med sociology tests ADD QUIZ 14

what trends reduced tensions between sociologists in medicine and sociologists of medicine?

A&B. most government funding is awarded & medical sociology itself is converging

which circumstances particularly affected the development of medical sociology in its early stages?

A&C. pressure to produce work that could be applied to medical practice and health policy & lack of attention on the role of medicine and health from classical theorists

People who are physically handicapped typically fall into which category of stigma?

Abominations of the body.

Which is NOT a feature of a free-standing emergency center?

All of the above are features.

What is the central rule of the doctor-nurse game?

Avoid open disagreement between the players

Expanding reliance on new technologies has promoted a shift away from ____________, with its focus on the patient's oral account of his or her medical history.

Biographical medicine

Which theorist's work was not included as part of Parsons's concept of the sick role?

Erving Goffman.

In what way(s) do decentralized national health programs differ from socialized medicine

Government regulation is indirect.

The ___________________ model arises most often when the patient has an acute, often infectious illness, like the flu or measles.

Guidance-cooperation

Support through planning grants and loan guarantees was provided to encourage the development of _______________; a form of prepaid group practice emphasizing preventive care.

HMOs.

Which is NOT true of lay midwives?

Have been abolished in the United States

The relevance of the ______________ model for understanding doctor-patient relations is the view of the interaction as a process of negotiation, rather than the physician simply giving orders and the patient following them in an automatic, unquestioning manner.

Hayes-Bautista

The symbolic interactionalist perspective on deviance:

Is based on the concept that what is regarded as deviant behavior by one person or social group may not be so regarded by other persons or social groups.

What led to an increase in the status and salary of nurses in the late 1980s?

Nursing shortage

What major world event influenced the way nursing became a formal occupation?

The Rise of Christianity

Germ theory provided a framework for understanding the causal agents of disease. What are the five agents recognized today?

biological, nutritional, chemical, physical, and social

_______________ activity by Latin American men is believed to be important in the infection of a large proportion of females.

bisexual

The National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC) is typically used by:

british

Changes in lifestyle patterns over the past decades has meant that coronary heart disease is now concentrated more among which group?

poor/lower class

What group uses preventative services the least?

poor/lower class

the medicine of social spaces is concerned with:

preventing disese

What is medicalization?

process of turning commonly regarded normal human conditions into medical ailments.

__________ represents the convergence of biological factors with geographic origins, and cultural, economic, political, and legal factors.

race

______________ are the largest minority group in American society

non-hispanic blacks

Which is NOT a barrier to communication between doctors and patients?

none of the above

Several studies in Britain, with its universal health care, have shown that the equalization of health care alone has _____________ the disparity in health between social classes.

not reduced

there are two categories of bioterrorism:

overt and covert

AIDS now affects _____________ in Africa more than ________________.

women, men

With the transition to a greater prevalence of chronic diseases, physicians have increasingly had to take which approach to medical care?

"whole person" care

It was not until the 1970s that women accounted for at least ________ of all first-year medical students.

10%

About _____________ Americans die each year from smoking-related diseases.

450,000

In 2006, the average infant in the U.S. could expect to live for ______ years.

78

What is a gatekeeper?

A primary care physician who screens patients prior to referring them to a specialist.

Which of the following is NOT one of the provisions included in the 2010 U.S. health care reforms?

Businesses with three or more employees are required to provide health insurance for both full-time and part-time employees.

_______________ is where the deviants are temporarily exempted from normal obligations and gain some extra privileges, provided that they seek help in order to rid themselves of their deviance.

Conditional legitimacy.

What is NOT a factor in the increasing emergence of epidemics?

Decrease in public sanitation.

Women have been historically underrepresented in medical school classes owing to which of the following? (choose the BEST answer)

Differences in the socialization experiences of boys and girls.

According to Functionalists, processes such as crime and mental illness which disrupt the social order are:

Dysfunctional.

The physician exercises leverage over the patient through three basic techniques. Which is NOT one?

Objective authority.

Millman contended that a "gentlemen's agreement" existed among the hospital physicians. What did this agreement allow for?

Overlooking each other's mistakes.

______________were established in 1970 in conjunction with Medicaid and Medicare, to review and evaluate the medical care given to patients eligible to use these services.

PSROs.

What is a double agent?

Physicians who look out for the interests of the patient and the interests of a managed care organization.

______________ are forced to spend time as "patient advocates," convincing various bureaucrats that more specialized and expensive care is warranted.

Primary care physicians.

The medical profession in the United States has had a consistent record of ____________ to social legislation.

Resistance

The lower class would include:

Semi-skilled and unskilled workers, the chronically unemployed.

The cause(s) of the social gradient is most likely related to differences between socioeconomic groups and classes in:

Some combination of all of the above.

The functionalist perspective on deviance

Stresses societal-level processes, systems, equilibrium, and interrelationships, representing a homeostatic approach to deviance.

____________________ take(s) the position that the seriousness of the patient's symptoms is the determining factor in doctor-patient interaction.

Szasz and Hollender

_________________ is the notion that, since the work of the physician is for the good of the patient, physicians tend to impute illness to their patients rather than to deny it and risk overlooking or missing it.

The medical decision rule

The traditional identifying criteria for disease do NOT include:

The patient's significant other's identification of a "sick pattern."

Which of the following best describes influenza pandemics?

They are unpredictable and occur at irregular intervals.

Florence Nightengale's nursing students:

Were taught the best qualities of mothers and housekeepers

What has been the general pattern in life expectancy during the 20th century with respect to men and women?

Women gained more than men in the first half of the century but since then men have made greater gains and the gap is narrowing.

Mistakes and errors in medical practice, through neglect or ignorance, can sometimes be defended as:

a difference of opinion

in epidemiology, a "case" refers to

a single episode of a disorder, illness, or injury involving an individual

As part of the women's health movement, feminist health organizations have evolved that advocate:

abortion rights

Parsons's concept of the sick role seems to typically apply only to _________ diseases

acute

A major barrier to effective communication lies in the differences between physicians and their patients with respect to:

all of the above

In order for a social variable to qualify as a cause of sickness and mortality it must meet which criteria?

all of the above

The "golden age" of doctoring was marked by:

all of the above

Which of the following are reasons why the doctor-nurse game is changing:

all of the above

People living in poverty have the greatest exposure to risk factors producing ill health. Which of the following is a risk factor that is influenced by socioeconomic circumstances?

all of them. physical, biological, psychological, lifestyle

Suicide is a major health concern for which minority group?

american indians/alaskan natives

What is most prevalent health problem of persons over the age of 65?

arthritis

Medicalization is a form of ______________ action.

collective

in the case of the sick role, illness is seen as _______, and its undesirable nature reinforces the motivation to be healthy

deviance

the germ theory of disease is a perspective which asserts:

diseases caused by a biological agent

__________________ considerations have become a primary motivation among physicians, hospitals, and private health insurance companies.

economic

Doctors from upper-middle-class backgrounds tended to communicate less information to their patients generally than doctors with lower-middle- or working-class origins.

false

Florence Nightengale became a nurse by first becoming a Catholic nun.

false

Midwifery is a new form of care available to women.

false

The rise of the profit orientation in medicine signifies a trend in medical practice away from formal rationality toward greater substantive rationality.

false

Working within an atheoretical, applied approach, Parsons was the first to demonstrate how medicine functions to exert social control within the larger social system.

false

The _____________ study was important for showing that arteriosclerosis does not strike people at random as they age, but that highly susceptible individuals can be identified in advance.

framingham

The primary focus of the epidemiologist is on:

health problems of social aggregates

One of the earliest attempts in the Western world to formulate principles of health care, based upon rational thought and the rejection of supernatural phenomena, is found in the work of the Greek physician:

hippocrates

"A state or condition of suffering as the result of a disease or sickness" defines:

illness

Decline in deaths from infectious diseases in the second half of the nineteenth century was mainly due to:

improvements in diet, housing, and public sanitation

A researcher is interested in reporting how many people in a community were diagnosed with HIV during the past month. He/she would measure the:

incidence

In quantitative studies, what variables are used to measure socioeconomic status?

income, occupational prestige, and education

medical sociology is an important area of study because

it recognizes the role that social factors play in determining or influencing health

Whose investigations into cholera outbreaks established the foundation of modern epidemiology?

john snow

_____________babies die more often than _________________ babies.

male,famale

According to Davis (1972) what was the deciding factor in whether or not an individual would make a career out of nursing?

marriage

What federal program provides health insurance to those 65 years and older?

medicare

Which of the following plays a particularly important role in the transmission of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa?

migrant labor force

For all causes of death, _____________ have the highest death rates.

non-hispanic blacks

A person may desire to retain the sick role more or less permanently because of what Parsons calls a _______________, which is the exemption from normal obligations and the gaining of other privileges commonly accorded to the sick.

secondary gain

The Whitehall studies conducted in Britain demonstrated that regardless of cause of death, which group had the lowest rates of mortality?

senior administrators

Since 2000, the number of AIDS cases has sharply increased in what region of the U.S.?

south

Historically, many urban clinics providing treatment for the poor were established primarily as:

teaching facilities

The American Psychiatric Association releases a guide to identifying disease called:

the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

which of the following is TRUE about incidence and prevalence?

the incidence for a given disease can be low at the same time that its prevalence is high

Early on, nursing students were seen as inexpensive and exploitable sources of hospital labor.

true

Labeling theory does not explain the cause of deviance other than by the reaction of other people to it.

true

Nursing represents the largest single group of health workers in the United States.

true

One example of male physician misperceptions about female patients is a tendency to misdiagnose heart attacks as anxiety problems.

true

Research has shown that male physicians regard male nurses as more competent than female nurses and to treat them accordingly.

true

While the general push is for all nurses to be college graduates in the future, A.D. nurses have been called "technical" while baccalaureate degree nurses have been called "professional".

true

Which is NOT one of the five classes proposed by Weber?

upper-lower class