Memory

Non-declarative memory

"Implicit Memory" Knowledge to which we typically have no conscious access, such as motor and cognitive skills (procedural knowledge). These are life experiences occurring unconsciously which result in behavioral changes. e.g: the acquisition of motor and cognitive skills and habits, acquisition of new conditioned responses which may be either emotional or skeletal.

Retrograde amnesia

Amnesia for remote events. It occurs in normal forgetfulness and senility an inability to retrieve information from one's past

Disuse atrophy theory of forgetting

Continuous exercises and memory practice help brain recording activity of memory traces and prevent forgetting.

Jamais vu

False feeling of unfamiliarity with a real situation that one has experienced.

Paramnesia

Falsification of memory by distortion of recall

How are long term memories made?

First you'd have to know that the information has to be consolidated. That's by becoming part of the molecular structure of the brain and thus less vulnerable to be forgotten. The process of consolidation is based on neuro-chemical changes and circular transmission across neuronal synapses and memory. Then it is said to be stored through memory traces. Whole learning spaced learning, recitation, sleeping after learning and revision in the morning will help much in good retention. (It is said that dream activity during sleep helps in consolidation, see before).

Circumscribed amnesia

Focal amnesia or amnesic gap which is limited to particular period of time and events, before and after which the memory is intact and perfect. It occurs in hysteria.

What happens in the retrieval phase?

Holds information for a long time, maybe permanently. the process by which the information is recovered from memory when it is needed, this occur either by recall which means remembering objects or ideas that not present to the senses as when mentioning the person's name, or by recognition which means the identification of object presented to the senses as when identifying the person's face during his presence.

Deja intendu

Illusion of auditory recognition Deja phenomena may occur in fatigue, intoxication and epilepsy

What are the 3 theories of forgetting?

Interference, Disuse atrophy, Repression

What happens in the retention stage?

It holds the current information you are actively thinking about. is the storage of the encoded information. It is the persisting trace of any learned material as an after effect.

Retrospective falsification

Memory becomes unintentionally distorted by being filtered through a person's present emotional, cognitive, and experiential state Recollection of a true memory to which the patient adds false details.

Could a factor that affected the learning stage have any effect on the retention stages?

Ofc

Hypermnesia

The supposed enhancement of a person's memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion. Exaggerated degree of retention and recall. It occurs in hypomania and paranoia

Confabulation

Unconscious filling of gaps in memory by imagined or untrue experiences that the patient believes but that have no basis in fact. Falsification and confabulation may occur in hysteria some psychosis and KorsakofFs syndromes. the unintended false recollection of episodic memories

Is retrieval dependent on any of the stages?

Yes. The information needs to be learnt and encoded first and then put in short term memory. Then transition to the long term memory. So its dependent on all of the stages before it.

Anterograde amnesia

a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. Amnesia for remote events. It occurs in senility and cerebral atherosclerosis.

Rote learning

a memorization technique based on repetition. The idea is that one will be able to quickly recall the meaning of the material the more one repeats over-learning with searching for the relationship between the learnt material such as organization, classification, location.

Short term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten this is measured by processing tasks in which the response occurs in a matter of minutes after the stimulus is presented.

Global amnesia

amnesia for information presented in all sensory modalities for both recent and remote events. It occurs in senility and with advanced organic brain affections.

What are the types of long term memory?

declarative and non-declarative

Repression theory of forgetting

holds that memories of highly unpleasant (traumatic) events may be unconsciously repressed. Ideally, schools and teachers seldom provide students with experiences so horrendous that they end up being buried in an unconscious place unconscious mental mechanism by which painful, psychological trauma with its memory is forcibly and actively forgotten by putting it in the subconscious mind beyond the conscious level of awareness.

What happens in the encoding stage?

information is translated into a form that can be processed mentally. Information from the environment is constantly reaching your senses in the forms of stimuli. Encoding allows you to change the stimuli so that you may put it into your memory. a sort of controlled learning of certain topics with the intention of retaining them in memory. Encoding is the transformation of physical information into the kind of code that memory can accept.

Retroactive interference

occurs when you forget a previously learnt task due to the learning of a new task. In other words, later learning interferes with earlier learning - where new memories disrupt old memories. the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information the disruption of memory traces of the old learnt material by the recently learnt one

Amnesia

partial or total loss of memory

Memory trace

physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed a hypothetical permanent change in the nervous system brought about by memorizing something; an engram.

What are the 2 types of interference?

retroactive interference and proactive interference

What are the 3 stages of memory?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory 1-Impression or encoding 2-Retention or storage 3-Retrieval or reproduction

What is memory?

storage and retrieval of information Memory is the ability to encode information, retain them for a time and bring them back to conscious awareness when needed.

Declarative memory

the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared It is the conscious recollection of words, scenes, facts, and events, information, and personal experience

Forgetting

the inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage it is caused by the inability to consolidate the memory traces.

Interference theory of forgetting

the theory that forgetting is caused by other memories impairing the retention or retrieval of the target memory. states that forgetting occurs because memories interfere with and disrupt one another, in other words forgetting occurs because of interference from other memories

Long term memory

this is measured by requiring responses hours or days after stimulus presentation. the relatively permanent storage of information

Proactive interference

when you cannot learn a new task because of an old task that had been learnt. When what we already know interferes with what we are currently learning - where old memories disrupt new memories. the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information the disruption of memory traces of the newly learnt material by the old one.