Medical Sociology (Chapter 1, 2 and 8)

this book was written to explain a relatively complex structural-functionalists model of society, in which social systems are linked to corresponding systems of personality and culture; contained Parson's concept of the sick role

"The Social System"

what are the three epidemiological transitions in human history?

#1. 10,000 years ago: shifted from foraging to agriculture (nutritional diseases) #2. 200 years ago: improved nutrition and living standards, public heath measures and medical advances in developed societies led to a decline in infectious diseases and a rise in chronic and degenerative diseases #3. beginning now: resurgence of infectious disease previously thought to be under control

Parson's sick-role theory can be criticized because of:

#1. behavioral variation #2. types of diseases #3. the patient-physician relationship #4. the sick role's middle-class orientation

what are the four factors responsible for the dramatic increase in STD rates?

#1. birth control #2. sexual liberation and permissiveness #3. migrant employment in developing nations #4. availability of multiple sex partners

according to Parsons the physician exercises leverage through three basic techniques:

#1. professional prestige #2. situation authority #3. situational dependency of the patient

this disease affect Europe between 1340 and 1750; it was responsible for killing approximately 1/3 of the European population

Bubonic Plague

in 1854, the work of what man established the foundation of modern epidemiology

John Snow

an episode of a disorder, illness, or injury involving a person

case

A person may desire to retain the sick role more or less permanently because of what Parsons calls a _______________, which is the exemption from normal obligations and the gaining of other privileges commonly accorded to the sick.

secondary gain

a social state, signifying an impaired social for for those who are ill

sickness

what are the five types of causal agents recognized today?

1. biological 2. nutritional 3. chemical 4. physical 5. social

who wrote "The Social System"

Talcott Parsons

Freidson believed the key to distinguishing among sick roles is the notion of legitimacy. what three types of legitimacy did he describe?

#1. conditional: temporary exemption from normal obligations, obligation to get well #2. unconditional: permanent exemption from obligation, plus gain extra privileges because of hopelessness of deviance #3. illegitimacy: exempt from some obligations but not additional privileges and may be stimatized

Michael Foucault (1973) describes the development of modern medicine and notes the split between what two trends?

#1. medicine of the species: gave strong emphasis on classifying diseases, diagnosing and treating patients and find cures #2. medicine of social spaces: was concerned with preventing disease, especially through government involvement in matters of public hygiene

what are the traditional criteria for identifying disease?

#1. the patient's experience of subjective feelings of sickness #2. the finding by the physician through examination or/or laboratory tests or other indicators that the patient has a disordered function of the body #3. the patient's symptoms conforming to a recognizable clinical pattern

the specific aspects of Parson's sick role can be described in what four basic categories?

#1. the sick person is exempt from "normal" social roles #2. the sick person is not responsible for his or her condition #3. the sick person should try to get well #4. the sick person should seek technically competent help and cooperate with the physician

what are the four states in the field of epidemiology?

1. sanitary era (early 19th century): focus was largely on sewage and drainage systems and the major preventive measure was the introduction of sanitation programs 2. infectious disease era (late 19th century to mid-twentieth century): principle preventive approach was to break the chain of transmission between the agent and the host 3. chronic disease era (mid to late 20th century): focus was on controlling risk factors by modifying lifestyles, agents or the environment 4. eco-epidemiology (21st century): preventive measures are multidisciplinary as scientists from many fields use their techniques to deal with a variety of health problems at the molecular, social behavioral, population and global levels

The symbolic interactionalist perspective on deviance: A. Is based on the concept that what is regarded as deviant behavior by one person or social group may not be so regarded by other persons or social groups. B. Relies on the ideas of what is good and what is bad to define illness, but also incorporates biological components. C. Stresses societal-level processes, systems, equilibrium, and interrelationships, representing a homeostatic approach to deviance. D. Purely focuses on health and wellbeing and disregards other forms of deviance, such as criminality. E. None of the above.

A

who found that low-income and elderly patients are more likely to agree that a person has the right not to be held responsible for his or her illness?

Arluke

the lowest AIDS mortality rates for American males are found in:

Asians

According to Functionalists, processes such as crime and mental illness which disrupt the social order are: A. Functional. B. Dysfunctional. C. Unnecessary. D. Rare. E. None of the above.

B

Medical sociology, as a subdiscipline, began gaining strength: A.It was always part of sociology as a major focus of classical sociologists. B. After World War II with the infusion of large amounts of federal funding for research. C. Only in the last two decades when major worldwide health crises highlighted the need for it. D. It never has been a major part of sociology and exists only as a small part of the medical field. E. None of the above

B

What important event occurred in 1951 that began to reorient American medical sociology toward the use of theory? A. The Vietnam War. B. The publication of Parsons's The Social System. C. The increase in chronic diseases. D. The growth of universities. E. The political swing towards a more conservative era.

B

The so-called "clinical gaze" is best associated with which of the following perspectives? A. Medicine of social spaces. B. Medicine of the species. C. Public health paradigm. D. "Whole person" medical care. E. None of the above

B.

A researcher is interested in reporting how many people in a community were diagnosed with HIV during the past month. He/she would measure the: A. Incidence. B. Prevalence. C. Crude rate. D. Cases. E. Age-specific rate.

C

Unlike infectious diseases, chronic diseases typically are _____________ and ______________. A. Short term; incurable. B. Short term; curable. C. Long term; incurable. D. Long term; curable. E. There is no difference.

C

In developing his concept of the sick role, Parsons linked his ideas to which two classical theorists? A. Marx and Goffman. B. Weber and Marx. C. Marx and Engels. D. Durkheim and Weber. E. Durkheim and Goffman.

D

The World Health Organization defines health as: A. Normality. B. The absence of disease. C. Ability to function. D. A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being E. All of the above.

D

The current public policy approach to dealing with AIDS is: A. Through banning high-risk behaviors. B. Through mandatory universal testing. C Through quarantine of infected individuals. D. Through safe-sex education. E. None of the above

D

The physician exercises leverage over the patient through three basic techniques. Which is NOT one? A. Professional prestige. B. Situational authority. C. Situational dependency of the patient. D. Objective authority. E.All of the above are techniques used to exercise leverage.

D

The traditional identifying criteria for disease do NOT include: A. The patient's experience of subjective feelings of sickness. B.The finding by the physician through examination and/or laboratory tests or other indicators that the patient has a disordered function of the body. C. The patient's symptoms conforming to a recognizable clinical pattern. D. The patient's significant other's identification of a "sick pattern." E. All of the above.

D

Which theorist's work was not included as part of Parsons's concept of the sick role? A. Emile Durkheim. B. Max Weber C. Sigmund Freud. D. Erving Goffman. E. All of the above are theorists whose work was included.

D

The primary focus of the epidemiologist is on: A. Catastrophic disease outbreaks. B. Societal demographics. C. Health and wellness of children. D. Individual's diseases. E. Health problems of social aggregates.

E

Which is NOT a major area of investigation in medical sociology? a. Social facets of health and disease. b. Social behavior of health care personnel and their patients. c. Social functions of health organizations and institutions. d. The relationship of health care delivery systems to other systems. e. all of the above are major areas of investigation in medical sociology

E

Which of the following demonstrates the sociological implications of the HIV/AIDS epidemic? A. Its influence on modifying social norms, values, and lifestyles. B. How certain social behaviors lead to the transmission of the disease and result in a pandemic. C. The social rejection of AIDS patients. D. Moral and religious debates over the meaning of the disease and treatment options. E. All of the above.

E

Which of the following have been significant factors in the most recent epidemiologic transition, which has seen a reemergence of infectious diseases? A. Decreased attention to public sanitation. B. Globalization of trade and travel. C. Global warming and climate change. D. A and B E. B and C

E

the first woman to graduate from an American medical school

Elizabeth Blackwell

regulates the handling of patient data and privacy

Health Insurance and Portability Act (HIPAA)

whats the difference between overt and covert bioterrism?

Overt - the perpetrator announces responsibility for the event or is revealed by the attack Covert - characterized by the unannounced or unrecognized release of agents; the presence of sick people may be the first sign of an attack

who utilized Parson's sick-role concept in explaining social workers' denial of the sick role to alcoholics?

Paul Chalfant and Richard Kurtz

who suggested that medical sociology was divided into two separate but closely interrelated areas- sociology in medicine and sociology of medicine?

Robert Straus

The American Psychiatric Association releases a guide to identifying disease called:

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

People who are physically handicapped typically fall into which category of stigma? A. Abominations of the body. B. Blemishes of individual character. C. Disability of the form and mind. D. Feeling of lack of control. E. All of the above

a

Parsons's concept of the sick role seems to typically apply only to _________ diseases.

acute

In which study were syphilis patients intentionally not treated and allowed to die? a. Nazi experiments. b. Tuskegee. c. STD1976. d. Belmont. e. Zimbardo prison.

b

•Area of study focused on ethical decisions and practices with respect to medical care, research, and human's rights over their bodies

bioethics

-Takes place when people knowingly prepare biological agents or gases and use them to deliberately induce illness and death among other people

bioterrorism

The HIV outbreak in China initially occurred among ____________ in Yunnan Province. a. Bisexuals. b. Homosexuals. c. Intravenous drug users. d. Blood transfusions recipients. e. Infected mothers to children.

c

_________________ has special significance for a society because it is traditionally used as an approximate indicator of a society's standard of living and quality of health care delivery. a. Prevalence of chronic diseases. b. expectancy. c. Infant mortality rate. d. Crude birth rate. e. Age adjusted fertility rate.

c

which of the following plays a particularly important role in the transmission of AIDS is sub-saharan Africa? a. government b. health delivery system c. migrant labor force d. homosexuals e. drug users

c

_______________ is where the deviants are temporarily exempted from normal obligations and gain some extra privileges, provided that they seek help in order to rid themselves of their deviance.

conditional literacy

the number of persons (cases) who have the characteristics being measured during a specific unit of time

crude rate

any act or behavior that violates the social norms within a given social system

deviance

has been characterized as an adverse physical state, consisting of a physiological dysfunction within an individual

disease

is a multi-disciplinary field that studies the origin and distribution of health problems, whether infectious disease, chronic ailments or problems resulting from unhealthy behaviors

epidemiology

all of the following are risk factors for: sex (specifically male) high blood pressure diabetes advancing age cigarette smoking obesity

heart disease

what is the leading cause of death in the United States, accounting for more than one-third of all deaths

heart disease

is a subjective state, pertaining to an individual's psychological awareness of having a disease and usually causing that person to modify his or her behavior

illness

when did the term "medical sociology" first appear?

in 1894, in a medical article by Charles McIntire on the importance of social factors in health

refers to the number of new cases of a specific health disorder occurring withing a given population

incidence

is based on the concept that what is regarded as deviant behavior by one person or social group may not be so regarded by other persons or social groups

labeling theory

a process by which previously non-medical problems are defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illnesses or disorders

medicalization

the total number of cases of a health disorder that exist at any given time

prevalence

refers to social practices and conditions, class position, along with economic, political, and religious factors that affect the health of individuals groups and communities, either positively or negatively

social determinants

what's the difference between sociology in medicine and sociology of medicine?

sociology in medicine: can be characterized as applied research and analysis primarily motivated by a medical problem sociology of medicine: can be characterized as research and analysis of the medical or health environment from a sociological perspective