med term chapter 11

prolactin

-hormone secreted by anterior pituitary -sends a message to produce milk when a women is pregnant and to release milk when nursing

luteinizing hormone (LH)

-hormone secreted by anterior pituitary -stimulates both male and females to get ready for reproduction. In females, LH results in the release of ova, or ovulation. In males, LH produces testosterone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

-hormone secreted by anterior pituitary; regulates function of adrenal gland cortex

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

-hormone secreted by anterior pituitary; regulates function of thyroid gland -stimulates the thyroid to make its own hormones

growth hormone (GH); also called somatotropin

-hormone secreted by anterior pituitary; sends messages to the body to grow and develop. This is the hormone that takes us from being a small infant to a young adult in size and weight

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

-hormone secreted by anterior pituitary; stimulated the production of skin pigment

thymosin

-hormone secreted by thymus gland; causes lymphocytes to change into T lymphocytes -stimulates the important T cells to develop and mature into cells that destroy viruses

calcitonin

-hormone secreted by thyroid gland; stimulates deposition of calcium into bone, thus lowering blood levels of calcium

pancreas

-makes digestive fluids that leave the gland by a duct (an exocrine gland), and making hormones as an endocrine gland that are absorbed directly into the blood -most famous for special cells called islets of langerhans that make insulin

cortisol

-one of the glucocorticoids steroid hormone secreted by adrenal cortex; regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Breaks down glycogen to increase blood sugar.

endocrine glands

-pituitary gland -thyroid gland -parathyroid gland -adrenal gland -pancreas -thymus gland -pineal gland

thymus gland

-sits behind the sternum and produces thymosin

panhypopituitarism

-the rare occurrence that the entire pituitary is diseased -deficiency in all hormones secreted by pituitary gland; often recognized because of problems with glands regulated by pituitary—adrenal cortex, thyroid, ovaries, and testes

gigantism

-too much growth hormone in childhood or puberty

thyroid gland

-two lobes joined anteriorly by a small portion known as the isthmus -three hormones are made by this gland

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

-type 1 diabetes -occurs due to destruction of the pancreatic cells that produce insulin. It occurs in childhood and results in hyperglycemia and glycosuria, as well as the "poly" symptoms polyuria and polydipsia. Injections of insulin are *required* for Type 1 diabetes.

non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

-type 2 diabetes -is the adult form. Diet modification and oral medication is the usual treatment for Type 2 diabetes, although insulin injections may eventually be needed.

Recklinghausen disease

-type of hyperparathyroidism disorder -excessive production of parathyroid hormone resulting in degeneration of the bones

anterior pituitary creates 7 different hormones

1) thyroid stimulating hormone 2) follicle stimulating hormone 3) luteinizing hormone 4) Prolactin 5) adrenocorticotropic hormone 6) growth hormone 7) melanocyte-stimulating hormone

circadian rhythm

24-hour clock that governs our peroids of wakefulness and sleepiness

when there is too little cortisol secreted:

Addison's disease results

thyroid gland produces

T3, T4, calcitonin

ketoacidosis

acidosis due to excess of acidic ketone bodies (waste products); serious condition requiring immediate treatment and can result in death for diabetic patient if not reversed

the pituitary gland is divided into two parts:

anterior and posterior pituitary

posterior pituitary produces two hormones

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

protein-bound iodine test (PBI)

blood test to measure concentration of thyroxine (T4) circulating in blood stream; iodine becomes bound to protein in blood and can be measured; useful in establishing thyroid function

total calcium test

blood test to measure total amount of calcium to assist in detecting parathyroid and bone disorders

thyroid function test

blood tests used to measure levels of T3, T4, and TSH in blood stream to assist in determining thyroid function

endocrine system

body system consisting of glands that secrete hormones directly into blood stream; endocrine glands include adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, pancreas, pineal gland, pituitary gland, testes, ovaries, thymus gland, and thyroid gland

sympathetic branch

branch of autonomic nervous system; stimulates body in times of stress and crisis by increasing heart rate, dilating airways to allow for more oxygen, increasing blood pressure, inhibiting digestion, and stimulating production of adrenaline during crisis

parasympathetic branch

branch of the autonomic nervous system; serves as counterbalance for sympathetic nerves; therefore, it causes heart rate to slow down, lower blood pressure, constrict eye pupils, and increase digestion

Dwarfism

condition of being abnormally short in height; may be result of hereditary condition or endocrine dysfunction (lack of growth hormone

hyperkalemia

condition of having excessive amount of potassium in the blood

hyponatremia

condition of having low sodium level in blood

hirsutism

conditon of having an excessive hair; term used to describe females who have adult male pattern of hair growth; can result from hormonal imbalance such as hypersecretion from part of the adrenal gland

a congenital lack of thyroid hormones, formerly called _____________, may result in arrested physical and mental development

cretinism

when there is too much cortisol produced:

cushing's syndrome results

gynecomastia

development of breast tissue in males; may be symptom of adrenal feminization

Addison's disease

disease resulting from a deficiency in adrenocortical hormones; there may be an increased pigmentation of skin, generalized weakness, and weight loss

pituitary gland

endocrine gland located underneath brain; also called master gland since it controls functions of many other endocrine glands; is divided into two lobes: anterior and posterior; anterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that aid in controlling growth and stimulating thyroid gland, sexual glands, and adrenal cortex; posterior pituitary is responsible for antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

adrenal medulla produces:

epinephrine (also called adrenaline) and norepinephrine

corticosteroids

general term for group of hormones secreted by adrenal cortex; they include mineralocorticoid hormones, glucocorticoid hormones, and steroid sex hormones; used as medication for its strong anti inflammatory properties

an enlargement of the thyroid gland is a

goiter

aldosterone

hormone produced by adrenal cortex; regulates levels of sodium and potassium in the body and as a side effect volume of water lost in water -one of the mineralocorticoids

epinephrine

hormone produced by adrenal medulla; also known as adrenaline; some of its actions include increaed blood pressure, heart rate and respiration levels to help the body perform better during emergencies or stressful times (flight-or-fight) response -part of the sympathetic branch

Norepinephrine

hormone secreted by adrenal medulla; a strong vasoconstrictor -part of the parasympathetic branch

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

hormone secreted by anterior pituirary -responsible for the development of ova in the ovaries. Likewise in the male, FSH tells the testes to produce sperm

glucagon

hormone secreted by pancreas; produced by islets of langerhans; stimulates liver to release glucose into blood

insulin

hormone secreted by pancreas; regulates level of sugar in blood stream; the more insulin present in the blood, the lower the blood sugar will be

parathyroid hormone

hormone secreted by parathyroid glands; the more hormone, the higher the calcium level in blood and lower the level stored in bone; low hormone level may cause tetany

melatonin

hormone secreted by pineal gland; plays a role in regulating body's circadian rhythm

oxytocin

hormone secreted by posterior pituitary; stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary; promotes water reabsorption by kidney tubules

general signs of altered blood levels are:

hyperkalemia and hyponatremia

a ____________ condition is a recklinghausen disease

hyperparathyroidism

hyperpituitarism

hypersecretion of one or more pituitary gland hormones

graves disease is a type of:

hyperthyroidism

tetany is a result of:

hypoparathyroidism

Hypopituitarism

hyposecretion of one or more pituitary gland hormones

Hypoparathyroidism

hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone; may result in hypocalcemia and tetany

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to:

ketoacidosis

Hypocalcemia

low calcium in the blood

iodine

mineral required by thyroid to produce its hormones

Graves disease

most common type of hyperthyroidism, if not controlled, can lead to oxophthalamus

myxedema

most severe form of hypothyroidism, characterized by extreme facial swelling, build up of waxy substance around eyes

hypothyroidism in an adult is known as

myxedema

hypothalamus

portion of diencephalon tat lies just below the thalamus; controls body temp, appetitem sleep, sexual desire, and emotions such as fear. It also regulates release of hormones from the pituitary gland and regulates parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

parathyroid glands

produce parathyroid hormone

pineal gland

produces hormone melatonin

islets of langerhans

regions within the pancreas that secrete insulin and glucagon

exocrine gland

secrete substances through ducts to the outside of the body ex) sweat gland ~ex/o=outside ~-crine= to secrete

cushing's syndrome

set of symptoms caused by excessive levels of cortisol due to high doses of corticosteroid drugs and adrenal tumors may present symptoms of weakness, edema, excess hair growth, skin discoloration, and osteoporosis -moon facies

homeostasis

steady state or state of balance within body; kidneys assist in maintaining this regulatory, steady state

hyperglycemia

symptoms include 3 P's: -Polydipsia=excessive thirst -Polyuria=excessive urination -polyphagia=excessive eating

radioimmunoassay (RIA)

test that uses radioactively tagged hormones and hormones and antibodies to measure levels of hormones in plasma of blood

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

test to determine blood sugar level; a measured dose of glucose is given to patient either orally or intravenously; blood samples are then drawn at certain intervals to determine ability of patient to utilize glucose; used for patients with diabetes to determine their insulin response to glucose

a tumor of the thymus gland

thymoma

another name for a thyroid storm is

thyrotoxicosis

Pheochromocytoma

usually benign tumor of adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea

endocrine gland

~endo=within -crine=to secrete secretes substances into the blood (hormones), travel to target organ or cell, bind to a receptor, then make something happen ex) insulin secreted by pancreas