Med Terms - Urinary System / Reproductive System

5. A patient has ESRD and requires his blood to be diverted into a machine and filtered twice a week because his kidneys are no longer functioning. The procedure to have blood filtered outside of the body by a dialysis machine is called ___. 6. Mrs. M is diagnosed with kidney failure and will be treated with peritoneal dialysis. She asks the physician what the difference is between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis.

- hemodialysis - Peritoneal dialysis uses the patient's own peritoneum as the dialyzing membrane. Hemodialysis uses a dialysis machine as the dialyzing membrane.

4. polycystic kidney disease: 5. uremia: 6. Wilms tumor:

- hereditary condition in which the kidneys are enlarged and contain many cysts that develop over time, requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation - increase in concentration of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood - malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in young children, usually before age 5

1. azoturia: 2. diuresis: 3. hypospadias:

- increase of nitrogenous substances, especially urea, in urine - increased formation and secretion of urine - abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis

Diagnostic Procedures PSA test

Blood test to screen for prostate cancer - Elevated levels of PSA are associated with prostate enlargement and cancer.

Diagnostic Procedures Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Urinalysis Urine screening test.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - Laboratory test that determines amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea. - Used as an indicator of kidney function. Urinalysis Urine screening test. - Includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation.

3. What do the terms gestation and parturition mean? 4. What structure is known as the birth canal?

Gestation is the period from fertilization of the ovum until birth; parturition refers to the process of giving birth. Vagina

Pharmacology Gonadotropins Spermicides

Gonadotropins Hormonal preparation. Used to increase sperm count in infertility. Spermicides Birth control that destroys sperm. - Creates a highly acidic environment in the uterus.

URINARY SYSTEM Structure and Function Bladder

Hollow, muscular sac in pelvic cavity. - Serves as a temporary reservoir for urine. ◦ Expands as urine collects; contracts when urine is excreted.

Medical and Surgical Procedures Hemodialysis

Patient's blood is diverted into a dialysis machine for filtering.

1. Where are the ovaries located? 2. What is the biological role of mammary glands?

Pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus Secrete milk for nourishment of the newborn

Medical and Surgical Procedures Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Powerful sound-wave vibrations break up calculi in urinary tract or gallbladder. Administration of an oral dissolution drug removes stones and their fragments during urination.

Medical and Surgical Procedures Vasectomy

Sterilization procedure. Bilateral ligation of vas deferens to prevent passage of sperm. Commonly performed at outpatient clinic.

3. Joseph is diagnosed with BPH and is scheduled for a surgical procedure that uses a resectoscope to "chip away" at the prostate. The abbreviation for this surgical procedure is ____. 4. Michael is scheduled for TURP. He asks the physician to explain how the procedure is performed.

TURP The physician explains that an instrument called a resectoscope is inserted through the urethra, and a small loop "chips away" the obstructing tissue.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—MALE Structure and Function Testes Epididymis

Testes Located in the scrotum. Produce sperm, the male sex cell. Secrete testosterone, hormone that develops and maintains maleness. Epididymis Elongated crescent-shaped structures. ◦ Located on top of testes. Storage for sperm before ejaculation.

2. Barney is diagnosed with BPH. He asks the nurse to explain BPH.

The nurse explains that BPH refers to benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland caused by excessive growth of prostatic tissue.

1. A 50-year-old man presents for his annual physical examination. He is concerned about his risk of prostate cancer and asks the physician to explain the symptoms of this disease. 2. A 45-year-old male patient complains of frequent urination at night. The physician documents this finding as ____.

The physician explains that early stages are often asymptomatic. When symptoms occur, they include dysuria, difficulty in voiding, urinary frequency, and urinary retention. nocturia

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—MALE Structure and Function Ejaculatory duct

Transports semen to the urethra. - Urethra is tube through which semen is expelled from the body during ejaculation.

Pharmacology Antibiotics

Treat bacterial infection of urinary tract. Act on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes. - Type of antibiotic prescribed depends on the infecting organism and the type and extent of infection.

Prostate Cancer Treatment

Treatment depends on stage of the disease and patient's physical condition and age. Surgery to remove the prostate and adjacent affected tissues. Hormonal therapies to limit prostatic cell growth, including orchidectomy and estrogen therapy. Radiation therapy to relieve bone pain. Chemotherapy in advanced stages of the disease.

URINARY SYSTEM Structure and Function Urethra

Tube extending from the bladder to the external opening, or urinary meatus. Serves as a passageway for excretion of urine from the bladder. - Process of excreting urine is called voiding or micturition.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Structure and Function Ovaries

Two ovaries located on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. Production of estrogen and progesterone, which affects puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—MALE Structure and Function Vas deferens Seminal vesicle

Vas deferens Transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct. Seminal vesicle Helps produce a large portion of semen. Joins with vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct.

1. Mary presents at the clinic concerned because she urinated only once in the past 24 hours. The medical term for this symptom is (anuria, dysuria, enuria). 2. Mrs. M presents because her urine is red. The nurse documents this finding as ____. 3. Joan T is diagnosed with nephrosis and has swelling in the ankles and feet and around the eyes. The medical term for swelling is ____.

anuria hematuria edema

1. The doctor prescribes a drug to stimulate production and flow of urine. The drug is a(n) (antispasmodic, antidiuretic, diuretic). 2. Mr. Q was catheterized for surgery and now experiences spasms in the urethra and bladder. To decrease the spasms and allow normal emptying of the bladder, the doctor prescribes a(n) (antispasmodic, antidiuretic, diuretic).

diuretic antispasmodic

3. On diagnosis of ureterolithiasis, the physician informs Mrs. S that she may experience pain and have difficulty urinating. The medical term for painful or difficult urination is ___. 4. Mrs. H presents with complaints of pain, nausea, and hematuria. Based on her past history of nephrolithiasis, the physician orders an imaging technique that uses highfrequency sound waves to detect the presence of calculi. This imaging procedure is called ____.

dysuria ultrasound

1. Mr. J requires renal transplantation because his kidneys no longer filter toxic wastes from the blood. His disease is charted as ESRD, or ____. 2. Mrs. M is diagnosed with ESRD. Her symptoms include progressive weakness, diarrhea, pruritus, polyuria, and loss of appetite. The medical assistant charts her loss of appetite as ____.

end-stage renal disease anorexia

4. Mr. L has a 3-year history of prostate cancer and wants to avoid surgery. The physician recommends hormonal therapies to limit prostatic cell growth. A female hormone is prescribed for this treatment and is known as a(n) (antidiuretic, estrogen, progesterone).

estrogen

13. -pexy: 14. -ptosis: 15. -tripsy:

fixation (of an organ) prolapse, downward displacement crushing

1. Bob and Mary have been trying to conceive for more than 3 years. The physician prescribes Bob a hormonal preparation used to increase sperm count that is known as (estrogen, gonadotropin, testosterone). 2. George uses a method of birth control that destroys sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus. This agent that kills sperm is called a ____.

gonadotropin spermicide

9. crypt/o: 10. spermat/o, sperm/o: 11. varic/o:

hidden spermatozoa, sperm cells dilated vein

1. nephr/o, ren/o: 2. pyel/o: 3. ureter/o: 4. cyst/o, vesic/o:

kidney renal pelvis ureter bladder

1. Mrs. J develops kidney stones even though various treatments were undertaken. She must undergo a surgical procedure in which an incision is made to remove the stones. This procedure is called ____. 2. A patient with a history of renal calculi presents to the office complaining of pain in the kidney area. The medical term for this symptom is ____.

lithotomy nephralgia or nephrodynia

1. andr/o: 2. prostat/o: 3. balan/o:

male prostate gland glans penis

5. incision of the meatus: 6. crushing of a calculus or stone: 7. inflammation of the glomerulus and kidney: 8. fixation of a kidney:

meat/o/tomy lith/o/tripsy glomerul/o/nephr/itis nephr/o/pexy

13. tumor of the kidney: 14. urine with blood: 15. urine with pus:

nephr/oma hemat/uria py/uria

4. Radiographic studies of a patient's kidneys reveal enlargement of the right kidney. The radiologist documents this as ____. 5. Mr. J undergoes surgical repair of the renal pelvis. Before obtaining informed consent, the physician charts this surgical procedure as ____.

nephromegaly pyeloplasty

1. oophor/o, ovari/o: 2. colp/o, vagin/o: 3. hyster/o, uter/o: 4. metr/o:

ovary vagina uterus uterus (womb); measure

4. hydrocele: 5. hypospadias: 6. sterility:

painless accumulation of serous fluid in the sac that contains the testes, usually caused by malabsorption of the serous fluid malformation in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis incapability of fertilization or reproduction

9. excessive urination: 10. scanty urine: 11. stone or calculus in urinary tract: 12. disease of the renal pelvis:

poly/uria olig/uria ur/o/lith pyel/o/pathy

13. excision of the prostate: 14. inflammation of the prostate: 15. (agent that) kills sperm:

prostat/ectomy prostat/itis sperm/i/cide

7. enlargement of the prostate: 8. destruction of spermatozoa: 9. excision of (part of) the vas deferens:

prostat/o/megaly spermat/o/lysis vas/ectomy

1. Tom presents with complaints of fever, chills, urinary frequency, and urgency. On examination, the prostate is soft, swollen, and tender. The physician suspects an inflammation of the prostate gland and bladder and charts a diagnosis of _____.

prostatocystitis

3. Mr. J presents to the emergency department because he has been unable to urinate for 16 hours. The physician notes his bladder is distended. Based on this finding, the physician suspects an enlarged prostate known by the medical term ____.

prostatomegaly

7. enlargement of the prostate gland: 8. urination (that is) scanty: 9. (process of) urination (that is) difficult or painful:

prostatomegaly oliguria dysuria

3. Tyler is diagnosed with a benign tumor of the prostate. The doctor explains that benign tumors are not cancerous and are not life-threatening. However, severe cases may include an infection of the renal pelvis and kidney known as ____. 4. Results of Fred's pyelography indicate urine retention and obstruction of urinary flow caused by prostate enlargement. When urine accumulates in the renal pelvis, it is known as (hydrocele, hydromyoma, hydronephrosis).

pyelonephritis hydronephrosis

4. surgical repair of the renal pelvis: 5. incision of the urethra: 6. protein in urine:

pyeloplasty urethrotomy proteinuria

1. circumcision: 2. epispadias: 3. erectile dysfunction:

removal of all or part of the foreskin, or prepuce, of the penis malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse; also called impotence

4. What structure in the nephron forms urine? 5. Urine is transported from the kidneys into the urinary bladder via the ____. 6. Urine is formed through the process of filtration, reabsorption, and _____.

renal tubule ureters secretion

6. vesicul/o: 7. olig/o: 8. gonad/o:

seminal vesicle scanty gonads, sex glands

3. Mrs. M has a history of ESRD and is given dietary restrictions of food with protein, potassium, and ____. 4. A 38-year-old woman is admitted with pyonephrosis. A key finding of this inflammatory condition is the accumulation of ____ in the kidneys.

sodium or salt pus

5. ur/o, urin/o: 6. urethr/o: 7. meat/o: 8. glomerul/o:

urine, urinary tract urethra meatus, opening glomerulus

1. process of recording (radiography) the urinary tract: 2. pertaining to the bladder and prostate gland: 3. excision or removal of the prostate gland:

urography vesicoprostatic prostatectomy

1. James comes to the urologist's office for consultation. After the birth of their third child, James and his wife decided that he should undergo a method of male contraception in which the vas deferens is excised. This surgical procedure is called a ____. 2. Kyle sustains a severe laceration of the left testicle in a construction accident. The urologist advises surgical repair of the testicle, called as _____.

vasectomy orchidoplasty

4. vas/o: 5. orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o:

vessel; vas deferens; duct testis (plural, testes)

URINARY SYSTEM Structure and Function Renal artery

◦ Branches into smaller and smaller arteries, eventually leading to microscopic filtering units called nephrons.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Structure and Function Fallopian tubes

◦ Extend laterally at superior angle from uterus. ◦ Pathway of ovum into uterus. ◦ Fimbria—finger-like projections that propel the ovum into the oviduct. -Perpetuate the species. -Pass genetic material from generation to generation.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Structure and Function Mammary glands

◦ Glandular lobes located in the breast of females that contain milk ducts, which lead to an opening in the nipple of the breast. ◦ Not directly involved in reproduction. ◦ More important after delivery. ◦ Production of milk to nourish neonate after birth.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Structure and Function Clitoris

◦ Located anterior to the vaginal orifice. ◦ Organ of sexual response in the female. ◦ Composed of erectile tissue with sensory nerve endings.

URINARY SYSTEM Structure and Function Nephron

◦ Microscopic functional unit of the kidney. ◦ Forms urine in renal corpuscles and tubules by process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. = Renal corpuscle is the site of blood filtration in the nephron and consists of the glomerulus and Bowman capsule. - Glomerulus, a cluster of capillaries. Waste-containing fluids (filtrate) are absorbed into Bowman capsule. - Filtrate flows from the capsule into the renal tubule. = Renal tubule - Urine formation is completed in the tubules. - Urine flows from renal tubule to the renal pelvis. ◦ Each renal pelvis (one from each kidney) narrows to form a ureter.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Structure and Function Vagina

◦ Muscular tube extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body. ◦ Organ of sexual intercourse. ◦ Passageway for delivery of the fetus.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Structure and Function Uterus

◦ Muscular, hollow, pear-shaped structure suspended by ligaments in the pelvic cavity (see illustration). ◦ Responsible for housing and nourishing the embryo from implantation of the fertilized egg until birth.

URINARY SYSTEM Hydronephrosis Treatment

Remove obstruction, prevent complications, and treat underlying disorders. Catheterization for immediate relief of urinary pressure. Analgesics may be prescribed. Antibiotics are required if infection occurs. Surgery if needed to dilate a ureteral stricture.

URINARY SYSTEM Renal Calculi Treatment

Remove stones and prevent new formations. Enhance elimination of stones and increase fluid intake. Small stones pass spontaneously without treatment. Large stones may require surgical intervention. Antibiotics may be prescribed if calculus buildup is due to bacterial infection. Strong analgesics are prescribed for relief of intense pain. Ultrasound is used to locate and monitor calculi as they are being destroyed.

URINARY SYSTEM Structure and Function Kidneys

◦ Primary functional organs of the urinary system. ◦ Filter urea and other waste products from the blood. ◦ Shaped like a kidney bean. ◦ Maintain proper balance of water and electrolytes in the body. - Maintain balance by removing waste products of metabolism from blood through urine formation. ◦ Each kidney comprises an outer layer, the renal cortex, and an inner layer, the renal medulla. ◦ Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery.

Medical and Surgical Procedures Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)

◦ Relieves obstruction caused by prostatic hyperplasia. ◦ Prostatic tissue is chipped away and flushed out.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Structure and Function Vulva

◦ Structures of the external genitalia. - Labia majora—thicker, outermost structures. - Labia minora—smooth, thin, inner structures. ◦ Responsible for protecting the inner genitals.

Diagnostic Procedures Transurethral ultrasound and biopsy of prostate

◦ Ultrasound probe inserted into the rectum to obtain images of prostate and collect multiple needle biopsy specimens of abnormal tissue. High-frequency sound waves are recorded and transformed into video or photographic images of the prostate. If cancer is detected, a plan of treatment is determined.

1. What is the purpose of the male reproductive system? 2. What are the sperm-transporting organs?

- All organs and structures are designed to produce and deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract, so fertilization can occur - Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—MALE Structure and Function Penis

- Composed of erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra. - During sexual activity, the penis becomes erect, and semen from ejaculatory duct is expelled through the urethra during ejaculation.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—MALE Structure and Function Prostate gland

- Glandular structure beneath the urinary bladder and surrounding the urethra. - Produces alkaline fluid that promotes sperm motility. - Muscular tissue of prostate aids in expulsion of sperm during ejaculation.

Diagnostic Procedures Bladder ultrasonography

- High-frequency sound waves produce images of the bladder. - Determines bladder volume. - Identifies incomplete bladder emptying.

Medical and Surgical Procedures Catheterization

- Insertion of a catheter into a body cavity or organ. Used to instill a substance or remove fluid. - Most commonly performed through urethra into the bladder to withdraw urine.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—MALE Structure and Function Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)

- Located below prostate. - Secrete thick mucus that acts as a lubricant during sexual stimulation.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—MALE Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Signs and Symptoms

- Overproliferation of cells within the inner portion of the prostate. - Common in men older than age 50 with increased incidences with age. - Clinically significant if the enlarging, hyperplastic portion of the prostate obstructs urinary outflow. - Urinary obstruction includes difficulty in initiating urination or in emptying the bladder completely. - Dysuria, nocturia, dribbling, urinary frequency, weak urine stream, or urinary or fecal incontinence. - Symptoms of hydronephrosis or pyelonephritis in severe cases of urinary obstruction secondary to BPH.

Diagnostic Procedures Cystoscopy Examination of urinary bladder.

- Perform, remove tumors or polyps. - Obtain evidence of a pathology.

3. What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system? 4. What is the copulatory organ of the male reproductive system?

- Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands - The penis, which contains erectile tissue

Diagnostic Procedures Voiding cystourethrography

- X-ray of the bladder and urethra. - Performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging.

Pharmacology Antispasmodics Diuretics

= Antispasmodics Suppress spasms in ureter, bladder, and urethra by relaxing smooth muscles lining their walls. - Allow normal emptying of the bladder. = Diuretics Promote and increase excretion of urine.

URINARY SYSTEM Structure and Function Ureter

Approximately 12-inch-long tube that connects renal pelvis of the kidney to the bladder. When muscles of ureters contract, urine is pushed from the kidneys into the urinary bladder.

URINARY SYSTEM Renal Calculi Signs and Symptoms

Concentration of mineral salts in the renal pelvis, in the calices of the kidney, or in the urinary tract. Patients with renal calculi may remain asymptomatic for long periods. If stone or calculus fragment lodges in a ureter, there may be intense pain and urinary urgency. If calculi are in the renal pelvis and calices, pain is duller and more constant. Back pain and severe abdominal pain may occur. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, chills and fever, hematuria, and abdominal distention.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Treatment

Depends on severity of symptoms of the urinary system. Symptomatic treatment may include prostatic massage, catheterization, and avoiding caffeine and alcohol. Various medications to shrink the prostate or relax the muscles in the prostate. Nonsurgical options to shrink or destroy excessive prostate tissue include transurethral: - microwave therapy using microwave heat. - vaporization of prostate using highfrequency electrical current. - needle ablation using radio waves. Surgical interventions to remove obstructing tissue include: - laser surgery. - transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

Medical and Surgical Procedures Peritoneal dialysis

Dialysis in which patient's own peritoneum is used as the dialyzing membrane. Contaminated fluid drains out and is replaced with fresh solution.

URINARY SYSTEM End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Treatment

Dietary restriction of protein, sodium, and potassium intake. Antiemetics for nausea. Control of hypertension. Dialysis. Renal transplantation in severe cases.

Medical and Surgical Procedures Renal transplantation

Diseased kidneys replaced by transplanted kidney.

URINARY SYSTEM Hydronephrosis Signs and Symptoms

Distention of renal pelvis and calices caused by pressure from accumulating urine. Pressure impairs and may eventually interrupt kidney function. If obstruction is above bladder opening, only one kidney may be affected, and the person may be asymptomatic for a prolonged period. If both kidneys are affected, symptoms may include intense pain, nausea, vomiting, oliguria or anuria, and hematuria.

3. Mr. M is diagnosed with multiple renal calculi. The physician explains that the treatment of choice is to use powerful sound-wave vibrations to break up the kidney stones. The abbreviation for this procedure is ____. 4. Mrs. A has a history of bladder carcinoma and presents for an endoscopy of the urinary bladder. Any growths that are present will be removed and biopsied. This visual examination of the bladder is a medical procedure called ____.

ESWL cystoscopy

Diagnostic Procedures Digital rectal examination

Examination of prostate by finger palpation through the anal canal and rectum. Used to detect prostate enlargement. Should be performed yearly in men older than age 40.

URINARY SYSTEM End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Signs and Symptoms

Irreversible stage with gradual, progressive deterioration of kidney function. Kidneys lose ability to excrete nitrogenous end products of metabolism. Progressive weakness, anorexia, diarrhea, pruritus, and polyuria. Severity of signs and symptoms varies depending on extent of renal damage and remaining function. Usually the result of chronic renal failure (CRF), the gradual, progressive deterioration of kidney function to the point that the kidneys cannot sustain their necessary day-to-day activity. ◦ Affects all systems.

1. Name four organs of the urinary system. 2. What is the name of the structure that stores urine until it is voided? 3. What is the main function of the kidneys?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Urinary bladder Remove toxic products from blood by forming urine

Prostate Cancer Signs and Symptoms

Malignant neoplasm of prostatic tissue. Most prostatic neoplasms are classified as adenocarcinomas. Most men with prostate cancer are asymptomatic when diagnosed. When symptoms are present, they are typically urinary tract symptoms. Tends to metastasize, often spreading to the bones of the spine or pelvis before it is detected. Disease is rare before age 50. Hip or back pain may be present in advanced stages. Tests for presymptomatic men include a blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and periodic digital rectal examinations (DREs).

1. pertaining to male origin: 2. condition of hidden testes: 3. condition of scanty sperm (production):

andr/o/gen/ic crypt/orchid/ism olig/o/sperm/ia

10. resembling a male: 11. hernia or swelling of the glans penis: 12. disease of the gonads:

andr/oid balan/o/cele gonad/o/pathy

4. forming or producing male (hormones): 5. pertaining to urine and the organs of reproduction: 6. inflammation of the glans penis:

androgen urogenital balanitis

3. Mrs. T has a history of urinary tract infections. To treat the current bacterial infection, the physician prescribes an (analgesic, antibiotic, antispasmodic). 4. To relieve the patient's nephralgia, the physician prescribes an (analgesic, antibiotic, antispasmodic).

antibiotic analgesic

4. discharge from the glans penis: 5. slit or fissure under or below (undersurface of penis): 6. condition of urine (containing) spermatozoa:

balan/o/rrhea hypo/spadias spermat/uria

9. -emia: 10. -iasis: 11. -lysis: 12. -pathy:

blood abnormal condition (produced by something specified) separation; destruction; loosening disease

1. Mrs. C is unable to urinate after surgery so a catheter is inserted through the urethra and into her bladder to remove urine. This therapeutic procedure is known as ____. 2. Mr. G is diagnosed with nephrolithiasis. The nurse explains that the kidney stones need to be crushed into smaller pieces so that they can be expelled in the urine. Crushing of stones is a surgical procedure called ____.

catheterization lithotripsy

5. cervic/o: 6. salping/o: 7. mamm/o, mast/o: 8. vulv/o, episi/o:

cervix; cervix uteri tube (fallopian) breast vulva

1. instrument to examine the bladder: 2. inflammation of the renal pelvis: 3. expansion of the ureter: 4. narrowing or stricture of the urethra:

cyst/o/scope pyel/itis ureter/ectasis urethr/o/stenosis

1. visual examination of the bladder: 2. process of recording (radiography) the bladder and urethra: 3. process of recording (radiography) the renal pelvis:

cystoscopy cystourethrography pyelography