McGraw Hill Chapter 22 The Respiratory System

in the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration?

nitrogen

Which of the following is the term for the lungs resistance to expansion?

pulmonary compliance

Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

shift it right

which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?

sickle-cell disease

What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer?

small-cell carcinoma

Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and 0.5% water. At sea level, (760 mmHg) what is the PCO2?

0.3 mm Hg

Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is __________ mL/min.

4200

Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is __________ mL.

4700

Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a Po2 of ___________ mm Hg, a Pco2 of ___________ mm Hg, and a pH of ___________.

95; 40; 7.4

which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia , reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion and thick sputum?

chronic bronchitis

The heart indents into the __________ of the left lung.

Cardiac notch

which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm?

DRG

Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases?

Dalton's

Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases?

Dalton's

Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called _________.

Decompression sickness

Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?

Decreased PO2, increased PCO3, increase temperature, increased BPG

Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so?

Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well.

How is the vital capacity calculated?

Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the ___

Larynx

Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side?

Left main bronchus

The respiratory system contains a total of five __

Lobes

emotional states are integrated by the __, which generates an output that creates such respiratory variations as laughing and crying.

PRG

Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the _________.

Pulmonary artery

Which of the following is caused by the chemical reactions of gases of the respiratory system?

Regulation of pH

Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to __________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration.

Spinal integration centers

What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium?

Their shape

In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis?

Tuberculosis

Which center bears the primary responsibility for generating the respiratory rhythm, but is influenced by several other centers?

VRG

Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages?

Vestibular and vocal

carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except __

carbonate

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide?

carbonic anhydrase

The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brain stem centers?

central chemoreceptors

What are the most numerous cells in the lungs?

dust cells

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli?

emphysema

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the ___.

epiglottis

The serratus anterior is active in eupnea.

false

congestive heart failure results in which of the following?

ischemic hypoxia

the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemo sensitive area in the __.

medulla oblongata

Which of the following cartilages is largest?

thyroid cartilage

In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen?

20% to 25%

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________ oxygen molecules.

4

Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?

Adenocarcinoma

How is alveolar air different than inspired air?

Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inspired air.

Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting zone that is not available for gas exchange?

Anatomical dead space

During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?

Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators

Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation?

Erythrocyte count

After the terminal bronchi air enters the alveoli next.

False

Breathing is controlled solely by the medulla oblongata and pons.

False

Hemoglobin releases the same amount of oxygen to all the tissues regardless of variations in their metabolic rate.

False

Respiratory arrest is an irreversible condition.

False

The maximum amount of air the lungs can contain is known as inspiratory capacity.

False

The rate of oxygen diffusion is affected by the pressure gradient of carbon dioxide.

False

according to the Bohr effect, a low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO2.

False

Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by __________ of the respiratory tract.

Goblet cells

Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions?

Hypoventilation due to alkalosis

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the __________.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what?

Kussmaul respiration

Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells?

Larygopharynx

If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?

Nares > vestibule > nasal cavity > nasophynx > oropharynx > laryngopharynx > larynx > trachea > primary bronchus > secondary bronchus > tertiary bronchus > bronchiole > terminal bronchiole > respiratory bronchiole > alveolar duct > alveolar sac > alveolus

The nose is divided into right and left halves called the __________.

Nasal fossa

Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition?

Ondine's curse

Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition?

Oxygen toxicity

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life?

There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood.

Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used?

To aid in defecation and urination

Erythrocytes do not carry out aerobic respiration; thus, they do not consume any of the oxygen they are transporting.

True

Gas transport is the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa.

True

The expansion of the lungs during inspiration generates a pressure gradient causing air to flow into the lungs. This is an example of Boyle's law.

True

The pleurae and pleural fluid help prevent the spread of pulmonary infection to the pericardium.

True

Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa?

acute rhinitis

the anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations?

after swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving

which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?

an increase in membrane thickness

the blood transports more CO2 in the form of __ than in any other form.

bicarbonate ions

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?

bronchiole diameter

The addition of CO2 to the blood generates __ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen.

hydrogen

Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue ?

hypoxia