material

hookes law

Fundamental particle having no charge

neutron

Property of material that enables it to retain its appearance and integrity when exposed to the effects of Sun, wind, moisture and changes in temperature

weatherability

Device for determining the weather resistance of a material by subjecting a test specimen to accelerated weathering

weayherometer