MCAT
What is the formula for calculating weight?
(mass)(gravity) kg * (m/s^2)
What is the formula for momentum? p =
(mass)(velocity) = mv (kg*m/s)
What is the formula for kinetic energy? KE =
1/2mv^2
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in the following? 24 Mg 12 63 Cu 2+ 29 35 Cl - 17
12 P, 12 N, 12 e 29 P, 34 N, 27 e 17 P, 18 N, 18 e
How many particles are in a mole (mol)?
6.022 x 10^23
What is an ionic bond?
A bond formed from the transfer of electrons between two atoms.
What is a polar covalent bond?
A bond formed that has properties of both ionic and covalent bonds. Electrons are shared but not equally.
What is an isotope?
A different form of the same element due to a different number of neutrons
T/F All atoms bond according to the octet rule
False
What is atomic weight?
The number of grams/mol
What is an atomic absorption spectrum?
The spectrum of light absorbed when an atom's electrons are excited to higher energy levels.
What is an atomic emission spectrum?
The spectrum of light emitted when an atom's electrons fall to their ground state.
What does the azimuthal (2nd) quantum number (l) represent?
The subshell
T/F Metalloids are found between the metals and nonmetals and have varying properties.
True.
How many fourth quantum numbers (ms) are possible for an electron? What are they?
Two, +1/2 and -1/2
What is the unit of power?
Watt (1 joule/sec)
Does a period run horizontally or vertically?
horizontally
What is the unit of work?
joule (N*m)
What is the formula for calculating torque? t =
rFsin0
T/F for rotational equilibrium to occur, the sum of all torques acting on a body must be zero
true
T/F net external force must equal zero for conservation of momentum to occur
true
v = /\ x = v^2 =
v0 + at v0t + 1/2at ^2 v0^2 + 2a/\x
What is the formula for centripetal acceleration? a =
v^2/r
What is the formula for the maxiumum number of electrons allowed in a subshell?
(4l + 2)
What is the formula for impulse J? J =
(Force)(time) = Ft = (/\p)
What is the formula for power? P =
(work)/(time) = W/t = joules/sec
Average acceleration a =
/\ v/ /\ t m/s ^2
What is the change in energy of a system if only conservative forces act upon it?
/\E = 0
What are the sin and cos value for the following angles? 0 90 30 60 45 180
0,1 1,0 1/2, sq rt 3/2 sq rt 3/2, 1/2 sq rt 2/2, sq rt 2/2 0, -1
Put the following in scientific notation: 103 123456 103 x 10^2 0.103 x 10^-4 (2x10^6)(9x10^2) 1x10^4/2x10^7 (6x10^3)^2 (3x10^2) + (3x10^3)
1.03 x 10^2 1.23456 x 10^5 1.03 x 10^4 1.03 x 10^-5 1.8 x 10^9 5 x 10^-4 3.6 x 10^7 3.3 x 10^3
What are the bond orders of single, double, and triple bonds?
1st, 2nd, and 3rd
A person walks 2 miles north and then turns around and walks 3 miles south. Total time elapsed is 1 hour. What is the: distance displacement average velocity average speed
2+3 = 5 2 miles N - 3 miles S = 1 mile S 1 miles/1 hour = 1mph S 5 mi/1 hour = 5 mph
Which subshell will fill first? 5s or 3d? 6s or 4f? 4p or 3d?
3d before 5s 6s before 4f 3d before 4p Compare (n+l values). The lower sum has lower energy. If sums are equal, the subshell with the lower n value will fill first.
What is a covalent bond?
A bond formed from the sharing of electrons between atoms.
What is a diamagnetic material?
A material that has no unpaired electrons
What is a paramagnetic material?
A material that has unpaired electrons
What is electronegativity (EN)?
A measure of the attraction an atom has for electrons in a chemical bond.
What is an anion?
A negatively charged ion
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion.
Define the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
A principle that states that it is impossible to know both the momentum and position of an electron at the same time.
Define the Pauli exclusion principle
A principle that states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers.
What is the difference between a scalar quantity and a vector quantity?
A scalar quantity has magnitude but no direction. A vector quantity has magnitude and direction.
Describe the Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; cells arise from pre-existing cells; and cells carry their genetic information in the forms of DNA.
What are Newton's 3 Laws of motion?
An object in motion will stay in motion, an object in rest will stay at rest unless a net force acts upon it. Force = (mass)(acceleration) = ma To every force there is always an equal and opposite force.
What does the magnetic (3rd) quantum number (ml) represent?
An orbital within a subshell with possible values from -l to l.
What is the maximum number of electrons allowed in the second shell (n = 2)?
Eight (2n^2)
What are valence electrons?
Electrons farthest from the nucleus, as well as any available for bonding.
What is Hund's Rule?
Electrons will create the maximum number of half-filled orbitals
What is ionization energy (IE)?
Energy required to completely remove an electron from an atom.
What is the formula for gravitational force?
F = G(m1m2)/r^2
T/F a body in translational equilibrium has a net force moving it at a constant velocity
False, a body in translational equilibrium has no net force acting on it.
T/F A triple bond is longer than a single bond.
False, a triple bond is shorter than a single bond.
T/F Nonmetals are found in the middle of the periodic table and are malleable, ductile, and shiny.
False, they are brittle and lusterless, and are located on the upper right side of the periodic table.
What is the formula for work? W =
Fdcos0
Give the prefix and abbreviation for each of the following powers: 10^9 10^6 10^3 10^-2 10^-3 10^-6 10^-9 10^-12
Giga (G) Mega (M) Kilo (k) Centi (c) Milli (m) Micro (mu) Nano (n) Pico (p)
What is the ionization trend within the periodic table?
IE increases from left to right and up.
What type of bond forms between two atoms with substantial differences in electronegativities? (>1.7)?
Ionic bonds
What is the atomic radii trend within the periodic table?
It decreases as you move from left to right across a period and up a group.
What is the electron affinity trend within the periodic table?
It increases as you move from left to right across a period and up a group.
What is the electronegative trend within the periodic table?
It increases as you move from left to right across a period and up a group.
If the distance between two objects is doubled, by how much is the force of gravity increased or decreased?
It would decrease by a factor of 4 (2^2)
What are the units of each of the following? Length Mass Force Time Work & Energy Power
Meter (m) Kilogram (kg) Newton (N) Second (s) Joule (J) Watt (W)
How many more protons are in a carbon-14 atom than in a carbon-12 atom?
None. They have the same number of protons because they are isotopes.
What is bond energy?
The amound of energy required to separate two bonded atoms.
What is electron affinity?
The energy released when an atom accepts an electron.
What are the formulas for the initial horizontal and vertical velocities of a projectile launched with speed v at angle of 0 to the horizontal?
The horizontal velocity is vcos0, and the vertical velocity is vsin0
Compare the values of the first ionization and second ionization energy of an atom.
The second ionization energy is always higher than the first ionization energy of an atom.
What does the principal (1st) quantum number (n) represent?
The shell (energy level) of an electron.
If a lever arm is halved, by how much does the torque increase or decrease?
The torque would decrease by half.
Are electrons more tightly held or less tightly held as one moves down a column?
They are less tightly held as you move down a column.
What happens to the number of electrons when one moves from left to right across a row?
They are sequentially added as you move across a row.
What are some characteristics of ionic compounds?
They form crystal lattices, conduct electricity in solution, and have high melting and boiling points.
T/F Metals are found on the left side of the periodic table and are good conductors of electricity and heat.
True
T/F One amu is equal to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
True
T/F the sum of two vectors is the resultant of the vector
True
Can both bonding and nonbonding electrons be valence electrons?
Yes.
When calculating torque, which rotation direction is considered positive and which negative?
counterclockwise is positive and clockwise is negative
What is the key differentiating criterion between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles; prokaryotes do not
T/F momentum is not conserved in an inelastic collision
false, momentum is conserved in both elastic and inelastic collisions.
What is the formula for the force of kinetic friction?
fk = (muk)N (or equal)
What is the formula for the force of static friction?
fs < (mus)N (or equal)
What are the units of KE?
joules (N*m)
What are the units of gravitational PE?
joules (N*m)
What is the formula for the center of mass for two masses m1 and m2 lying along the x axis at points x1 and x2? X =
m1x1 + m2x2/m1+m2
What is the formula for gravitational PE? U =
mgh
What is translational motion?
motion in which the position of the object's center of mass changes as a function of time
What is the formula for centripetal force? F =
mv^2/r
State the function: sin 0: cos 0: tan 0:
opposite/hypotenuse adjacent/hypotenuse opposite/adjacent
Name the two distinct groups into which all cells can be categorized.
prokaryotes or eukaryotes
What are the first four subshells (corresponding to l = 0, 1, 2, and 3)?
s, p, d, and f
How many orbitals can each subshell accommodate?
s=1 p=3 d=5 f= 7
Are the following scalar or vector quantities? distance, speed, mass displacement, velocity, force
scalars: distance, speed, mass vectors: velocity, force, displacement
T/F Groups have the same valence configuration and have similar chemical properties.
true
T/F for a planet orbiting a star, the centripetal force is equal to the gravitational force.
true
T/F total mechanical energy of a body is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies
true
Is weight a vector or scalar quantity?
vector
Does a group run horizontally or vertically?
vertically
What does the total horizontal distance x traveled by a projectile equal?
x = (initial horizontal velocity)(time in air)
Is kinetic energy conserved in a completely elastic collision?
yes
Is total mechanical energy a constant if the only forces that act on a body are conservative?
yes, E = K + U = constant
