medulla, adrenal cortex, pituitary glands,

what are the effects of epinephrine?

increases heart rate and force of contraction, dilate blood vessels, dilate airways, breaks glycogen into glucose/ increases blood glucose, increases metabolic rate

what does FSH and LH do?

o Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) affect the male (testes) and female (ovaries) gonads § In males, LH is also known as interstitial-cell stimulating hormone (ICSH).

what does growth hormone (GH) do?

o GH stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce o It also speeds the rate at which cells use carbohydrates and fats

what affects the release of GH?

o Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) from the hypothalamus increases the amount of GH secreted, GH release-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) inhibits its secretion o Nutritional status also affects the release of GH; more is released when glucose is low, or when certain amino acids increase

what hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

o Most important hormones are aldosterone, cortisol, and the sex hormones

what does GH imbalance produce?

o Pituitary dwarfism: Due to GH deficiency during childhood o Gigantism: Due to GH oversecretion during childhood o Acromegaly: Due to GH oversecretion in adulthood

how many steroids does the adrenal cortex produce?

o The cells of the adrenal cortex produce over 30 steroids, some of which are hormones that are vital to survival

what controls the release of cortisol?

· A negative feedback mechanism involving CRH from the hypothalamus and ACTH from the anterior pituitary controls the release of cortisol

what causes secretion of aldosterone?

· Aldosterone is secreted in response to decreasing blood volume and blood pressure; these changes are detected by the kidney

What is aldosterone?

· Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, is secreted by cells of the outer layer; helps regulate mineral/electrolyte balance

what does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do?

· Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produces its effect by causing the kidneys to conserve water. o The hypothalamus regulates the secretion of ADH based on the amount of water in body fluids.

what does aldosterone do?

· Causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and thus water, and to excrete potassium ions

What does cortisol influence?

· Cortisol is a glucocorticoid; regulates glucose metabolism · Produced by cells of the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

what is cortisol?

· Cortisol is a glucocorticoid; regulates glucose metabolism · Produced by cells of the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

what does cortisol do?

· Promotes fatty acid release from adipose tissue, increasing use of fatty acids for energy and decreasing use of glucose · Causes liver cells to produce glucose from noncarbohydrates, to increase blood glucose

what increases the release of cortisol?

· Stress, injury, or disease can also trigger increased release of cortisol o Actions of cortisol from the adrenal cortex: (in response to stress) § Increases blood amino acids, fatty acid release, and glucose formation from noncarbohydrates

what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH),

how long do the effects of hormones last compared to neurotransmitters?

10x longer

What does the posterior pituitary produce?

ADH and oxytocin

What does ACTH do?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Controls the secretion of certain hormones from the adrenal cortex

what are gonadotropins?

FSH and LH Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

what does oxytocin do?

Contracts smooth muscle in the uterine wall; contracts myoepithelial cells associated with milk-secreting glands

what controls the release of FSH and LH?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus

what controls the release of ADH?

Hypothalamus in response to changes in water concentration in body fluids

what controls the release of oxytocin?

Hypothalamus in response to stretching of uterine and vaginal walls and stimulation of breasts

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

when is epinephrine and norepinephrine released?

response to short term stress (fight or flight)

what are sex hormones?

§ Sex hormones, produced in the inner zone, are mostly male hormones (adrenal androgens), but can be converted to female hormones in the skin, liver, and adipose tissues

what do sex hormones do?

§ These hormones supplement those released by the gonads and may stimulate early development of reproductive organs