MD Study 1

What chemical group is found at the end of peptide chains?

Carboxyl

Which of the following describes the general structure of an amino acid?

Central carbon with carboxyl group, amino group, hydrogen, and a side chain

DNA sequences that are involved in the regulation of gene expression are called:

Cis factors

The set of nucleotides in mRNA that encode one amino acid is called a(n):

Codon

Which of the following enzymes performs transcription in bacteria?

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

The process of separating the two DNA strands into two single strands is called:

Denaturation

A protein that has lost its tertiary structure is called:

Denatured

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty identified that nature of Griffith's transforming factor in an experiment where it was destroyed by what treatment?

Deoxyribonuclease

An exonuclease will catalyze what type of reaction?

Dissociation of phosphodiester bonds at the ends of DNA molecules

In a DNA molecule, one end has a free hydroxyl group and one end has a free _____.

phosphate group

At physiological pH, amino acids are:

Zwitterions

The large ribsome subunit in prokaryotes consists of ribosomal proteins and:

23S rRNA and 5S rRNA

Which of the five ribose carbons of the deoxyribonucleotide are involved in formation of the DNA chain?

3' and 5'

In DNA replication, the leading strand is the strand that has which orientation?

3' to 5'

Which DNA sequence is complementary to 5'GATTCTCAAAGGACT3'

3'CTAAGAGTTTCCTGA5'

DNA replication proceeds with the new daughter strand synthesized in the following orientation:

5' to 3'

If the following oligonucleotide of double-stranded DNA were transcribed, what would be the sequence of the RNA? 5'TGCTAGCTA3' 3'ACGATCGAT5'

5'UGCUAGCUA3'

In the ribsome, the growing peptide moves from site to site in what direction?

A to P to E

The start codon for synthesis of most proteins is:

AUG

Which of the following is a purine?

Adenine

Multiple products are generated form the same gene by what mechanism?

Alternative splicing

What chemical group is found at the beginning of peptide chains?

Amine

What enzymes are important for faithful translation of genetic information from RNA to protein?

Amino-acyl tRNA synthetase

Transfer RNA is different from other types of RNA because transfer RNA has:

Anticodons

The term used to describe the arrangement of the individual strands in the double-stranded DNA molecule is:

Antiparallel

Given the following sequence of mRNA, what is the corresponding amino acid sequence? 5'AUGCAUAACUCUGCU3'

MHNSA

In sexual recombination, new combinations of genes are created by which of the following processes?

Crossing over

What is the secondary structure of transfer RNA?

Cruciform, or inverted L

DNA replication requires the presence of:

DNA template

When gene expression is regulated by mechanisms other than the interaction of cis elements and trans factors, the regulation is called:

Epigenetics

Which of the following is a type II restriction enzyme recognition site?

GAATTC

The fundamental physical and functional unit of inheritance that encodes a functional product is a:

Gene

Which of the following enzymes will untangle DNA?

Helicase

What type of bonds spontaneously form between two complementary strands of DNA?

Hydrogen bonds

Denaturation of a protein results in what effect?

Loss of tertiary structure and protein function

Genomic imprinting is accomplished primarily through:

Methylation

Nucleotides in DNA consist of which of the following?

Nitrogen base, deoxyribose, and phosphate

The chemical nature of alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan is described as:

Nonpolar

The codons that do not code for an amino acid and terminate protein synthesis are what kind of codon?

Nonsense

Which of the following is a cis factor of the lactose operon?

Operator

Which of the following is the binding site for the repressor protein of the lactose operon?

Operator

In DNA replication, where does replication begin and end?

Origin of replication; end of the molecule

The purpose of ligase is to:

Paste two ends of DNA together

The enzyme that bonds two amino acids together in protein synthesis is:

Peptidyl transferase

DNA contains deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates joined together by what type of covalent bond?

Phosphodiester

The sequence of amino acids in a protein constitutes which level of protein structure?

Primary

In the lactose operon, which of the following configuration would result in gene expression?

Promoter +, Operator +, Repressor -, no inducer present

Protein structure characterized by the combination of different proteins that all together are required for protein function is which level of protein structure?

Quaternary

Alteration of the nucleotide sequence of RNA after transcription is called:

RNA editing

All but two amino acids are encoded by more than one codon, thus making the genetic code:

Redundant

MicroRNAs, short endogenous RNA, perform what function in the eukaryotic cell?

Repressing gene expression

Synthesis of DNA guided by RNA template is:

Reverse transciption

Which of the following is required for termination of transcription in bacteria?

Rho

RNA is degraded by:

Ribonucleases

Alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets are what level of protein structure?

Secondary

Which of the following types of RNA is directly involved in removing introns from RNA in eukaryotes?

Small nuclear

Recombination between a plasmid and the cell chromosome will result in:

Stable integration of plasmid genes into the chromosome

Which of the following does not play a role in DNA replication?

Stop codon

A codon consists of a sequence of how many nucleotides?

Three

Synthesis of RNA guided by DNA template is:

Transcription

The movement of DNA from one bacterium to another through the activity of bacteriophages is called:

Transduction

Enzymes that recognize palindromic sequences of DNA, that are cut within the recognition sequence, that do not have methylating activity, and that are used frequently in the laboratory are which type of restriction enzymes?

Type II

In early experiments, a polymer of uracil, UUUUUUU....., translated into a peptide comprising only phenylalanine amino acids. What did this observation demonstrate?

UUU codes for phenylalanine

In a RNA molecule, adenine always base-pairs with:

Uracil

Which of the following amino acids has a nonpolar R group?

Valine

In a double-stranded DNA molecule, base pairing between strands occurs between:

a purine and a pyrimidine

The RNA polymerase holoenzyme consists of which of the following subunits?

a2, b, b'o

RNA and DNA are structurally similar because they both:

are polymers of four different nucleotide bases

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that are produced by bacteria and _____.

digest DNA

Which component of RNA polymerase is responsible for initiating transcription at the correct site?

o

A glycoprotein contains _____ attached after translation.

sugar moieties