Media Comm Final
eating behaviors, displacement hypothesis, other sedentary, better, control, self esteem, biggest loser, blame, caloric intake, willingness, sex experimentation, rose, schadenfreude, prescriptive, descriptive
Ad exposure does prime ____ _____, eating junk food while watching is more likely culprit and perhaps displacement of physical activity (___ ____ not generally supported, kids often replace sedentary TV watching with ___ ____ behaviors), unattainable vs attainable role models (weird results... thin body commercials made women feel ____ and feel like they have more ____ and girls who do feel worse have low ___ _____ while those it doesn't affect have high self esteem) , successful vs unsuccessful diet (___ _____ effects: Domoff et. Al (2012) and Yoo (2013) found exposure made viewers more likely to _______ obese persons and Berry et al (2012) found exposure made subjects less likely to want to exercise.... Also criticisms include rapid weight loss unhealthy, unrealistic circumstances like trainers and 24/7 effort, trainers urn the line between tough love and abuse), cooking/food shows (Bodenlos and Wormuth (2012) found that food show primed more ____ ____ and higher calorie foods, lack of study of the positive effects of healthy cooking shows because no money in it), plastic surgery related shows (Nabi (2008) exposure to plastic surgery shows is not association with body satisfaction or perceived risks, but is association with ______ to acquire it), questionable sex related content (studies show that a sex rich TV diet is associated with earlier ___ _____, which is associated with unwanted teen pregnancies and STD's (even when a bunch of other relevant variables are controlled), various diagnosis/medical condition shows, direct to consumer pharmaceutical ads (between 1992 thru 2008 dircect to consumer advertising significantly increased and average perscriptions per year ___ from 7 to 12 ad about 2-7 percent of patients ask doctor to prescribe medication they saw on TV... pharmas love this doctors hate it), self-help shows like celebrity rehab (self help or voyeurism/______?) People ignore ______ norm and follow ____ norm (80% of people in college smoke pot but don't smoke pot kids!... hmm so many people smoke pot maybe it's ok) Competing values in debate: personal responsibility, saving taxpayers money in healthcare costs
path analysis, brand loyalty, aggregate demand, cheaper
Alcohol industry saw cigarette industry get sued so the subcontracted communication professors including mullin to determine which researchers are their friends and which are their enemies Research seeks, but rarely finds, direct effects so you tend to get ____ ____ research like you see below (recently read "10% increase in billboards association with 5% increase in obesity" consider, all billboards are in urban areas and particularly low socioeconomic status) CSPI tries to find research that says there's a direct correlation between alcohol ad exposure to minors and drinking Instead they do a path analysis where instead they have people who watch liquor ads during sports where the link this to claiming that they like liquor ads which they link to positive alcohol expectancies which they link to young adult alcohol consumption So they can't show that A is related to C but they can show that A is related to B which is related to C Econometricists assert that ads shift ___ ____ but don't increase ____ _____ When gas gets more expensive people drive less They expect that when alcohol gets more expensive people will drink less, but actually they drink the same but buy _____ alcohol
emotional support, encouraging, information, solidarity, Social compensation, bridging social capital, Low self esteem
Do social networks give emotional support? Pew research center (2011) found strong evidence for the use online social networks to provide both general and specific forms of _____ ___ Hwang (2009): social network assists weight loss by providing 1) ______ messages 2) ________ 3) shared experience _____ Three perspectives on FB relationship to social wellbeing: ______ ______ or poor get richer Steinfield, et. Al (2008) found support for social compensation Across a one year, facebook use was significant predictor of _____ ____ _____ (e.g. feeling a part of university community) ____ ____ ____ folk in particular seem to benefit
down, 1960, 2013
Does media cause or reflect decline in institutional faith? Percent of respondents who trust government in Washington most or all the time has gone _____ from 73% in _____ to 19% in _____
crime waves, fuller coverage, lenient, lessons, availability heuristic, horror stories, tort reform, tort reform, liberals, conservative, Massachusetts, civil liberties, mean world syndrome, exclusionary law
How might a diet high in crime news impact attitudes toward the law? ‣ News tend to select more sensational, atypical cases; Fishman (1978) documents media-created '____ ___' ◦ the allusion of a crime wave that is merely a media reality ◦ it's driven by the marketplace ‣ Coverage is brief ◦ Roberts & Doob (1990): Experiment shows subjects exposed to ______ _____ regard decisions as more appropriate (otherwise tend to regard system as too _____) ‣ Jurors apply "_____" they learn from media; use salient or vivid examples "_______ ______" • (Greene & Wade, 1987 -- faulty eyewitnesses evidence) • Civil Lit Example: Studies show anecdotal "_____ _____" in the media can shape people's attitude toward _____ ______ and translate to lower civil awards ◦ _____ _____ -- making it harder to sue ◦ ______ oppose tort reform, and ______ <3 tort reform ◦ _______ • #1 state to sue • then New York and California • the bucket manufactuer got sued ‣ Crime coverage could increase fear, and erode support for _____ _______ • the more TV I watch, the more I think the world is a scary place • Crime rate has gone way down in CA over last 30 years (particularly during the 1990s,) but public guesses it has gone up • classic "______ ____ ______" cultivation effect • ______ -- evidence cannot be used
schemata, police infallibility, CSI Effect, not supported, respect, exclusionary rules, impediment, TV trials, prevent, guilty, public opinion, pop culture commodity, distributive justice
How might a diet high in fictional shows about the law impact attitude toward the law? ‣ Fictional crime shows have highly developed _________ ‣ Increase convictions? • TV cops ultimately arrest the right guy; may cultivate "______ ______" ‣ Decrease convictions? • _____ ____? May set unreal expectations, cause jurors to employ unreasonably high standards of proof • Research (e.g. Shelton et al. 2007) has ____ ______ this theory re: media exposure but notes there is a general 'tech' effect ‣ Fictional portrayals MAY contribute to less ____ for certain legal procedures ◦ Example: _____ _______ on TV are often depicted as an ______ to justice ◦ Related: Millin (1996) found more exposure to ____ ____ is associated with ‣ ______ _____ better indicator of guilt / innocent cethan is the legal system ‣ many legal procedures serve to _____ rather than promote justice ‣ defendant is probably ____ ◦ Various studies suggest that as law becomes "______ ______ ______" then support for insular procedural elements may weaken in favor of pop culture value of "________ _______" • abstuce and recondite
Selection, investigation, allusion, Clinton News Network, sources, interpretation, spin, frame, Word choice, extreme, wealthy, arch, photo, endorsed, YUUUUGE
How might biases be manifest? 1. _____ of news stories (brining up Cheney shoots friend in face story by bringing up irrelevant non payment of hunting tax) 2. Selective ________/_____ (after movie theatre shooting abc reporters go to tea party website and find a person with the same name "jim holmes") CNN was known as the "_____ ____ ____" in the 90's and is Hilary's biggest cheerleader. Here they attempt to derail Obama's primary campaign against Hilary in 2008 CNN was making a Hilary movie to promote her 2016 Presidential campaign 3. Selection of ____/experts/commentators (more later re 'think tanks', find "experts" who agree with you) 4. Selection of _____ ("____" or "____") (example: rat bites infants story can emphasize 1. Parental responsibility 2. War between tenants and evil landlords 3. City maintenance/social services in light of budget cuts (may involve depersonalized stats) 5. _____ ____: Words carry connotations (content analysis of 170 print sources over 20 years found republicans were 6x more likely to be described as _____/radical/far... 3x more likely to be described as ____/rich (though they aren't) and 20x more likely to be described as ___-) Choice of ____ is an outstanding way to exercise bias Study by Barett and Lowell (2005) studied 435 candidates across 4 year span and found strong evidence that newspapers selected significantly more favorable photos for candidates they _____ Rosenberg and McCafferty (1987) demonstrate importance of appearance... depending on pictures used for fake county elections ______ swing in vote
Bonding, bridging, depression , weak ties, history, discounted, anonymity, social network, tone
Individual has two types: ______ (close interpersonal connections, or tight communities, from which we derive social/emotional support, strongly related to psychological well being) and _____ (weaker ties... friends or facebook acquaintances from whom we get info and perspective, but not really support Studies on relationship between internet/social network use and psych/soc produced mixed results: influential studies in the late 1990's (e.g. Kraut et al, 1998) got a lot of media attention and tended to find internet use associated with _______ This was interpreted basically as ____ ___ displacing strong ties Feels like this may have been due to _____ of internet at that time; more recent research has generally _______ the negative findings social network us so loudly trumpeted by media Shaw and Gant (2002) is more consistent with recent research: Ss paired up for 5 chat sessions across 8 weeks on neutral topic Very consistent findings for less depression, less lonely more social/emotional support, more self esteem Results partly explained by perceived _____ = more willingness to be personally expressive Valkenburg et al (2006): more ____ ____ use associated with more face to face interaction with friends, more self esteem, more satisfaction with life (correlational, but at least age and gender were controlled) Interestingly it wasn't amount of online friends but quality of those friendships that mattered Also _____ (positive/negative) of feedback was important variable Despite the fact that there is apparently a lot of cyberbullying (37% of teens report being frequent victims), there is generally a positivity bias in facebook
differences, media elite, consumers, adultery, 4, pro-gay, 25, cultivation effect
Lichter and other scholars find significant ______ between attitudes of ______ and ______. For instance from Lichter: 15% of the media elite strongly agreed with the statement that "______ is morally wrong." By contrast, 85% of Americans feel adultery is morally wrong According to Gallup, in 2015 __% of Americans are LGBT Approximately __% of TV character are gay For primetime broadcasting, approx. 25% of shows feature a gay character Of 138 broadcast shows, scripted cable shows, and popularity reality shows, 86% contain at least one gay character 18% of Americans report TV entertainment shifted their views in a ___ ___ marriage direction (10% claimed an anti- shift) U.S. adults, on average, estimate that __% are gay... this I maybe the most spectacular _____ _____ I have ever seen
cultivation effect, uniform, drip, drop, drop, vivid, drench, cultivation, real world
Many media effects are explained as "____ _____" ‣ Pfau, Mullen, Deidrich & Garrow (1995): Content specific viewing of TV shows with attorneys was associated with TV-consistent atrocities; classic example of cultivation theory ‣ super heavy diet of TV --> view of the world Cultivation effect will be greatest if: • Lots of portrayals, but rather ______ ('____') ◦ you're getting wet but just ____ by ____ • Also if particularly salient, ____ example ('____'... though that is not '_______') • Lack of ______ _______ exposure to balance media portrayal
speculative, independent effects, poor, 10
Media defenders note that alleged negative effects are more _____ (and ideological) than empirically documented or (at most) weak rather than strong For example hard to tease out _____ _____... overlap between being poor and watching tv and aggression (take out the portion that increased aggression is due to the fact that people who watch more tv tend to be ______)... tv violence explains less than _____% of personal aggression... small enough to ignore?
institutions, pious, media representation, mediascape, tolerance, family, Isaac hayes, Scientology
Simpsons satiric targets are the usual suspects (______ like school, government, church, police, ect.)... liberal bias, Simpsons can be particularly nasty towards _____ persons like Ned Ironically perhaps, there is a virtual Church of Ned Flanders, indicative of how desperate religious were for any _____ _________ Simpsons routinely spoof the "_________," __________ of such criticism is inconsistent with liberal claim that media owners/corporations suppress criticisms of selves Southpark is to the right... Stone "I hate conservatives, but I really ****ing hate liberals" Parker "In Hollywood, there's a whole Criticized by moral conservatives for vulgarity; this is ironic because otherwise widely regarded as libertarian (conservative) Actually, like Simpsons, has very pro-______ values, and message moral conservatives might like South Park has diverse portrayal of homosexuals and disabled Spoofs simpsons simpsons, post modern Targets Hollywood and the belief that people cannot be personally responsible Political correctness ( a theme usually associated with the political left) South Park definitely considers itself to be an equal opportunity offender ______ ______, the voice of chef, quit South Park after it satirizes _______ Two classic South Parks with evidence of libertarian conservatives perspective: "Death Camp of Tolerance:" Mr G. tries to get fired for being gay, kids complain about his behavior and kids get sent to "Death Tolerance Camp"
left, right, electable, Bernie, Ron Paul, BOTH parties, right, corporate control, auto industry, Owners, corporations, plant workers, journalists
So if many assert liberal bias, but some liberals assert conservative bias... can both sides be right? Lets assume socialism is steeply graduated from rich to poor tax system and government control of industries Lets assume free market libertarianism is capitalism How socialist is the US... I'd say ____ of midpoint but others insist ____ of midpoint Only certain people are within the "______" range on this spectrum (______ is towards socialism and _____ ______ is too far towards capitalism) Those farther towards the left that assert even though media may seem biased towards the left, they are still biased towards the right because ____ ____ are shifted to the ___ of the midpoint anchored in that position by ____ _______ Those who suggest liberal media is a myth might liken the scenario to the _____ ____: _____ (________) decide the types of cars to be built so opinions of ____ ______ (______) is beside the point
accidental, entertainment, Political, civic, don't, people, community, localism, Social network, comedy news, general public, short
What about social networks and news consumption? Fairly robust exposure to news on a few social networking sites, though a) characterized as very _________ exposure and b) may be artificially inflated by huge amount of _______ news ______ duty (voting, donating to campaign, going to rally) vs _____ duty (doing a jog for cancer) Baumgartner & Morris (2009) found... similar to other studies... that social networking sites ______ increase current affairs interest or participation (compared to other media use) Second most popular kind of "news" is _____ and event in my ______ (largely weather, traffic, event marketing)... is interesting as it represents some compensation for general trend away from ______ ______ _____ users also score low on "political knowledge", but _____ ____ users do pretty well on knowledge variables Interestingly opinions on twitter for instance differ a) widely from ____ _____ and b) over _____ spans of time Lots of sharing and stuff that feels like citizenship journalism. Maybe a greater sense of populism in the realm of political discourse
exposure, mainstreaming, news, Daily Show, careful info processing, recall, recognition, cynicism, external efficacy, internal efficacy, Bush, Kerry
What are empirical studies on entertainment effects? Glynn et al (2007) "When Oprah Intervenes" Researchers note talk-show hosts (Oprah, Rosie, Ellen, ect) Support for government involvement in social issues (including family stuff) Talk show ______ erases what would have been differences between liberals/moderates/conservatives re government involvement in family issues... '__________' Kim & Vishak (2008) 'Daily Show' studies: "Just Laugh: You Don't Need to Remember" Subjects in _____ condition retained significantly more factual info than subjects in '_____ ______' condition Humor usually distracts from _____ _____ _____ Hollander (2005) "Late Night Learning" Watching late night programs was negatively associated with ____, but positively associated with ______ Notes that knowledge not really that important to participation Baumgarter & Morris (2006) "Daily Show Effect" Notes more ______, less ____ _____ (the system is broken, news media and electoral system shouldn't be trusted)... but more _____ ______ (we can fix it... I can make a difference) Survey of naturalistic viewing or info seeking habits shows daily show viewers don't like ____ but didn't like _____ even more
User empowerment, disintermediation, Interactivity, Long tail, Marketplace fairness act, Putnam
What are media effects of new technology? Some theories must be reconsidered in light of whopping selectivity potential (thus mainstreaming aspect of cultivation gives way to resonance), but basic psychological principles follow us into new media landscape (eg desensitization, priming) New techs sometimes just deliver old content in new ways, but there are some significant changes: ______ ____: content diversity, selectivity, personalization Relatedly, fragmentation and ________ (which re:politics, media intrusion theorists don't like) Portability ______: related to learning effects, prob violent/aggressive effects, and entertainment effects (in terms of facilitating transportation for instance) Global reach Econ stuff: ____ ____ (lower cost of production, distribution, and storage), e-commerce Over 2/3rds shop online monthly and increasing Consumers benefit from a) comparison shopping, b) reviews... and the waiting isn't too bad _____ _____ ____ is a stalled federal attempt to force online sellers to collect state taxes to compensate local municipalities for lost brick and mortar sales tax Social interaction between audience members, and between creator and consumer User generated content Social capital: society: refers to engagement with social issues or community Said to have declined across last few decades; controversial though (see ____ Bowling alone... no one at bowling alley anymore to socialize)
Chomsky, Propaganda Model, structural, economic, filtered, funneled, corporate structure
What are structural/economic media biases? _____ and most of his "_____ ____" adherents probably don't dispute overwhelming journalist/gatekeeper biases (e.g. 12 times more likely to vote democratic), but would say these biases don't affect content as much as ______/_____ media forces do Stories ______ and ______ out... stories critical of _______ _______ are filtered out
propaganda model, Size, ownership, profit orientation, Advertising support, sourcing, government, restrict, Obama, Think tanks, Flak, harass, advertisers, legal action, fairness doctrine, PR, profitability, Reagan, Beck, AIM, FAIR, communist, terrorist
What are the ____ _____ filters? ___, _______, and ____ ____ of mass media _____ ____ (media won't run stories about the potential banning of junk food advertising because they don't want to upset advertisers Both of the above filters naturally discourage a rigorous critique of the status quo - bad for business Third filter: ______... ______ is a cheap, predictable, credible, and easy source of info Another easy source is corporate press releases Journalists fear government may _____ access if I doesn't like the way journalists cover them (______ administration attempted to suggest to journalism core that they should ban Fox News... it blew up in their face) ____ ___ are another convenient source Fourth filter: _____ Lobby/activist/monitoring groups ______ media if they don't like media coverage or policy Sometimes ________ are the target of flak groups, they may be less anchored to expressive goal, thus more willing to cave Flak groups used to threaten some kind of ____ ____ (back when there was a ____ _____), now the threat is more like bad __, or some threat to ______ (CBS pulls character assassination of _____ after grassroots movement to boycott CBS during sweeps week, the week where advertisers set their rates, after script was leaked) (FoxNews parted ways with ____ because liberals convinced advertisers they'd boycott them if they continued to advertise in Beck's show (Fox doesn't care much if liberals boycott Fox... unless it is the case they are an important part of Fox's market) Two major flak providers are ____ (conservative) and _____ (liberal) Fifth filter: threat of being called a _______? (McCarthy red scare)... maybe after 9/11 the equivalent might have the threat of being called sufficiently anti-_____
newsgathering, political dimension, web, cable news
What are the arguments for political biases? Conservatives note overwhelming tendency of journalists to be liberal, cite FoxNews as reservoir of non liberal and thus rewarded for serving market Liberals suggest that even if media leans left on spectrum, corporate concerns, and _______ rituals filter out info unfriendly to capitalism Some info bias issues however don't easily map onto _____ ____ We can think in terms of user habits and news industry habits Pew research center tracks that only the ____ and ___ ___ have gone up and everything else has been level or gone down
Bennett, Personalization, Marxists, Great Man, Dramatization, Fragmentation, Authority-Disorder bias, Election horse race coverage, sound bites
What are the four biases which some (e.g. ______) say impair news' potential to promote informed electorate? __________: News downplays big social, economic, or political picture in favor of surface-level human trials, tragedies, triumphs Note: this relates to ________' opposition to "________" perspectives on history _________: Stories rather than analyses; focus on the present __________: Stories that are not tied into each other to reveal pattern (U.S. removes troops from Afghanistan causes Lockheed to cut 4,000 jobs but news does not connect two stories) _______________ _________: emphasis on authority role in social order _____ _____ ______: increasing trend towards horse race coverage rather than issue based coverage Average presidential candidate _____ _______ have gone from 43 seconds in 1968 to 8.2 seconds in 1996
Hindman, politics online, echo chamber, cyber balkanization
What did ______ (2007) observe? Liberals dominate the audience for ____ ____. Across a wide range of politically relevant activities liberals outpace conservatives by a wide margin One typical survey found users to be significantly less likely to self id as conservative than non-users (people who use the internet but not for political news) Research on link clicks seems to support the ____ _____/______ ________ (warring small factions like in Balkans) hypotheses
Grabbag, Berger, overwhelmed, Desensitization, Distorted, serious creative artists, Escapism, False consciousness, Formulaic, Fragmentation, Homogenization, Hyperactivity, diagnostic determination, Irresponsibility, isolates, Lowest common denominator, manipulation, Narcotic, narrow, passivity, Privatism, Sentimentalism, Sexploitation, Trendmaker, Violence,
What is ___ of media and cultural value effects (Berger 2003)? ____ article provides useful summary of range of complaints re: cultural effects of media content 1. Critical faculties _______ (some technical determinism, Postman-ish flavor) 2. _______ to violence (emotional desensitization could lead to a) disinhibitory inclination to aggression b) less concern about real life violence 3. _____ picture of reality (But should media reflect reality and do consumers think it reflects reality?) 4. Diverts ____ _____ ____ (but nowadays particularly in the wake of demassification one can easily point to TV shows that are conspicuously well written (maybe not as much in the old days) 5. _______ (this view a) rejects diversion as a legitimate value b) social/aesthetic complaint perhaps belies some elitism and/or underappreciation of available diversity 6. ____ _____ 7. _____ nature a)stereotype b) economic goals of broad based media c) also note not so rigidly formulaic anymore in demassified era 8. ______ (sitcom... then ad... then espn... then mtv... then ad... then another sitcom... forcing you to reorient) 9. ________ a) globalization including embedded cultural blueprints b) note though that new technologies have facilitated local cultural expression and niche targeting 10. _________ ... short cultural short attention span? More ADHD reports nowadays, but that is probably due to ______ ______ (your kids annoying? Let's sell some ADHD drugs) 11. ________, is it ok to assume public interest = what interests public 12. _____ people (but a) what would McLuhan say? b) what about social network aspects of new technologies 13. ____ _____ ____ (used to also be called LOE) (but what about narrowcasting) 14. _______ 15. ________ (implies Postman-like displacement of more valuable forms of human interaction 16. Obsession with _____ range of topics (again sounds more likely to be true pre-demassification) 17. Induces physical ______ (certainly not much evidence for pure displacement effects and interesting contrast with body image hypothesi 18. _______, focuses us on our world and our goals and our concern instead of focusing us outwards 19. _________ (difficult emotional situations easily resolved with happy endings) 20. _______ (ooh sex is good have sex it's sexy) 21. ________ 22. ______ as a solution
Lengthy traditional, Jane Austen, Gulliver's travels, Citizen Kane, Casablanca, push social boundaries, interracial kiss, All in Family, selective interpretation, prejudiced attitudes
What is entertainment as a vehicle for social and cultural commentary? _____ _____ (e.g. ____ _____ - manners, norms, and roles; Jonathan Swift (____ _____) -politics ; ____ ______ - media ; _________ - isolationism; ect.) TV (Star Trek, All in family, Ellen, Murphy Brown, Law and Order, Friends) couldn't afford to ____ ____ ____ Star trek first _____ _____ (but forced by aliens to interracial kiss like it was horrible act) Is commentary either necessary or sufficient for good/smart/influential entertainment product For example much of the political commentary in ____ ___ ____ which is very influential has social commentary which is really facile Intentional fallacy? Vidmar and Rokeach (1974) found _______ ______ reinforced _____ ______ in some viewers (with all in family, tolerant people liked show because they make fun of the bigot and bigoted people liked it because they identify with the bigot
policy implication, Conservatives, Rimm study, Communications decency act, less trust, backlash
What is media and trust in science? Some people take sort of a fool me once approach to things like global warming and WMD's Hmielowski et al (2013) details role that partisan media may play with respect to climate change Note that much... not all... science maps onto some ____ ______, thus there is a built in audience of opponents Good study, but amusing how FoxNews is considered conservative but super liberal sources NYT, NPR, MSNCB are declared mainstream or non-conservative ______ generally seem like the ones driving up skepticism (or down faith) in science... but other analyses suggest liberals equally distrustful Note role Hmielowski attributes to thik tanks Similar good health/bad healthy controversies, often energized by profitseeking motives, have undermined credentials of health scientists Keep in mind: for marketplace reasons, journalists are trained to think in terms of man bites dog stories... if a dog bites a man who cares but if a man bites a dog wow run that story Research (e.g. Saguy & Almeling, 2008) notes a tendency for media reports of science to sensationalize, and in truncating story, misrepresent Time Magazine's misuse of _____ _____ resulted in ____ ____ ____ (would have banned indecency on the internet but was struck down for being unconstitutional) (83% of sites HE went to had pornography... Time magazine made it sound like 83% of the entire internet was pornography) Nagay (2014) noted that exposure to contradictory messages about nutrition resulted in ____ ____ in health recommendations, and less engagement in health behaviors Media exposure to contradictory nutrition confusion leads to nutrition _____ which leads to less intentions to eat healthy and exercise Should we expect science literacy programs to increase faith in science? Or decrease faith? Is this issue similar to faith journalists?
policy implications, money, attitude, actions, Public perception, reality, biased, unbiased, profitable, SAY, match, 87, liberal
What is media bias? False statements, or spin? News vs. editorial Only get spin when ______ _______ exist or sometimes ______ is involved (for example number of deaths in earthquake in Nepal wouldn't apply) How malleable are facts and words? Research based media violence claims are backed up by studies showing a short term change in violent ____ but not ____... is this enough to challenge free speech? Is it even possible for journalists to be unbiased? If biased, is there any point in pretending not to be, or is the "forewarned this article may be biased..." model better Journalistic community endorsed some form of civic journalism ethos ages ago... can't be unbiased so just include personal opinions in reporting _____ _____ (_______ or ______) vs ___ (biased or unbiased) quadrants... four squares Partisanship is _______... fox news exploited unserved market demand brilliantly, others (MSNBC) aggressively going openly partisan as well People ____ they like news from unbiased sources but overwhelmingly it seems consumers selectively ____ their own ideology Do people detect bias? Yes __% in Zogby (2007) poll detected media bias, and most said it was a ____ bias
Realism, modernism, post-modernism, viewer, hierarchy, cultural cannibalism
What is post modernism? ____ (realistic, often with social message) to _______ (world filtered through the artist's viewpoint or imagination... focus on artist) to ____ ______ (focus on ____... blurs genre, rejects high culture/pop culture _____, less anchored to stable cultural/aesthetic "truths" and values reflexiveness and a pastiche approach to artistic creation like mash ups often involves some ____ _____)
Push, Pull
What is push and pull advertising? _______ advertising is traditional advertising that forces a message on you (tv ad) _______ advertising is advertising where the user seeks out the content (online news)
individual level effects, effects on cultural values, resonance, social monitoring, medium, Privacy, millennials, tangible benefits, terrorism, cultural effects
What is the media's role in the cultivation of cultural values? A conceptual difference between _____ ____ ____ and _____ _____ _____ is that the latter particularly involves _____ (does this media message speak to my environment... for example I watch a lot of violent tv but I live in a rich white suburb so it doesn't do anything) and _____ ____ (watching what other people do... makes individual effects become more society wide) Some cultural effects of new technologies are essentially ______ effects: _______: Value placed on _______ has significantly decreased during internet era A survey found that ___________ report more willingness to allow access to their personal data or web behavior and a greater interest in cooperating with internet businesses - as long as they receive ______ _____ in return Older people are more willing to sacrifice personal privacy for _______... so it matters how you ask the question A few good examples of _____ _____ due to content are: Attitudes towards the law (little personal experience, high density of media content) Health effects (social monitoring, and sheer diversity of potential effects) Trust in science Trust in all insititutions (including science and media) has declined since 60's
Web 2.0, sporadic, lurkers, socializers, debaters, advanced, Election night 2012, Lame news, asymmetrical model, symmetrical model, sound bite, Candidate salience, Higher, Bandwagon
What is the nature of social networking in relation to political campaigns? ____ ___: requires participation, use of dedicated websites that users can interact with Types of users: ______, ______, ______, _____, and ______ (socializers plus debaters) 73% of internet users use social networking sites... facebook is the highest ______ ____ ____ breaks world tweet record ____ _____: mainstream media have to cover stories once the SNS sphere begins to share it among followers (is Ted Cruz the zodiac killer?) Twitter as an ___ ______ (Hong and Nader 2012): tweets are public, you can follow anyone and they do not have to follow you back Compare to facebook (______ _____) Twitter as a _____ ____: still a huge platform for political deliberation, less text and easier to share/understand, videos often shared among different SNS ______ _____: the extent to which candidates are discussed online by the public during an election campaign (Hong and Nader, 2012) _____ number of tweets by a politician the more likely twitter sphere will be talking about them (positive association): effective to have concise bursts of attention grabbing information, cycle on tweets are quick, political strategy, no publicity is bad publicity, could affect how journalists frame candidates _______ effect: informational/heuristic, Trump and Hilary have highest twitter followers, won super tuesday
Fairness doctrine, liberals, conservatives， unconsititutional, hush rush, political, surrogates, offensive, MARKETPLACE
What is the policy response to possible media bias? _______ ______ was a policy applied to broadcasters from forties to eighties, ____ loved it ______ hated it.... Libs want it back and want it applicable to things other than just broadcasting Conservatives call such proposals ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ and label them ____ ____ because they would disincentivize carrying of ____ broadcasters... also these fairness doctrine _____ usually seem aimed at removing content someone finds ____ Don Imus calls Rutgers women's basketball team nappy headed hoes and there was such an outrage that the ______ banned his show (conservatives say that because the marketplace regulates it on its own so why do we need the gov)
fantasy outlets, critical political economic
When stories do come out about crony capitalism or corporate corruption _____ ____ ____ theorist believe these are _____ _____ to maintain the status quo
libertarian
Who were the first users of the internet in the 90's? White affluent ________-minded males
Think tanks, conservative, liberal, broaden, Center for American Progress, Heritage foundation, ADA, Brookings Institute, Rand, critical political economic, conservative, liberal academia,Chomsky
____ _____ are private institutions which do research for hire, usually public policy Code words: Free enterprise, market, ect. Suggest ______ Progressive, just, fair, ect suggest ____ Also note when people want to ______ the debate, its usually liberal ____ _____ ____ ___ is Obama's favorite left wing think tank supports the universal preschool initiative unveiled last week by Obama which would cost 100 billion dollars _______ _____ most conservative ____ (index based on percentage of liberal/conservative votes of congresspersons) score, ____ ____ seems pretty centrist according to this ____ also considered centrist Liberals and _____ _____ ___ theorists complain that _______ think tanks outnumber liberal think tanks, and are certainly more visible Many conservative phds who can't stand the ____ ____ bail to private sector (think tanks) Though _____ doesn't include them, some regard academia as the equivalent of liberal think tanks
Trojan horse, homosexuality, Holbert, explicit, implicit, primary, secondary, news, LA, NY, blacklisted, secret society
____ ______... attitudes about things like _________ secretly hidden inside entertainment ______ chart: ____ vs _______ and political as _____ vs political as ______ (look at reading) Entertainment bias argues map pretty closely onto _____ bias arguments (creator vs corporation) Overwhelming evidence of liberal creator biases, content analyses Major theme of cult conservatives is that content overwhelmingly reflects __/__ values that are at odds with much of the rest of the country Conservatives are so outnumbered in entire industry by liberals that conservatives partly fear of being ________ and have their own ______ ______
conservatives, trustful, 1960
______ overwhelming less _____ of media and have since the ____s believed it's been biased against them
Businesspersons, status quo support, political correctness, Atlas Shrugged
_________ on TV are portrayed negative 2/3 of the time, while all other occupations are portrayed positively at least 2/3 of the time Things that constitute liberal political comment: vilifying conservatives, figures, or issues or anti-profitseeking What would conservatives comment be? Maxists would say ______ _____ ____, or at least non challenge (non-challenge to consumerism in entertainment) or most would probably say anti-____ ______, maybe some anti-bloated government or anit-welfare state comment Failure of _____ _______ (no one in Hollywhood would make it, NYT pointedly decided no to review it) underscores the risks associated with explicit conservative commentary in entertainment
five, 12, 1
journalists are _____ times as likely to self identify as democrats than republicans, 54% liberal and 19% conservative for reporters who report on washington there is a ___/___ dem/rep ratio (liberal oakland has a 6/1 ratio)
voices, competition, media intrusion, competitive, news shows, straw man
liberals hate fox news but must admit it increases ______ in marketplace, provides choice, and promotes _______ conservatives say finally! but liberals and _______ ______ theorists complain this is an instance where a very ______ media arena has produced bad results overall in pursuit of market share democrats think even the ____ _______ on fox news (special report) are biased most of the analysis (editorial) shows on fox news undeniably lean right: Stroessel (libertarian), O reilly (traditional cultural conservative), Cavuto (finance which is generally gonna lean right) Fox news is big on perspective in conflict and they don't usually _____ _____ the left, Williams below worked for NPR until fired and Beckel is not easily intimidated by his minority position on "The Five"
wall street journal, media outlets, left, echo chambers, polarized, partisan media selection, ideologica
study is interesting but with a couple troubling anomalies (____ _____ ____ being most liberal) study by groseclose and milyo 2005 use measures of think tank reliance to find that almost all ____ ____ are to the ____ of the average vote is this bad or good? ____ ____: could reduce peoples exposure to other views... yes sophisticated news seekers will always have some exposure to and awareness to alternative viewpoints, but what about the less active/sophisticated news audiences could lead to _____ political landscape as people are more convinced they are right and there is more in group out group vilification _______ ______ _____ (conservative talk radio) is associated with more _______l thinking
