MCAT Questions
Apoenzyme does not have?
"apoenzyme" refers to an enzyme without its required cofactor(s), making choice D incorrect as wel
Which of the following is the sense DNA strand from which the following RNA strand was obtained: 3'-AUCGCUUA-5'?
(3 to 5 ATC) The sense (coding) DNA strand has a sequence identical to that of the RNA transcript, except uracil replaces thymine in RNA. Both the sense strand and the RNA transcript are complementary to the antisense (template) strand from which the RNA was transcribed. This describes the antisense (template) strand sequence, which is the DNA strand RNA polymerase reads and is thus complementary to the resulting mRNA strand. (5 to 3 ATG)
Difference between aldosterone and ADH?
(adrenal cortex secretes) aldosterone: increases sodium reabsorption in DCT and CD thus increasing water reabsorption (pituitary) ADH: just water in CD
schemas?
(organized clusters of knowledge
Diverging lens always has + or - focal length?
-
Convex mirror has - or + focal length? Concave lens have - or + focal length?
-, -
log 1
0
Absolute zero in kelvin is?
0 and block of ice cannot exist lower than 0
What rotation do racemic solutions have?
0 degrees
Viral infection would lead to an increase in which of the following cellular pathways? Aerobic respiration Pentose phosphate pathway cAMP mediated protein kinase activation
1 and 2
Density of water
1 g/mL (or 1 g/cm³) or 1000 kg/m^3 or 1kg/L
What is the density of water?
1 g/mL or 1 g/cm^3,1kg/L,1000kg/m^3
Stages of Demographic Transition
1. both birth rates and mortality rates high 2. mortality rates decline 3. birth rates decline 4. both rates low
Deprotonation occurs when
1. pH < pKa 2. high pH values -separate scenarios
Thin lens formula?
1/f = 1/o + 1/i
1 atm is how many pascals?
10^5
Average mw of amino acid?
110 Da
Molecular weight of amino acid?
110g/mol or 110Da
Dodeca means?
12 carbons
Units of 1,2, and 3rd order reactions?
1= M/s, 2= 1/s, 3= 1/MS
immunoglobulins have how many chains?
2 light and 2 heavy
How many J in a calorie?
4.184
Furanose and pyranose difference?
5 RING AND 6 ring structure
What strand is leading strand direction?
5 prime to 3 prime
An RNA molecule was synthesized to form complementary base pairs with a DNA molecule. The sequence of the DNA was 5′-ATCCGCTAAG-3′. The RNA sequence should be:
5′-CUU...-3
Activation-synthesis mode
: a model that states that dreams are caused by physiological processes of the brain, rather than a passive process
Hawthorne effect
: a psychological effect that describes how people may change an aspect of their behavior when they know they are being observed.
nucleus accumbens does what?
: part of reward pathway, uses two major neurotransmitters (dopamine which promotes desire and serotonin which affects satiety)
log 10
=1
What does a Hill coefficient greater than 1 mean?
A Hill coefficient of 1 indicates independent binding, a value greater than 1 indicates positive cooperativity in which binding of one ligand facilitates binding of subsequent ligands at other sites; a value less than 1 indicates negative cooperativity.
Missense mutation?
A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
Fatty acid general formula?
A fatty acid would have the general formula Rn—CO2H. The corresponding fatty acid salt would have the general formula Rn—CO2- Na+.
Correlation values strength indication involve?
A good rule of thumb for the strength of a correlation is as follows: ± (0.7 - 1.0) = strong; ± (0.3 - 0.69) = moderate; ± (0.0 - 0.29) = none to weak. (Look at negative signs too)
Difference between DNA polymerase α and δ?
A is correct. DNA polymerase α initiates synthesis in eukaryotes. Answer choice B describes DNA polymerase δ, which synthesizes new DNA strands complementary to a template and requires an existing 3' hydroxyl (OH) group to "build off of" as it extends its new strand. For this reason, DNA polymerase δ in human cells requires an RNA (not DNA!) primer synthesized by primase. The DNA template strand is read in the 3' to 5' direction, and human DNA polymerase does not have the capacity for reverse transcription
Following fertilization, the implanted embryo releases a hormone that mimics LH and maintains the corpus luteum. This hormone, which can be detected in the urine and blood with high levels of accuracy, is: A. human chorionic gonadotropin, a peptide hormone. B. human chorionic gonadotropin, a steroid hormone. C. estradiol, a peptide hormone. D. estradiol, a steroid hormone.
A is correct. Human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG, is released by the embryo shortly after implantation. This hormone mimics LH and maintains the corpus luteum, thus also maintaining estrogen and progesterone levels. hCG is a peptide hormone; even if you did not know this, you could infer that hCG and LH (a pituitary peptide) likely have some structural similarities.
Using standard deviation example
A is correct. In paragraph 3, we are told that we have approximately 600 patients, and we are given the average GFR (60 mL/kg/min/1.73 m2) and the standard error (19 mL/kg/min/1.73 m2). Paragraph 1 tells us that a GFR less than 15 mL/kg/min/1.73 m2 indicates the need for renal replacement therapy. The fact that links this information is that in a given data set with a certain mean and a normal distribution, we expect 68% of our sample values to fall within 1 standard deviation of the population mean. 95% would within 2 standard deviations, and about 99.7% of the sample values will be within 3 standard deviations of the population mean. Therefore, we expect 68% of GFR values to be greater than 60-19 = 41 mL/kg/min/1.73 m2, 95% to be greater than 60-2(19) = 22 mL/kg/min/1.73 m2, and 99.7% to be greater than 3 mL/kg/min/1.73 m2. Our best approximation is therefore that slightly less than 5% of the population will have GFR values less than the threshold value of 15 mL/kg/min/1.73 m2. 0.05 × 600 = 30 patients
What happens to kw and pka when temperature increases and is no longer at standard conditions?
A is correct. Remember, pH+ pOH = pKw. (We often think of this equation as pH+ pOH = 14, but this only holds true under standard conditions of 25°C.) As the temperature increases above 25°C, the value of Kw also increases, which means that pKw decreases. At 100°C, then, pH and pOH will sum to a value lower than 14. However, each molecule of water dissociates into an equal number of hydroxide and hydronium ions, meaning that the pH should still equal the pOH and the solution will still be neutral (eliminate choices C and D). To sum to a value less than 14, then, both the pH and the pOH must be less than 14, making choice A our answer.
What does SDS page affect? SDS-PAGE gels are routinely used to separate proteins. Which of the following describes how the application of SDS affects the structure of a protein?
A is correct. We can use process of elimination to answer this question. SDS applies a uniform negative, not positive, charge along the protein (eliminate choice B). Additionally, SDS is used to allow separation by size or mass, not by charge (eliminate option C). Finally, SDS does not disrupt primary structure (eliminate choice D). We are left with choice A, which is an accurate description of the function of SDS.
cDNA differs from the DNA coding for the same gene in which of the following ways? A. The cDNA sequence for the gene is typically shorter. B. cDNA contains introns. C. The cDNA sequence is complementary to the DNA that codes for the gene in question. D. The cDNA sequence was created from an mRNA template, so it contains uracil instead of thymine.
A is correct. cDNA, or complementary DNA, is DNA that is reverse transcribed from the associated mRNA molecule. The result is a cDNA sequence that is very similar to the regular DNA sequence, but that lacks introns (since mature mRNA does not contain introns). For this reason, a cDNA sequence will be shorter than the associated DNA sequence, assuming that the DNA sequence does include at least one intron. Choice C is incorrect because cDNA is named for being complementary to mRNA, not DNA, and choice D is incorrect because all forms of DNA contain thymine.
In a nearsighted individual, the image of a distant object is focused:
A nearsighted (myopic) person can focus on nearby objects but cannot clearly see objects far away. The nearsighted eye has a focal length that is shorter than it should be, so the rays from a distant object form a sharp image in front of the retina
How many valence electrons should a radical usually have?
A radical is a species with one or more unpaired electrons. Generally for this to be true there needs to be an odd number of valence electrons.
self-fulfilling prophecy
A self-fulfilling prophecy is an individual's internalization of a label that leads to a fulfillment of that label.
source-monitoring error
A source-monitoring error occurs when the details of an event are correctly remembered, but the origin or context of the information (the "source") is incorrectly attributed
what is avoidance learning?
A type of negative reinforcer. The role of the behavior is meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen.
Which bases have NH2s?
A,G,C
Question Protein secondary structure is characterized by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between: A. backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygens. B. backbone amide protons and side chain carbonyl oxygens. C. side chain hydroxyl groups and backbone carbonyl oxygens. D. side chain amide protons and backbone carbonyl oxygens.
A.
Two separate containers are each filled with a different gas. If the two samples are held at the same temperature, which of the following must be true? The average kinetic energy of the molecules is the same for both samples. B.The two gas samples exert the same amount of pressure on the walls of their respective containers. C.The total kinetic energy of the gas molecules is the same for both samples. D.The average speed of the molecules is the same for both samples.
A.The average kinetic energy of the molecules is the same for both samples. A is correct. The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a sample of gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the sample. If two gases have the same temperature, the molecules in each sample must have the same average kinetic energy. Since the two gases may consist of molecules with different masses, this does not necessarily imply that the molecules are traveling at the same speed. Total kinetic energy is an extrinsic property, as it depends on the number of molecules present; the question stem does not specify that the samples contain equal numbers of molecules.
Continuity equation for fluids
A1v1 = A2v2
caspases
Activation of caspases ensures that the cellular components are degraded in a controlled manner, carrying out cell death with minimal effect on surrounding tissues.
adding salt to water does what?
Addition of solutes leads to boiling point elevation, freezing (melting) point depression, and vapor pressure depression.
Aldosterone controls salt in what 2 places?
Aldosterone increases sodium absorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron
meso compound
All meso compounds have multiple chiral centers but are not optically active overall.
What differentiates secondary from tertiary structure?
Amino acid side chain interactions (disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and/or ionic salt bridges)
Convert decibel units and intensities
An easy way to convert between decibel units and intensities is to divide the decibel number by 10 (dB/10 = x). The intensity is 10 raised to the x power (10x). As an example, 80 dB/10= 8, and the intensity is 108.
Aversive conditioning focuses on operant or classical conditioning and to reenforcement or punishment?
Aversive conditioning is classical conditioning to an unpleasant unconditioned stimulus, punishment
Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of surrounding salt concentrations on protein solubility? A. "Salting in" increases protein solubility and is most effective when salt concentrations are already very high. B. "Salting in" increases protein solubility and is most effective when salt concentrations are not yet very high. C. "Salting out" is accomplished by lowering the salt concentration in a protein-containing solution. D. Protein solubility increases linearly with salt concentration along the entire range of possible concentrations.
B is correct. "Salting in" refers to the addition of a salt to a solution that does not yet contain very high salt concentrations. The salt interacts with charged amino acid side chains, reducing the protein's ability to aggregate with other proteins. The net result is increased protein solubility, making choice B the correct answer. In contrast, when salt concentrations are already high, addition of more salt decreases protein solubility and is termed "salting out."
What is the effective nuclear charge of an electron in the n = 4 shell of iodine?
B is correct. The effective nuclear charge can be found by subtracting the number of electrons in all shells preceding the one in question from the nuclear charge (the number of protons). Shells 1-3 contain 28 electrons, while an iodine nucleus possesses 53 protons. Thus, the effective nuclear charge on the n = 4 subshell is (53 - 28) or 25.
Life course perspective
Basically it says that your environment, behaviors, and stressors from an early age in life can influence life outcomes (and health) later in life
Neobehaviorist supports?
Behavior can be modified by rewards and punishments
attrition bias
Bias due to participants not completing a study or an extended focus on only those that "survived"
What is special about proline structure?
Breaks up secondary structure motifs
A particular enzyme mimics the activity of histone deacetylase. This enzyme most likely: A. renders histones less positively charged. B. increases the rate of transcription of associated genes. C. makes histones interact more closely with associated DNA. D. promotes the formation of euchromatin.
C is correct. Acetyl groups on histones make these proteins less positively charged, causing them to associate less tightly with the negatively-charged DNA wrapped around them. Histone deacetylase, then, removes these groups, causing the histones to be more positively charged and to interact more closely with the DNA surrounding them (choice C). This reduces the transcription of genes on that DNA. Note that a tightly bound state is termed heterochromatin; euchromatin, in contrast, would reflect loose, more transcriptionally active DNA.
Which of the following factors could induce changes in how stimuli are encoded via effects on gene expression?
C is correct. Both steroid hormones (Roman numeral I) and methylation (Roman numeral III) can affect gene expression, although through different mechanisms. Steroid hormones bind with nuclear receptors that regulate expression through transcription factors. In contrast, methylation is a DNA-level covalent modification that is an example of epigenetics. Peptide hormones (Roman numeral II) bind to membrane receptors and trigger intracellular signaling cascades that dramatically impact cellular activity, but not through gene expression.
A researcher designing an upcoming immunosorbent assay presents a list of molecules to use as a label for the experiments. Which molecule would most likely be rejected for use as a label? A. Fluorescein isothiocyanate B. 131I C. Albumin D. Horseradish peroxidase
C is correct. Detection or visualization of the antigen of interest in immunoassays may require labeling or conjugation of the antibodies with another molecule. These are commonly fluorophores (A), enzymes (D), radioisotopes (B), or biotin. These labeling agents can be conjugated either to a primary antibody (direct assay) or to a secondary antibody (indirect assay). While small polypeptides may also be used, a large protein like albumin is not likely to be chosen, as it would be ineffective and inefficient as a label.
Phosphodiester bonds connect monomers of which of the following biomolecules? A. Polypeptides B. Polysaccharides C. Nucleic acids D. Polyamines
C is correct. Phosphodiester bonds connect individual nucleotide monomers to form nucleic acid polymers, such as DNA or RNA. Polypeptides are composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds and polysaccharides are composed of monosaccharide monomers joined by glycosidic linkages. Polyamines are molecules with two or more primary amino groups, but they do not necessarily contain phosphodiester bonds like nucleic acids.
A significant energy barrier is associated with the passage of ions through the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane. Which of the following would be most consistent with the structure of an ion channel that rapidly and specifically conducts potassium from the cytoplasm to the extracellular fluid? A. The cytoplasmic face of the channel has many exposed hydrophobic residues. B. The cytoplasmic opening of the channel is lined with positively charged residues. C. Ions initially pass through a short hydrophobic channel and reach a central cavity filled with water. D. Ions are coordinated by negatively charged amino acids during their entire journey through the channel.
C is correct. Potassium channels contain a central cavity filled with water. This local polar environment reduces the energetic penalty incurred by passage through the membrane core. The ions briefly pass through a hydrophobic section near the entrance of the channel, which facilitates rapid conduction by reducing attraction between the ions and the channel walls. Uninterrupted coordination between potassium ions and charged residues would greatly decrease conduction speed. Hydrophobic residues are generally not exposed in solution, and positively charged residues would repel potassium ions.
The Ka of hydrofluoric acid (HF) is 7.2 x 10-4. The pKb of fluoride ion (F-) under standard conditions is closest to which of the following? A. 3.28 B. 9.85 C. 10.72 D. 11.28
C is correct. Remember, pKa (acid) + pKb (conjugate base) = 14 under standard conditions. Thus, if we convert the Ka of HF to its pKb, we can easily find the pKb of F- by subtracting the pKa from 14. pKa = −log(Ka) pKa = −log(7.2 × 10-4) Since 7.2 x 10−4 falls between 10−4 and 10−3, the pKa of HF must fall between 3 and 4. 14 − 3 = 11, and 14 − 4 = 10; therefore, our answer for the pKb of F- must exist between 10 and 11. The only answer that fits this description is choice C.
The sound made by a jackhammer has an intensity of 100 dB, while that heard 100 feet from a jet engine at takeoff is 140 dB. What is the ratio of the intensity of the jet engine to that of the jackhammer? A. 4:1 B. 1000:1 C. 10,000:1 D. 100,000:1
C is correct. The two sounds differ by 40 dB. The decibel scale is a logarithmic scale in which each 10 decibel interval represents one order of magnitude, or factor of 10. Thus, a 40 dB difference represents a 104 difference in intensity. 104 is equal to 10,000, so choice C is correct.
Which of the following is NOT required for a fluid to be considered ideal? A. The fluid and the walls of its container do not interact. B. The fluid is not viscous. C. The fluid particles flow at a constant velocity. D. The fluid exhibits laminar flow.
C is correct. The volume flow rate of an ideal fluid is constant at all points in a pipe system at a given time. However, the velocity at which individual particles flow is distinct from the volume flow rate. This velocity is not necessarily constant; simply imagine fluid particles speeding up as they enter a narrower region of the pipe. All of the other choices describe properties of ideal fluids. -could have different velocity but must have same flow rate
Assuming that the pKa of the side chain of histidine is approximately 6, which of the following is closest to the isoelectric point of this amino acid?
C is correct. To calculate isoelectric point, you must consider the pKa values of the amino acid in question. Histidine has a carboxylic acid group (pKa ~ 2), an amino group (pKa ~ 9), and its side chain (pKa ~ 6). Note that we should not average all three of these values; instead, since histidine is a basic amino acid, we should average the two most basic pKa values. (6 + 9) / 2 = 7.5.
What is the reticular activating system part of and what does it control?
CNS, The reticular activating system is involved in controlling alertness and is most likely to be stimulated to bring someone out of a coma.
Bicarbonate equation?
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-
A good one that I picked up from this sub for citric acid cycle intermediates:
Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?
What do Chylomicrons and VLDL primarily transport?
Chylomicrons and VLDL primarily transport triglycerides.
Clathrin?
Clathrin functions in formation of vesicles for intracellar trafficking, not in protein folding
Most carbs have what formula?
Cm(H2O)n
Difference between cofators, coenzymes, and prosthetic groups?
Cofactors are organic or inorganic molecules that assist in the function of an enzyme. Coenzymes are an organic subclass of a cofactors and prosthetic groups are a type of coenzyme that is tightly bound to the enzyme itself
The mechanism of how T. cruzi enters into a host cell as described in the passage involves the manipulation of intracellular calcium levels. Which of the following best describes the normal movement of calcium ions across the plasma membrane and out of the cell? A. Passive diffusion through the cell membrane B. Facilitated diffusion through calcium ion channels C. Primary active transport via a symporter D. Secondary active transport via an antiporter
D is correct. Calcium exists as Ca2+ in an aqueous environment and therefore requires specialized transportation across the hydrophobic cell membrane. This is accomplished most often with the sodium-calcium exchanger, an antiporter that works via secondary active transport. This antiporter uses energy from previously hydrolyzed ATP to transport 1 Ca2+ out of the cell while allowing 3 Na+ to flow into the cell down their concentration gradient. The other primary mode of transport for calcium is the calcium ATPase which does not correspond to an answer choice here. This transporter uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to move 1 calcium ion out of the cell.
Under what conditions may a convex lens produce a virtual image? A. Under all conditions B. Under no conditions C. Only when the object distance is greater than the focal length of the lens D. Only when the object distance is smaller than the focal length of the lens
D is correct. Convex lenses are converging; as such, when object distance is greater than a lens's focal length, it produces a real, inverted image. The only case in which a convex lens would produce a virtual image is when the object is very close; specifically, when the object distance is less than f, the focal length of the lens.
Which key intermediate of the citric acid cycle is used in the export of gluconeogenic substrates from the mitochondria? . Acetyl-CoA B. Succinate C. Citrate D. Malate
D is correct. During gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate in the mitochondria is converted to malate for export from the mitochondria. Cytosolic malate is then re-oxidized to oxaloacetate and converted to phosphoenolpyruvate. This step is almost always the rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis. Malate is also a citric acid cycle intermediate. Note that acetyl-CoA is a reactant in the citric acid cycle, not an intermediate.
Which of the following are NOT professional antigen-presenting cells? A. Macrophages B. Dendritic cells C. B lymphocytes D. CD4+ T lymphocytes
D is correct. Professional APCs are those which express MHC class II. These include B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, but not CD4+ T lymphocytes. APCs are responsible for processing antigens and presenting antigenic peptide fragments to cells of the adaptive immune system.
Enzymes facilitate biochemical reactions by all of the following methods EXCEPT: . enabling extremely high local substrate concentrations. B. orienting the substrates in order to facilitate the formation of bonds. C. stabilizing unfavorable interactions that occur during the transition state. D. reducing the difference in free energy between the substrate(s) and product(s).
D is correct. The change in free energy of a reaction is a thermodynamic value that depends only on the chemical identity of the reactants and products. Enzymes can only alter reaction kinetics, not thermodynamics. (Free energy is thermodynamic)
The half-life of a radioactive material is: A. half the time it takes for all of the radioactive nuclei to decay into radioactive nuclei. B. half the time it takes for all of the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei. C. the time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into radioactive nuclei. D. the time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei.
D.
Which of the following ranks the redox-active species of the electron transport chain in order of decreasing electron affinity?
D. Because O2 is the terminal species in the electron transport chain (ETC), it must have the highest electron affinity and thus be first in the list (eliminating choice B). Since NADH donates its electrons to the first electron carrier in the ETC, the product of its oxidation, NAD+, would have the lowest electron affinity and would be last in the list (eliminating choice C). FADH2 enters the ETC by donating its electrons directly to ubiquinone (CoQ) so the oxidized FAD will have a lower electron affinity than CoQ (eliminating choice A).
Which of the following pairings of an ETC protein complex with the number of protons it contributes to the proton gradient is INCORRECT? A. Complex III - 4 protons B. Complex I - 4 protons C. Complex II - 0 protons D. Complex IV - 8 protons
D. Complex IV should be 4 protons
Which of the following represents the correct ordering of events in the developmental process of oocytes? A. Meiosis I initiation → meiosis I completion → puberty →meiosis II initiation → fertilization → meiosis II completion B. Puberty →meiosis I initiation → meiosis I completion → meiosis II initiation → meiosis II completion → fertilization C. Puberty →meiosis I initiation → meiosis I completion → meiosis II initiation → fertilization → meiosis II completion D. Meiosis I initiation → puberty → meiosis I completion → meiosis II initiation → fertilization → meiosis II completion
D. Meiosis I initiation → puberty → meiosis I completion → meiosis II initiation → fertilization → meiosis II completion
Transcription factors bind?
DNA
Which of the following enzymes possesses a 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity? Which of the following enzymes possesses a 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity? A. Helicase B. RNA polymerase C. DNA polymerase D. Ligase
DNA polymerase
Demographic transition theory focuses on?
Demographic transition theory addresses changes in the birth rate and the death rate that are associated with economic development (specifically, related to industrialization). The typical pattern begins with a drop in the death rate, leading to population growth, followed by a drop in the birth rate, leading to population stabilization (drop in death and then drop in birth) to reach stabilization
ATP involvement in muscle contraction? what 3 jobs?
Dissociation of the myosin head from the actin filament requires the binding of ATP (I). Attachment of the myosin head to the actin filament requires calcium and a troponin/tropomyosin shift (II). The conformational changes that move actin and myosin relative to one another require that ATP be hydrolyzed, for these changes occur upon release of the products of hydrolysis (ADP and Pi) by the myosin head (III). Binding of troponin to actin does not require the hydrolysis of ATP (IV). Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum also does not require ATP hydrolysis. This release occurs when calcium ions move via voltage-gated ion channels down their concentration gradient (V). The reuptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs via an ATP-hydrolyzing pump that moves calcium against its concentration gradient (VI). Thus, C is the correct response. This is incorrect. Step IV does not require binding and/or hydrolysis of ATP.
E. coli membranes are roughly 75% ? and 25% ?, by mass.
E. coli membranes are roughly 75% protein and 25% phospholipid, by mass.
Magnitude of electric field equation?
E= V/d
ELECTRIC potential equation?
E= kQ/r
Electrical power equations?
Electrical power is shown by the equations P = VI = V2/R = I2R. S
Who is associated with functionalism?
Emile Durkheim
How do flagella differ between prok and euka?
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella have entirely different structures. In eukaryotes, a flagellum is primarily composed of a bundle of linked microtubules. The actual protein flagellin is only a component of prokaryotic flagella.
True or false: In DNA transcription, the sense strand is transcribed.
False: In DNA transcription, the template or antisense strand is transcribed, resulting in mRNA that corresponds directly to the sense ("coding") strand, with the substitution of U for T.
Difference between signal detection theory and feature detection?
Feature detection is a cognitive process of perception that is bottom-up and includes color, form, and motion. Signal detection theory argues that "noise" exists that is either internal or external that can sometimes change our perception of stimuli we perceive. We may or may not use feature detection in signal detection experiments, but feature detection is describing a cognitive process of perception alone, and signal detection is a decision-making paradigm we may use during perception.
Fluid flow rate is usually or not usually changed in comparison to fluid velocity?
Flow rate does not change but velocity changes
Which nitrogenous bases have oxygens?
G,C, (Tand U have 2)
glucokinase vs hexokinase
Glucokinase = In Liver Hexokinase = Non-liver cells Glucokinase, which is active in liver and pancreatic cells, is not inhibited by G6P. Its activity is positively correlated with blood sugar.
A useful mnemonic for electromagnetic spectrum that I learned
Grignards eXceed Ultimate Velocity In My Reaction
What transports cholesterol to the liver?
High density lipoprotein
What amino acid acts neutral instead of basic when counting amino acid charges at PHYSIOLOGICAL PH= 7?
Histidine
What does histone acetyltransferase do?
Histone acetyltransferase functions to add acetyl groups to histone proteins, a process that serves as a post-translational modification. This reduces the positive charge held by the basic histone proteins, loosening the DNA-histone conformation and increasing transcriptional activity.
Intensity equation related to power and area?
I= P/A
effect on KE of gases, temp has?
If two gases have the same temperature, the molecules in each sample must have the same average kinetic energy. he average kinetic energy of the molecules in a sample of gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the sample
If a dart is thrown at a speed of 40 m/s and an angle of 30 degrees, how far will it travel before it hits the ground? (Note that cos 30 = 0.87 and sin 30 = 0.5.)
In order to answer this question, we need to find: (1) the initial velocity in the y-direction, (2) the total time that the dart is in the air, and (3) the velocity in the x-direction. To calculate the initial velocity in the y-direction, we can multiply the initial velocity by sinӨ:vyi = (40 m/s) sin (30) = 40 (0.5) = 20 m/sTo find the time that the dart is in the air, we can use the equation vf = vi + at. We know that the initial vertical velocity is 20 m/s and at the peak of the flight, the vertical velocity will be 0 m/s. The acceleration due to gravity is -10 m/s2. Plugging these values in yields:vf = vi + at(0 m/s)= (20 m/s) + (-10 m/s2) t-20 = -10tt = 2 seconds.Remember that this is the time for only the first half of the flight, the half it spends traveling upwards. Total time in the air will be double this value, or 4 seconds.To calculate the velocity in the x-direction, we can multiply the initial velocity by cosθ:vx = (40 m/s) cos (30) = 40 (0.87) ≈ 35 m/sCombining this information, we can calculate how far the dart will travel: d= vtd = (35 m/s)(4 s)) = 140 meters.
If a baseball player throws a ball at 10 m/s at 60 degrees above the horizontal, what is the horizontal distance that the ball will travel before it lands? (sin 60 = 0.87 and cos 60 = 0.5)
In order to answer this question, we need to find: (1) the initial velocity of the ball in the y-direction, (2) the total time the ball spends in the air, and (3) the velocity of the ball in the x-direction.First, let's calculate the ball's initial vertical velocity:viy = (vi)sinθviy = (10 m/s) sin (60)viy = (10 m/s) (0.87)viy = 8.7 m/sNow, we can calculate the total time that the ball spends in the air. We know that the initial vertical velocity is 8.7 m/s, and at the peak of the flight, the vertical velocity will be 0 m/s. The acceleration will remain constant at -10 m/s2. We can plug these values into the equation vf = vi + at: vf = vi + at(0 m/s) = (8.7 m/s) + (-10 m/s2) t-8.7 = -10tt = 0.87 seconds. Remember, this is the time required for only the first half of the flight, the half spent traveling upwards. The total time in the air will be double this value, or 1.74 seconds.Next we can calculate the ball's velocity in the x-direction, which will remain constant:vx = vicosθvx = (10 m/s) cos (60)vx = (10 m/s) (0.5)vx ≈ 5 m/sFinally, we can combine this information to solve for the distance that the ball travels. We know that the horizontal velocity is about 5 m/s and that the ball is in the air for 1.74 seconds. We can thus calculate: d= vtd = (5 m/s)(1.74 s)d = 8.7 meters
Incidence and Prevalence
Incidence: number of new cases Prevalence: total number of cases
After a block began to slide, how did its speed vary with time?
Increases linearly with time. A constant force on a mass produces a constant acceleration
Intersectionality focuses on?
Intersectionality calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individual's position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity. Intersectionality can also refer to intersections involving other identity categories such as age, gender, or sexual orientation.
The dissociation constant/ionization constant is known as?
Ka
Efficiency of an enzyme is measured in?
Kcat/km or Vmax= Kcat[E]
Secretary phase is also known as?
LUTEAL phase
When a light wave and a sound wave pass from air to glass, what changes occur in their speeds?
Light slows down because the index of refraction in the glass is greater than in the air. The index is a measure of the ratio of the velocity in air to the velocity in the medium. For sound the speed becomes greater because the speed of sound in a solid is much greater than in air (the glass has stiff rigid bonds which gives rise to a speed more than 10 times greater than in air).
What transports cholesterol to skeletal muscles?
Low density lipoprotein
Manifest vs latent functions
Manifest function - intended/obvious Latent function - unintended
Who is associated with conflict theory?
Marx
Difference between I and Me of mead's expression component of the self?
Me= socially conforming I= not socially conforming
What cofactor is involved in glycolysis?
Mg
Amyloid fibrils (parkinsons) arise from what?
Misfolded beta sheets
Equivalence Point equation
NaVa=NbVb Na and Nb=acid and base normalities Va and Vb=volumes of acid and base solutions, respectively
Do human cells create ethanol?
No
Do the amounts of either a weak or strong acid matter for titration?
No the same amount needed despite being strong or weaK
Phosphodiester bond?
Nucleotides are linked to one another by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar base of one nucleotide (thymine) and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide (adenine) in a way that the 5′ end bears a phosphate, and the 3′ end a hydroxyl group.
Oncotic pressure refers to what?
Oncotic pressure is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in a blood vessel's plasma.
Power in terms of force and velocity?
P=Fv or W/t or E/t
what do prohormones not need to become active?
Prohormones do require cleavage prior to becoming active,
Which amino acid is usually found at the turns in beta sheets?
Proline
Radius for light is what to focal length?
R=2f
Restriction enzymes are classified as what type of enzyme?
Restriction enzymes are alternatively known as restriction endonucleases. Endonucleases are enzymes that cleave within a nucleic acid sequence (as opposed to exonucleases, which cleave nucleotides from the ends of a nucleic acid chain). Ribonucleases degrade RNA, which is not accurate in this case, because restriction enzymes cleave DNA. Kinases catalyze the phosphorylation of proteins.
Difference between structure of ribose and deoxyribose?
Ribose does contain a 3' -OH group, but so does deoxyribose; it is the 2' -OH group that deoxyribose lacks.
Signal sequence domains are what required for what?
Signal sequence domains are protein domains required for proteins that are directed toward secretory pathways.
Researchers design a study to explore how healthcare providers establish rapport, show empathy, and navigate disagreements with their patients. Based on this description, the researchers are most likely taking a theoretical approach that is consistent with which sociological paradigm?
Symbolic interactionism examines small scale (or micro level) social interactions, focusing attention on how shared meaning is established among individuals or small groups. Clinical encounters involving patient-provider communication are consistent with the analysis of social interaction at the micro level. In addition, the study of rapport, empathy, and disagreements involves the interpretation of meaning among social actors. Overall, the scenario suggests that the theory of symbolic interactionism is consistent with the researchers' approach.
the emitted photon will always have less energy (longer wavelength) than the light that was absorbed T/F?
T
Humanistic theory?
The Humanistic Theory of Personality states that people are intrinsically good, with an innate drive to make themselves better. The Humanistic theory is built on the premise of a person's self-concept, consisting of their real self and their ideal self.
The psychoanalytic theory?
The Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality asserts that personality and behavior arise from dynamic interactions between the id, superego, and ego.
When looking to see is a peptide could form a covalently bonded dimer, look for?
The answer is B because the presence of cysteine indicates that the peptide could form a disulfide-linked dimer.
What do t cells trget?
The answer to this question is A because cytotoxic T lymphocytes target virus-infected cells by recognizing the viral antigen presented on the cell surface
What elements are involved in GTP cycle?
The answer to this question is A because following glucagon binding to its receptor and activation of its coupled G protein, activities of the adenylate cyclase and the protein kinase A, and level of cAMP are all increased. In contrast activation of the G protein promotes the dissociation of bound GDP and its exchange for GTP on the α subunit.
isoforms created by?
The answer to this question is B because CREB341 and CREB327 are isoforms. Different protein isoforms are synthesized from the same gene through alternative splicing, during which sections of the full transcript (both introns and exons) are spliced. Different combinations of exons can produce different protein isoforms.
Where in the human male reproductive system do the gametes become motile and capable of fertilization? A. Testis B. Urethra C. Epididymis D. Prostate gland
The answer to this question is C because sperm, produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes, completes maturation and becomes motile in the epididymis.
Glycogen is formed by what bonds between glucose molecules?
The answer to this question is C because the glucose polymer in liver (glycogen) is formed by glycosidic bonds between glucose molecules through α(1→4) linkage linearly and α(1→6) linkage at branch point
What causes duplex DNA with a certain (A + T):(G + C) ratio to melt at a higher temperature than comparable length duplex DNA with a greater (A + T):(G + C) ratio? A. Stronger van der Waals forces of pyrimidines B. Stronger van der Waals forces of purines C. Increased π- stacking strength D. Reduced electrostatic repulsion of phosphates
The answer to this question is C. G-C base pairs form stronger π-stacking interactions than A-T base pairs, thereby creating the most thermal stability.
phosphodiester linkage
The connection in a nucleic acid strand, formed by linking two nucleotides. Does not contribute to tertiary structure
Difference between phosphatase and phosphorylase?
The key difference between phosphorylase and phosphatase is that phosphorylase enzymes catalyze the reaction involving the transfer of phosphate groups between compounds, whereas phosphatase enzymes catalyze the reactions involving the removal of a phosphate group from a compound forming phosphate ion and an alcohol .
The movement of current through resistors converts current to other forms of energy including?
The movement of current through resistors converts current to other forms of energy, including heat and light.
Dependent variable?
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
At what pH would the net charge on a 0.3 M solution of the amino acid asparagine (pKa α-COOH = 2.0, pKa α-NH3+ = 8.8) be effectively minimized? A. 1.0 B. 2.0 C. 5.0 D. 9.0
The pH at which asparagine possesses no net charge (also known as the zwitterion form) is the isoelectric point (pI) and can be determined from the given pKa values. At very low and high pH, asparagine will have a net positive and negative charge, respectively. At a pH between the two pKavalues, asparagine will possess the least net charge, so only choice C is possible. For neutral amino acids, the pI is the average of the pKa values of the functional groups (pI = 5.4 for asparagine).
Kinetic energy of photoelectron equation?
The work function is the amount of energy to overcome the barrier of removing the electron. The equation for the kinetic energy of the photoelectron is KE= E- Φ, where Φ is the work function
Which technique can be used to determine if a sample of cells expresses both isoforms?
This is a Biology question that falls under the content category "Transmission of genetic information from the gene to the protein." The answer to this question is A because isoforms are produced through alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. Based upon the lengths of the two isoforms, each isoform must contain at least exons 1 and 4. From that, it can be determined that one consists of exons 1, 2, and 4 (17 residues) and the other of exons 1, 3, and 4 (16 residues). Generating cDNA from mRNA will generate a sequence for each isoform, as splicing will have occurred. Since both isoforms must contain exons 1 and 4, primers overlapping exons 1 and 4 will produce cDNA for both of the isoforms. The band pattern of the gel will identify whether both or only one of the isoforms is expressed. It is a Reasoning about the Design and Execution of Research question because you are asked to identify an experimental design that will provide the necessary data to answer a specific question.
what is a zymogen?
This is because zymogens are inactive precursors of enzymes that require proteolytic cleavage prior to becoming active
Which of the following compounds is NOT a gluconeogenic precursor or substrate? lactate, glycerol, oxalacetate, or phosphogluconate
This is correct. This Biochemistry question falls under the content category "Principles of bioenergetics and fuel molecule metabolism." The answer to this question is D because while lactate, oxaloacetate and glycerol are gluconeogenic precursors, phosphogluconate is involved in the pentose phosphate pathway and is not a precursor or substrate in gluconeogenesis. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must recognize the enzymes that participate in metabolic pathway.
Increasing current does what to power?
This is incorrect. Increasing the current increases the collisions that cause heat loss, and thus power loss
Thomas theorem
Thomas theorem states that if an individual believes something to be real, then it is real in its consequences.
What are the 3 stop codons?
UAG, UAA, and UGA
Ubiquitination?
Ubiquitination targets a protein for degradation by a proteasom
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on?
Unconscious; a theory which asserts personality is shaped by a person's unconscious thoughts, feelings, and past memories (particularly in childhood)
Unit differences between electric field strength and electric potential?
V/m and J/C which are Volts
Viral envelopes are made of what 2 things?
Viral envelopes are primarily made up of phospholipids (as in the cell membrane) and glycoproteins that contribute to recognition and interactions with cell receptors.
Michael menton equation?
Vo= vmax [s]/km+ [s]
Intensity measurements of sound?
W/m^2 standard
Researchers conducted an experiment to study Weber's Law. Going from 10- to 12-pound weights created the just noticeable difference for one participant. For this participant, how many pounds need to be added to a 20-pound weight to create the just noticeable difference?
Weber's Law states that just noticeable difference is a ratio of the existing stimulus intensity. Two pounds are 1/5 of 10 pounds and they create the just noticeable difference for 10 pounds. To create the just noticeable difference for 20 pounds, 4 pounds (1/5 of 20 pounds) are needed.
When the pKa of a functional group is smaller than the environmental pH, the group will exist in its protonated or deprotonated form?
When the pKa of a functional group is smaller than the environmental pH, the group will exist in its deprotonated or charged form.
Low GnRH would lead to?
a decrease in LH and FSH levels and a decrease in testosterone levels and sperm count.
Conflict theory focuses on what?
a macro-level theory which focuses on inequality between different groups, power struggles, and how they lead to societal conflict.
Specific activity when looking at purification represents?
a measure of purity
Recovered memory?
a memory of a traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time
What is partial report technique?
a method of testing memory in which only some of the total information presented is to be recalled.
INTERPOSITION?
a monocular vision cue that indicates whether one object is in front of another.
A prion is best described as an infectious: A. prokaryote. B. transposon. C. protein. D. virus. Solution
a prion is an abnormally folded protein that induces a normally folded version of the protein to also adopt the abnormal structure, which is often deleterious
ethnographic study focuses on?
a qualitative method where researchers observe or interact with a study's participants in their real-life environment.
What is a palindrome?
a region of DNA in which the sequence of nucleotides is identical with an inverted sequence in the complementary strand: GAATTC is a palindrome of CTTAAG. Restriction enzymes recognize these
Social construction focuses on?
a theory that people actively shape their reality through social interactions. The value we place on things are constructed, not inherent, and represent the values of the society that created them.
Operational span testing?
a widely used task to assess working memory capacity, in which participants try to remember sequentially presented words in their correct order while simultaneously solving simple math equations.
A test cross is often performed to identify the genotype of an organism that exhibits a dominant phenotype. In the case of a test cross concerning two traits, the organism with the dominant phenotype might be crossed with an organism with which of the following genotypes?
aabb
parasympathetic nervous system uses?
acetylcholine
Ratio of 30,60, 90 traingle?
across 30 is x, hypotenuse is 2x, and across 60 is x rad 3b
discrimination is an?
action
Specific activity
activity is a measure of the amount of enzyme per milligram of total protein
starting reactant of strecker synthesis?
aldehyde
what do proteins contain?
amides
In ARFI, the targeting process of US waves most likely seeks to maximize which of the following wave properties at the region of tissue where displacement occurs? A. Velocity B. Amplitude C. Frequency D. Wavelength
amplitude
Part of the brain that controls emotion?
amygdala
what 3 structures are responsible for emotions?
amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and thalmus
Left side brain is more?
analytical
Vitamin E helps with?
antioxidant
secondary active transport example?
antiporters cuz active and passive transport
skinner said that punishment is effective only..
as long as punishment is present
What is psychophysical association testing?
assess perception of stimuli in relation to physical properties
Prejudice describes?
attitude
Secondary structures are maintained by?
back bone interactions (usually hydrogen bonding)
Transduction uses?
bacteriophage
evolutionary role of emotions used to support which model?
basic model only
functional autonomy
behavior continues after drive for behavior has ceased
unconditional positive regard?
believes in good of the client and does not judge the client negatively for any words or actions
Social exchange theory focuses on?
benefits and costs of maintaining relationship
What color deviates from normal and refracts more? why?
blue because it has the highest frequency and lowest wavelength
Splitting is associated with?
borderline (all good or all bad)
Metabolism refgers to?
breakdown
IV drugs give what advantage?
bypass breakdown by the liver
Telomerase is found where? and uses what to replicate ends of chromosomes?
cancer cells and stem cells, RNA
Prokaryotes can or cannot do alternative splicing?
cannot
Diamond is made from what element?
carbon
An allosteric molecule cannot cause...
catalysis of an enzymatic reaction but can activate, inhibit, and conformationally change enzyme cuz it binds away from active site
cation-exchange column only binds to positively charged proteins, which only occurs when the pH is ? than the pI.
cation-exchange column only binds to positively charged proteins, which only occurs when the pH is less than the pI.
microtubules originate from?
centrosome
Primary socialization occurs only during?
childhood
Viroids are single or double, dna or rna, capsid or not?
circular, rna, and single stranded, attack plants
Unconditioned stimuli are involved in what type of conditioning?
classical
Vitamin k helps with?
coagulation
Mrna shoudl have same sequence as?
coding sense DNA
what are prosthetic groups?
cofactors that are tightly bonded to their enzymes
Vasopressin (ADH) regulates the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of the epithelial cells of which renal structure?
collecting duct
presented self?
combination of authentic, ideal, and tactical selves.
A cation-exchange chromatography apparatus: contains a negatively-charged stationary phase, causing anions to elute faster than cations. B. contains a negatively-charged stationary phase, causing cations to elute faster than anions. C. contains a positively-charged stationary phase, causing anions to elute faster than cations. D. contains a positively-charged stationary phase, causing cations to elute faster than anions.
contains a negatively-charged stationary phase, causing anions to elute faster than cations. Catches cations!
pons does what?
contains sensory and motor tracts between the cortex and medulla
what gathers and focuses incoming light?
cornea or lens
Rational choice theory usually includes?
cost and benefit
What does scintillation count?
count methyl groups
What is involved in southern blot analysis?
create or eliminate restriction site which is usually. palindrome
Which is the only amino acid that is R?
cysteine
Formula for when acceleration is constant?
d = (½)(vi + vf)(t)
necrosis
damage to nearby cells caused by lysis
cross sectional study focuses on?
data is gathered at a single point in time.
Game theory focuses on
decision making behavior
Neuroleptics do what to positive symptoms and what to negative symptoms?
decrease, increase
What does a dielectric do to a capacitor?
decreases electric field strength, decreases voltage, increases capacitance, and increases effectiveness
What affects the dissociation constant for hemoglobin?
decreasing temperature and adding NH3 (altering pH)
Enthalpy equation with P, V, and U
delta H= delta U + PdeltaV
What does it mean when keq= 0?
delta g is 0 and ATP is neither created or produced
Specific gravity is also known as?
density
Serotonin controls?
depression and mood
If ph<pka then?
deprotonated
Drop in pH leads to what to stability and protonation state?
deprotonation and decreased stability
Intersectionality
describes the interconnected nature of oppressed groups
Blood normally flows from the atria to the ventricles during systole or diastole, through the open AV valves
diastole
Catalyst will be heterogenous when?
different phase from reactants. for example solid catalyst mixed with gas and liquid reactants
Myopia (nearsightedness) is corrected with what lens?
diverging
What is used in cDNA cloning?
dna polymerase, dna ligase, and reverse transcriptase
Nucelophile?
donates electrons
Prokaryotic DNA is single or double stranded?
double and circular
Where do neural crest cells come from? and what do they lead to?
ectoderm and then differentiate into PNS
McDonaldization focuses on what 3 things?
efficiency, calculability, uniformity
controlled processing is?
effortful processing that is used to create long term memories and can become automatic with practice
Cytochrome c is associated with what?
electron transport
protons equal?
electrons
ATP into ADP and Pi is endergonic or exergonic?
endergonic
A closed system can exchange what?
energy but not matter
The stereochemical designators α and β distinguish between:
epimers at anomeric carbon
Meritocracy focuses on?
equal opportunity
The angle of reflection equals or does not equal the angle of incidence
equals
Phospholipids are made by?
esterification
What do fats contain?
esters
Organic layer is usually what 2 things?
ether layer and uncharged
James lange theory focuses on what 2 things in what order?
experience of physiological symptoms and then label
disruptive evolution favors?
extremes
What is known as clotting factor 1 in the blood?
fibrinogen
what type of interval occurs when a rat presses the level slowly at first but with increasing frequency as the end of the interval approaches?
fixed interval
Poiseuille's Law
flow rate which is (Q) = ΔP(πr^4 / 8Lη)
Intellectualism example?
focusing on details of diagnosis and seeking much info about disease as possible
Photon energy is directly related to what?
frequency
Ketose example?
fructose
fundamental attribution error
fundamental attribution error refers to stressing the importance of dispositional (i.e., personality) factors in one's explanations of other people's behavior and underemphasizing situational factors.
Utilitarian organizations are formed based off of?
gains
DNA cannot give what with southern blot?
gene expression
examples of aldoses
glucose and ribose
Difference between fructose and glucose with regard to ring number and also aldo/ketose?
glucose is 6 carbon ring and aldose fructose is 5 carbon ring and ketose
A phospholipid consists of?
glycerol covalently attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
Total internal reflection only happens when?
going from high to low
Tm when looking at a graph means looking for what?
half of whatever has melted
Which type of psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence? A. Stimulants B. Hallucinogens C. Alcohol D. Sedatives
hallucinogens
those found to be universally expressed emotions; therefore, they did NOT present faces expressing: fear, surprise, pain, disgust
he answer to this question is C because pain is not one of the emotions that have been shown to be a universally expressed emotion. The universal emotions include fear, anger, surprise, happiness, disgust, and sadness. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because you must demonstrate your basic knowledge of emotions.
What does basal ganglia do?
helps with posture and balance
what do sugars contain?
hemiacetals
Hetero or euterchromatin is tightly packed?
hetero
A higher or lower NAD+/NADH or a higher or lower NADH/NAD+ ratio would drive catabolism?
high, low
Relationship between vapor pressure and altitude and temperature?
higher altitude, water boils at lower temp, vapor pressure increases with increasing temperature
Part of the brain that controls memory?
hippocampus
hypothalmus is responsible for?
homeostasis and emotions
social constructionism is centered upon?
how concepts emerge
Dimers are held together by
hydrophobic interactions
The Thomas Theorum
if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. This means that interpreting a situation is what causes action.
endolymph is found?
in labyrinth
a new loud noise that is similar to the habituated one will or will not increase response to original sound?
increase
Decrease membrane fluidity?
increase saturated phospholipids
What do positive ions do for dsDNA?
increase stability as the phosphate group shielding is increased
Protein folding usually means increased or decreased entropy?
increased
What does a drop in pH do to dsDNA?
increases protonation of bond acceptors and decreases base pair interactions
depth of processing model?
info from short to long is transferred at more analysis
dual store model
information is moved from STM to LTM when it is maintained in STM for a sufficiently long period of time via rehearsal
What is too large to cross membrane and must use endocytosis to enter cell?
insulin which is a peptide hormone cannot cross membrane any other way
Symbolic Interactionism focuses on?
interpretation and response; Symbolic interactionism is a theory that explains how people see and understand the world. This theory states that people use dialect and language to deduce information about the world and exhibit behavior. A negative label is described using language, and the results of this study could be explained by symbolic interactionism if the participants used this label to influence their behavior.a micro-level theory which focuses on the individual and significance they give to objects, events, symbols, interactions, etc. in their lives.
Km and affinity have what kind of relationship?
inverse (when one is low the other is higher)
When given dissociation constant, what do you do to find binding constant?
inverse taken
Visual cortex and not corpus callosum controls?
inverting images
In a G protein-coupled receptor system, the G protein is activated by what and inactivated by what?
is activated when a GDP molecule is exchanged for a GTP molecule, and is inactivated by the hydrolysis of GTP.
If k is blocked, then action potential?
is prolonged
Velocity changes direction or not when going in a circle?
it changes velocity
K, Na, Cl, Ca higher where?
k=inside Na=outside Cl=outside Ca=outside
Catalytic efficiency is?
kcat/Km. No kcat values were provided but Vmax = kcat x [Et]. Equal enzyme concentrations were used in the experiment, so Vmax is functionally equivalent (directly proportional) to kcat in this circumstance.
Where is erythropoietin produced?
kidneys
Activation energy is kinetic or thermodynamic factor?
kinetic
Characteristics of thermodynamic products vs kinetic products?
kinetic= fast, less stable, low temperature, irreversible, high energy thermodynamic=slow, more stable, low energy, high temp, reversible, average size product
Components of the functional attitudes theory?
knowledge, adaptability, ego expression, and ego defense
Kp is also known as?
ksp
allolactose binds to
lac repressor
Shorter wavelength means what to energy?
larger energy
Broca's area is located on what side of the brain?
left frontal lobe
Higher pka means?
less acidic (more basic)
The spleen stores what?
leukocytes. The spleen holds a large reserve of leukocytes, particularly monocytes, which become macrophages or dendritic cells upon reaching their target tissue.
Functions of the liver?
lipid metabolism, deamination of amino acids, detoxification of ammonia
What is lipoic acid used for in metabolic pathways?
lipoic acid, a cofactor for the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
Visible light rays do lose what when going through a dense medium?
lose amplitude
Gabriel synthesis needs what to produce amino acid?
malonic acid
SDS separates based on?
mass
Symbolic Interactionism focuses on?
meaning of actions
pineal gland releases what?
melatonin
Cytokinesis uses microtubules or microfilaments?
microfilaments
In Native gel electrophoresis, the compound that travels farther is more compact or less compact?
more compact
Dreaming occurs in what stages of sleep?
mostly REM but can occur in any stage
Where are Pyrophosphates found?
multiple phosphates linked together, such as in ATP.
How does n change for 2 consecutive wavelengths?
n to n+2
DNA is neg or pos and travels toward what in gel?
neg and travels toward positive anode (electro cell type)
Carbon is only atom that can have chiral center?
no
Does the frequency of a sound wave change when it enters a different medium?
no
Does wave frequency change between mediums?
no
Q < Ksp means
no solid formed
Action potential is or is not dependent on expression of high density neurotransmitter receptors?
no, The answer to this question is B because action potentials are only generated in postsynaptic neurons when the depolarization stimulus exceeds threshold.
Does fmri look at glucose levels in brain?
no, blood flow
Do epimers have same but opposite rotation?
no, only enantiomers do
Enzymes bind noncovalently or covalently and can be undergo covalent or noncovalent structural modification?
non, cov
Alipathic means?
non-aromatic of H and C
Are glucocorticoids polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
Sympathetic nervous system uses?
norepinephrine
esters have what ending?
oate
Retroactive has a hard time with?
old memories
Freud's Psychosexual Stages
oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage
Is there more calcium inside or outside the cell?
outside
Dispositional focuses on?
own personality traits
Disulfide bonds only form between what amino acids?
oxidation of cysteine residues
Restriction enzymes recognize?
palindromes
Lipases are created by what?
pancreas
normative organizations focus on?
people join cuz of shared beliefs
Children are mire likely to role take and observational learning from?
people like them such as the same gender
Insulin and glucagon are what type of hormones?
peptide
What affects thermal denaturation of dsDNA?
ph, ions, and length of strands
This multi-ring structure is the most commonly used nitrogen containing reactant at the beginning of the Gabriel synthesis, although other sources of a protected nitrogen can also be used.
phalimide
Heat of fusion is only relevant during?
phase changes
what is emitted or absorbed in energy levels?
photons
experiencing emotion requires 3 components?
physiological, cognitive, and behavioral
Area of artery with radius and diameter equations?
pi r^2 or 1/4 pi d^2
Place theory concerns visual or auditory?
place theory posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane. Therefore, it is a concept that does not involve the visual system.
Trophoblast becomes?
placenta
Mouth digests mono or polysaccharides?
poly
Electric field lines go from?
positive to negative
Electric field lines point from?
positive to negative or high to low electric potential
Retroviruses are + or -, ds or ss, rna or dna?
positive-sense ssRNA viruses
histone acetylation seen with what analysis?
posttranslational modification of proteins such as histone acetylation is analyzed by Western blotting
Difference between authority and power?
power is influence on others and authority is legal right to give orders
Which amino acid acid disrupts alpha helix structure?
proline
Kidney damage is seen as what in urine?
protein
T cell receptors recognize?
proteins
Zymogens are activated by:
proteolytic processing:Certain proteins are proteolytically processed, which means that they are cleaved at specific sites. The cleavage of a precursor protein (also called a zymogen) causes it to become active. This regulatory step prevents hormones and other enzymes from being prematurely activated within the body.
Bronsted lowry focuses on?
protons
atomic number means
protons
mass number?
protons + neutrons
Aligning Actions (Impression Management) technique
providing socially acceptable reasons to explain unexpected behavior
what two structures regulate the amount of light let in?
pupil and iris
racialization ?
racialization is when you ascribe racial identities to a group that doesn't agree with that label.
Michaelis-Menten equation:
reaction rate = (Vmax [S]) / (Km + [S])
A sugar containing a hemiacetal is what kind of sugar?
reducing sugar Ex: maltose is glucose + glucose which are both hemiacetals
Reducing or denaturing breaks disulfide bonds?
reducing! Reducing = breaks disulfide bonds Denaturing = disrupts all subunit interactions EXCEPT disulfide bonds
inclusive fitness theory
refers to the idea that an organism improves their own genetic success through altruistic social behavior
thalmus is?
relay station for sensory info
When pH is greater than pka, then what happens to protonation state?
relevant group becomes deprotonated
Negative punishment is?
removing a pleasant stimulus
What makes a dna sequence more complex?
repeating units are more complex
Dopamine controls?
reward and addiction
DNA is right or left handed?
right
sense of direction is controlled by what side of the brain?
right
Role engulfment emphasizes what?
role takes over and becomes dominant
Most amino acids are R/s and L/D?
s and l, glycine is not chiral though
Ideal gases same temp, will kinetic energy be same or different?
same
Excited state of electron and ground state have what?
same charge
Functionalism will focus on?
schools
Chart with physics units pic?
see phone
McDonaldization focuses on?
set standards that promote efficiency and uniformity
Conjugation uses?
sex pillis
folded protein upon denaturant concentration follows what curve?
sigmoidal cuz a cooperative process
The diaphragm contains what type of muscle, uses what neurotransmitter, innervated by what nerve, and receives signals from where?
skeletal, ACh, phrenic, cerebral cortex and brain stem, no autonomic nerves
Sound waves travel slower or faster than radio?
slower and have lower velocity but higher frequency and wavelength
oligarchy run by?
small group of people
Disaccharide are broken down where?
small intestine
Ideal gases are best for?
small molecules with no significant intermolecular interactions
When going from low to high with light, the angle of refraction will be smaller or larger than angle of incidence
smaller
Doppler does not minimize what?
sound, it works on frequency
What can the brain automatically process?
space, time. and frequency of events (parallel processing)
Equation for specific rotation?
specific rotation= observed optical rotation/concentration * length
Michaelis-Menten plots show how changes in substrate concentration affect rate or speed?
speed
Epidemiologists focus on?
spread of disease through population
? refer to cognitions regarding social groups, not behaviors toward social groups.
stereotypes refer to cognitions regarding social groups, not behaviors toward social groups.
Which hormones have longer lasting effects?
steroid
Nonsense adds?
stop codon
KCN and NH4Cl involved in what synthesis pathway?
strecker
Go over all amino acids?
structures
conflict theory focuses on?
struggle between groups for resources
cohort study?
study same group of people over time
For uncompetitive inhibition, what has to happen first?
substrate has to bind before inhibitor
A nucleotide consists of?
sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Transformation is?
taken from environment
What is held constant during phase transitions? (melting for example)
temperature and kinetic energy
Active transport in the nephron happens most often in?
the PCT and the ascending loop.
Accomodation?
the ability to adjust the focus of the eyes as the distance between the individual and the object changes.
A dipeptide is formed through the reaction of one amino acid with another to form a peptide bond. During this reaction, the nucleophile is:
the amino terminal nitrogen of one of the amino acids. (donates electrons)
According to kinetic molecular theory of gases, which gas molecule should have the smallest amount of kinetic energy?
the average kinetic energy of 1 mole of gas is 3/2RT so the particle with the smallest temperature is correct
What does the periphery of the retina have?
the fovea is the part of the retina that contains a high density of cones for daytime vision, whereas, the periphery of the retina contains a high density of rods which are more photosensitive and can detect dim light.
Part of self-concept?
the past self, the future self, and self-schemata(who we are)
initial reflex does not go?
to the brain (cerebral cortex)
When a capacitor is charging, what changes?
total charge, not capacitance, changes
Cardial trait?
traits around in which a person organizes ones life
How do trans/cis differ from E/Z?
trans and cis are just in reference to hydrogen groups and E/Z applies to all groups
Euchromatin is involved in replication or transcription?
transcription
retina does?
transduces light into electrical signals
Erikson's stages
trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair
Reaction formation of someone who was kidnapped?
turn hatred into affection to reduce stress of situation
What is meant by turnover in biochem with Km stuff?
turnover a maximum amount of substrate molecules per unit time.kcat = Vmax / [Et]
what is Grahm's law of effusion?
under the same conditions, heavier gases travel slower A is correct. Since the two gases are mixed together in the same container at the same temperature, their relative rates of effusion depend only on the molar mass of each gas molecule. This relationship is described by Graham's law: R2/R1 = sqaure root of r1/ square root of r 2
Beta bond will look up down or same?
up down
Dietary calories are in upper or lower case?
upper (also known as kilocalories) 1 Calorie = 1000 calories
System for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG)
used to analyze groups, dominant vs submissive, friendliness vs unfriendliness, and instrumentally controlled vs emotionally expressed
Fluorescent in situ hybridization?
uses fluorescent DNA probes to bind to chromosomes and could detect a translocation by detecting a gene on an unexpected chromosomeFluorescent in situ hybridization uses fluorescent DNA probes to bind to chromosomes and could detect a translocation by detecting a gene on an unexpected chromosome
Ecoli do not have?
vesicles or ER
Convex mirror images are always?
virtual
Vitamin helps with?
vision
What happens to volume of gas when pressure is increased from ideal gas at stp?
volume now becomes a factor and no longer is not negligible
ADH aka vasopressin (from posterior pituitary) controls what in collecting duct?
water absorption, tends to increase absorption to increase BP
Internalization is?
when a person changes his outward opinion to match the group and personally agrees with those ideas too?
Social capital is?
who do you know
what is the ought self?
who others think we should be
tactical self?
who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others' expectations of us
Autosomal dominant will or will not skip generations?
will not
Can alternative splicing remove exons too?
yes
Can exons be removed too?
yes
Can light be linearly polarized?
yes
Can pH be negative?
yes!
Can other anomers of glucose be used in glycolysis?
yes, aplha and beta
