Medical Intervention 1.4 Vaccinations

Match the white blood cells with their functions. 1. Leukocytes 2.Phagocytes 3. Lymphocytes White blood cells that are produced and stored in lymphoid organs such as thymus, spleen, bone marrow Type of leukocytes that attack and "chew" up invading organisms Type of leukocytes that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help the body destroy them.

1. Leukocytes=White blood cells that are produced and stored in lymphoid organs such as thymus, spleen, bone marrow 2.Phagocytes=Type of leukocytes that attack and "chew" up invading organisms 3. Lymphocytes=Type of leukocytes that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help the body destroy them.

Immune Response: Please match the function to the following immune system cells. 1. Plasma B Cell 2. Killer T Cell 3. T Helper Cell recognizes antigen and alerts nearby cells produces antibodies specific to the antigen destroys cells infected with the antigen

1. Plasma B Cell= produces antibodies specific to the antigen 2. Killer T Cell= destroys cells infected with the antigen 3. T Helper Cell= recognizes antigen and alerts nearby cells

Please match the description with the area of epidemiology it describes. Each answer used once. 1. Populations 2. Control 3. Distribution a. Epidemiologists study the distribution of frequencies and patterns of health events within groups in a population. To do this, they use descriptive epidemiology, which characterizes health events in terms of time, place, and person b. Epidemiology deals with groups of people rather than with individual c. Epidemiological data steers public health decision making and aids in developing and evaluating interventions to control and prevent health problems. This is the primary function of applied, or field, epidemiology.

1. Populations = b. Epidemiology deals with groups of people rather than with individual patients. 2. Control = c. Epidemiological data steers public health decision making and aids in developing and evaluating interventions to control and prevent health problems. This is the primary function of applied, or field, epidemiology. 3. Distribution = a. Epidemiologists study the distribution of frequencies and patterns of health events within groups in a population. To do this, they use descriptive epidemiology, which characterizes health events in terms of time, place, and person.

Please match the description with the area of epidemiology it describes. Each answer used once. 1. Populations . 2. Control 3. Distribution b. Epidemiological data steers public health decision making and aids in developing and evaluating interventions to control and prevent health problems. This is the primary function of applied, or field, epidemiology. c. Epidemiology deals with groups of people rather than with individual patients a. Epidemiologists study the distribution of frequencies and patterns of health events within groups in a population. To do this, they use descriptive epidemiology, which characterizes health events in terms of time, place, and person.

1. Populations=Epidemiology deals with groups of people rather than with individual patients. 2. Control=Epidemiological data steers public health decision making and aids in developing and evaluating interventions to control and prevent health problems. This is the primary function of applied, or field, epidemiology. 3. Distribution=Epidemiologists study the distribution of frequencies and patterns of health events within groups in a population. To do this, they use descriptive epidemiology, which characterizes health events in terms of time, place, and person.

Subunit Vaccine: Hepatitis B Please sequence the steps of making a hepatitis B subunit vaccine using genetic engineering techniques. Step 1 goes on top of list. Use the tweezers to pull out a segment of DNA from the hepatitis B virus. Use the tweezers to pull out a segment of DNA from the hepatitis B virus. Add the segment of DNA to the DNA of a yeast cell (which is in the yeast culture). Fill the syringe with the purified hepatitis B antigen. Congratulations. You have produced a subunit vaccine for hepatitis B.

1.)Use the tweezers to pull out a segment of DNA from the hepatitis B virus. 2.)Add the segment of DNA to the DNA of a yeast cell (which is in the yeast culture). 3.)Use the purifier to isolate the hepatitis B antigen produced by the yeast cells. 4.)Fill the syringe with the purified hepatitis B antigen. 5.)Congratulations. You have produced a subunit vaccine for hepatitis B.

Vaccine Types & Examples: Please match. 1. Similar-Pathogen Vaccine 2. Attenuated Vaccine 3. Killed Vaccine 4. Toxoid Vaccine 5. Subunit Vaccine 6. Naked-DNA Vaccine Smallpox Virus Measles Virus Polio Virus Tetanus Hepatitis B HIV

1. Similar-Pathogen Vaccine=Smallpox Virus 2. Attenuated Vaccine=Measles Virus 3. Killed Vaccine=Polio Virus 4. Toxoid Vaccine=Tetanus 5. Subunit Vaccine=Hepatitis B 6. Naked-DNA Vaccine=HIV

The five criteria to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. Please correctly match the term and description. 1. Strength of association 2.Consistency 3. Temporality 4. Plausibility 5. Biological gradient relationship must be clear observation of the association must be repeatable in different populations at different times the cause must precede the effect explanation must make sense biologically must be a dose-response relationship

1. Strength of association=relationship must be clear 2.Consistency=observation of the association must be repeatable in different populations at different times 3. Temporality=the cause must precede the effect 4. Plausibility=explanation must make sense biologically 5. Biological gradient=must be a dose-response relationship

Steps to making Attenuated vaccine: Measles virus. Please arrange steps in order. Step #1 on top of list. 1. Use the tissue culture to grow new viruses. 2. The tissue culture is an artificial growth medium for the virus. You will intentionally make the environment of the culture different than that of the natural human environment. Fill the syringe with a strain of the virus that has desirable characteristics 3. Like the smallpox vaccine, the virus within the vaccine will invade body cells, multiply within the cells, then spread to other body cells. Congratulations. You have just produced a live-attenuated measles vaccine.

1. Use the tissue culture to grow new viruses. 2. The tissue culture is an artificial growth medium for the virus. You will intentionally make the environment of the culture different than that of the natural human environment. Fill the syringe with a strain of the virus that has desirable characteristics 3. Like the smallpox vaccine, the virus within the vaccine will invade body cells, multiply within the cells, then spread to other body cells. Congratulations. You have just produced a live-attenuated measles vaccine.

Descriptive vs. Analytical Epidemiology: Please match terms and definitions. 1. experimental 2. observational 3. descriptive 4. analytical Scientists control variables and other conditions from the start of the experiment Scientists do not control the variables from the start A division of observational experiments, in which epidemiologist collects information to characterize and summarize the health event or problem. A division of observational experiments, in which epidemiologist relies on comparisons between groups to determine the role of various risk factors in causing the problem.

1. experimental=Scientists control variables and other conditions from the start of the experiment 2. observational=Scientists do not control the variables from the start 3. descriptive= A division of observational experiments, in which epidemiologist collects information to characterize and summarize the health event or problem. 4. analytical= A division of observational experiments, in which epidemiologist relies on comparisons between groups to determine the role of various risk factors in causing the problem.

Cutting & Pasting DNA: Arrange the steps of creating recombinant DNA. Step 1 on top. Restriction enzymes are sequence specific. They recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences. Ex: EcoRI binds to sequence GAATTC. Once the restriction enzymes bind to their recognition sequence, they cut the sugar-phosphate backbones of the DNA strands. Ex: EcoRI cuts unevenly leaving sticky ends (overhangs). Sticky ends can be reattached by DNA ligase, which catalyzes the chemical reaction that rejoins the DNA sugar-phosphate bonds.

1.)Restriction enzymes are sequence specific. They recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences. Ex: EcoRI binds to sequence GAATTC. 2.)Once the restriction enzymes bind to their recognition sequence, they cut the sugar-phosphate backbones of the DNA strands. Ex: EcoRI cuts unevenly leaving sticky ends (overhangs). 3.)Sticky ends can be reattached by DNA ligase, which catalyzes the chemical reaction that rejoins the DNA sugar-phosphate bonds.

. Point Source Epidemic 2. Continuous Common Source Epidemic 3. Propagated Epidemic 4. Variations to Epidemic Curves May be cause d by...

1.epidemics that have a focal source that infects a number of people during a limited period of time. 2.The source is prolonged over an extended period of time and may occur over more than one incubation period. The down slope of the curve may be very sharp if the common source is removed or gradual if the outbreak is allowed to exhaust itself. 3.In this type of epidemic, an initial cluster of cases serves as a source of infection for subsequent cases and those subsequent cases, in turn, serve as sources for later cases. This can result in a series of successively larger peaks, reflective of the increasing number of cases caused by person-to-person contact, until the pool of susceptible people is exhausted or control measures are implemented. 4.Personal Characteristics and/or Locations

_ (2 words) is the gluing of DNA fragments together.

DNA ligation

Please select the area of epidemiology described here: Epidemiologists also attempt to search for causes or factors that are associated with increased risk or probability of disease. This type of epidemiology, where we move from questions of "who," "what," "where," and "when" and start trying to answer "how" and "why," is referred to as analytical epidemiology.

Determinants

Please select the facet of epidemiology described by: Epidemiologists study the pattern of frequencies and patterns of health events within groups in a population. To do this, they use descriptive epidemiology, which characterizes health events in terms of time, place, and person.

Distribution

_ is a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population

Epidemiology

How does adaptive immunity develop? Select the two true statements. a. For instance, the leukemia pathogen can affect cats, but that same pathogen cannot affect humans. b. For instance, an older person likely has been exposed to more pathogens than a younger child might have, so that older person likely has better adaptive immunity c. An example of this type of immunity is an infant that receives antibodies from their mother's breast milk, preventing infection for a certain amount of time d. Also known as natural immunity, people are born with resistance to certain antigens/pathogens e. Also known as active immunity, humans develop resistance to antigens/pathogens over time as exposure increases f. Also known as "borrowed" immunity, humans can have temporary resistance to humans to certain antigens/pathogens

For instance, an older person likely has been exposed to more pathogens than a younger child might have, so that older person likely has better adaptive immunity Also known as active immunity, humans develop resistance to antigens/pathogens over time as exposure increases

Naked -DNA Vaccine : HIV _ vaccines, sometimes called naked-DNA vaccines, are currently being developed to fight diseases such as AIDS. The goal of these vaccines is to use a _ from a pathogen to generate an immune response. A gene contains the instructions to create a protein. WIth a genetic vaccine, small loops of _(a.k.a plasmids) in the vaccine invade body cells and incorporate themselves into the cell's nuclei. Once there, the cells read the instructions and produce the gene's protein.

Genetic, gene, DNA

Please select the area of epidemiology best described by: Epidemiology as it is practiced today is applied to the whole spectrum of health-related events, which includes chronic disease, environmental problems, behavioral problems, and injuries in addition to infectious disease.

Health-related states

Match the different types of immunity with the correct description. 1. Innate 2. Adaptive 3. Passive A.) natural immunity that a person is born with, a type of general protection. B.) active immunity develops throughout our lives C.) "borrowed" from another source and lasts for a short time.

Innate: a natural immunity that a person is born with, a type of general protection. Adaptive: active immunity develops throughout our lives Passive: "borrowed" from another source and lasts for a short time.

_ is the introduction of a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to stimulate the production of antibodies

Inoculation

Select two disadvantages of receiving inactivated vaccines.

Multiple injections must be given to produce stronger resistance to the specific disease They produce a weaker resistance to the disease because the antigens are killed off completely (so it cannot reproduce)

Lymphocytes & Phagocytes: Match the cell with its immune system function. Phagocytes Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes T Lymphocytes cells that destroy the invaders cells that chew up invading cells that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders cells that seek out their targets and send defenses to destroy them

Phagocytes= cells that chew up invading organisms Lymphocytes= cells that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders B Lymphocytes= cells that seek out their targets and send defenses to destroy them T Lymphocytes= cells that destroy the invaders

Select all 3 that apply: When an Antigen Presenting Cell finds the vaccine antigen, it:

displays a piece of the antigen on its surface breaks it apart ingests the invader

Epidemiology is the basic science of public health. It's a highly quantitative discipline based on principles of statistics and research methodologies.

Study

Please select the facet of epidemiology described by: Epidemiology is the basic science of public health. It's a highly quantitative discipline based on principles of statistics and research methodologies. Determinants Distribution Health-related states Study

Study

How can epidemiologists assist with the detection, prevention, and treatment of both chronic and infectious disease? Select the 3 true statements. a. They develop informative tools and use preventative measures to stop the spread of the disease. b. They only use cohort studies since case-control studies have been deemed unethical. c. They refine prior hypotheses and carry out additional studies if necessary. If analytical studies do not confirm any of the hypotheses generated by descriptive epidemiology, then they need to go back to the descriptive epidemiology and consider other sources and routes of transmission. d. They analyze data, conduct surveys, and perform tests, to identify the cause and spread of the disease.

They develop informative tools and use preventative measures to stop the spread of the disease. They refine prior hypotheses and carry out additional studies if necessary. If analytical studies do not confirm any of the hypotheses generated by descriptive epidemiology, then they need to go back to the descriptive epidemiology and consider other sources and routes of transmission. They analyze data, conduct surveys, and perform tests, to identify the cause and spread of the disease.

Steps to making Similar-Pathogen Vaccine: Smallpox Virus. Please arrange steps in order. Step #1 on top of list. Use the purifier to isolate the viruses. Fill the syringe with the purified cowpox viruses. Use the sterile petri dish to collect fluid from pustules on the cow's udder. Congratulations. You have just created a vaccine for smallpox. (Cows are no longer used to create smallpox vaccine...)

Use the sterile petri dish to collect fluid from pustules on the cow's udder. Use the purifier to isolate the viruses. Fill the syringe with the purified cowpox viruses. Congratulations. You have just created a vaccine for smallpox. (Cows are no longer used to create smallpox vaccine...)

Which of the following diseases are prevented by vaccines? Select the 3 that apply. a. Hepatitis A b. Polio c. Human Papilloma Virus d. Bacterial Infections

a. Hepatitis A b. Polio c. Human Papilloma Virus

Select the 3 true statements about subunit vaccines. a. The vaccine will stimulate the immune system to attack the antigen (i.e., the protein coat). b. Another example in the subunit category is the anthrax vaccine approved in the U.S. c. If the inoculated person is later exposed to the virus, the immune system will slowly respond to the invader but rarely eliminates it before it has a chance to spread widely. d. A segment of the virus's DNA is responsible for the production of the virus's protein coat. The yeast cell, as it grows, will "read" the viral DNA incorporated in its own DNA and produce the protein that makes up the protein coat of hepatitis B.

a. The vaccine will stimulate the immune system to attack the antigen (i.e., the protein coat). b. Another example in the subunit category is the anthrax vaccine approved in the U.S. d. A segment of the virus's DNA is responsible for the production of the virus's protein coat. The yeast cell, as it grows, will "read" the viral DNA incorporated in its own DNA and produce the protein that makes up the protein coat of hepatitis B.

What is 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of getting live-attenuated vaccinations? Select the 2 that apply.

a. They can cause mild symptoms of the disease. b. They can create stronger resistance to the disease because the antigens are only weakened, not killed off completely (so it can still reproduce)

What are the three priorities for production of vaccines? Select all that apply. a. Vaccines, like the one for rotavirus, that prevent significant suffering b. Vaccines that fight against bacterial conjugation c. Vaccines that prevent severe diseases like measles and influenza d. Vaccines that fight bacterial infections e. Vaccines that fight diseases that cause the most deaths and damage, like meningitis

a. Vaccines, like the one for rotavirus, that prevent significant suffering c. Vaccines that prevent severe diseases like measles and influenza e. Vaccines that fight diseases that cause the most deaths and damage, like meningitis

In addition to measles, live-attenuated vaccines are also used to protect the body against these 3 diseases: a. yellow fever b. smallpox c. rubella d. mumps e. tetanus

a. yellow fever c. rubella d. mumps

There are two types of vaccines: 1) _ or _ vaccines contain an live, but weaker version of the pathogen, which produce mild symptoms, but longer lasting immunity. 2) _ vaccines contain dead microorganisms of the antigen, which is more common for deadlier diseases such as rabies.

attenuated, live, inactivated

Select the three true statements about killed vaccines. a. There are two polio vaccines widely used today. One is Salk's live-attenuated vaccine; the other is a killed vaccine first developed by Albert Sabin. b. In addition to polio and typhus, killed vaccines are used to prevent influenza, typhoid, and rabies. c. The bacteria in the typhoid vaccine is inactivated by exposing the pathogen to heat. d. Radiation and formaldehyde can also be used to inactivate a virus or bacteria.

b. In addition to polio and typhus, killed vaccines are used to prevent influenza, typhoid, and rabies. c. The bacteria in the typhoid vaccine is inactivated by exposing the pathogen to heat. d. Radiation and formaldehyde can also be used to inactivate a virus or bacteria.

Also called _ Immunity; An individual does not produce his or her own _, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through _ milk

borrowed, antibody, breast

A(n) _ is a group of cases in a specific time and place that may or may not be greater than the expected rate

cluster

_ high background rate of disease,

endemic

A(n) _ is the occurrence of more cases of disease than would normally be expected in a specific place or group of people over a given period of time.

epidemic

(2 words) is the resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune

herd immunity

Immune system: The _ _ (2 words) defends the body against infectious organisms/invaders with a network of _, _ and _. (Order of last 3 blanks does not matter)

immune system, tissues, organs, cells

Also called _ Immunity; Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from _. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.

natural, birth

To an epidemiologist, _ means basically the same thing as epidemic. In the public's mind, however, "epidemic" has a far more serious connotation than this term, so this term is often used to avoid sensationalism.

outbreak

The immune system protects the body from _ , which are agents that can cause _. They are covered with _ that can trigger a specific immune response.

pathogens,disease, antigens

_ _ _ (3 words) is the joining together of DNA molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations

recombinant ,DNA, technology

Killed Vaccine: Polio Virus - The goal in creating a killed vaccine is to disable a pathogen's _ ability (its ability to enter cells and multiply) while keeping intact its _ and other characteristics that will generate an immune response against the actual pathogen. When the body is exposed to the _ polio vaccine, its immune system will set up a defense that will attack any _ polio viruses that it may encounter later.

replicating, shape, killed, live

A(n) _ _ (2 words) is an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.

restriction enzyme

Vaccine production: Vaccines have to be stable because it leaves the manufacturing plant, gets bounced around and sometimes _ _ (2 words) are added to act as _ so the vaccine material remains potent.

small , chemicals, stabilizers

Toxoid Vaccine: Tetanus: With a toxoid vaccine, the goal is to condition the immune system to combat not an invading virus or bacteria but rather a _ produced by that invading virus or bacteria. The _ shot is such a vaccine. Tetanus is a disease caused by toxins created by the bacteria Clostridium tetani. The vaccine conditions the body's _ system to eliminate these toxins.

toxin, tetanus, immune

A(n) _ is a procedure that presents the immune system with a harmless variant of a pathogen, thereby stimulating the immune system to mount a long-term defense against the pathogen

vaccination

A(n) _ is a harmless variant of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen

vaccine

In molecular cloning, a _ is used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell.

vector