Memory

_____ is when people seek out information that confirms their beliefs and ignore information that opposes their beliefs.

Confirmation bias

_____ is recall of personal facts - remembering what happened in the last game of the World Series uses episodic memory

Episodic memory

_____ (also called "declarative memory") requires conscious thought - such as recallng who came to dinner last night or naming animals that live in the rainforest

Explicit memory

T or F: Although our capacity for storing information is large, we are still limited in the number of permanent memories we can form.

F

T or F: Children typically will repress any memory of having seen one of their parents being murdered.

F

T or F: Humans are the only creatures to display insight

F

T or F: In general, people underestimate how much they really know

F

T or F: It takes less compelling evidence to change our beliefs than it did to create them in the first place

F

T or F: Memory aids (e.g., those that use imagery and devices for organization) are no more useful than simple rehearsal of information

F

T or F: Memory storage is never automatic; it always takes an effort.

F

T or F: Only a few people have any type of photographic memory.

F

T or F: The babbling of an infant at 4 months of age makes it clear whether the infant is French, Korean, or Ethiopian

F

T or F: We store infrmation in memory as libraries store their books, that is, in discrete, precise locations.

F

_____ is when a person is limited to using an object for one purpose and disregarding alternatives

Functional fixedness

_____ are rules of thumb or mental shortcuts used in problem solving

Heuristics

_____ refers to the levels of power and authority that exist in society and in all organizations and human structures

Hierarchy

_____ is sometimes referred to as unconsious memory or automatic memory

Implicit memory

_____ is finding a solution to a problem when you are not consciously trying to solve it.

Incubation

_____ believed that interaction with adults and teachers was critical to language acquisition. In this way, children could hear and practice skills and words they were not quite ready for and leverage themselves, or scaffold themselves, to a higher level of language development. In this way, he was a *nurturist*.

Lev Vygotsky

_____ = cramming

Mass practice

_____ believes that human beings are programmed to learn language, just like a horse is programmed to lean how to walk. He believes humans have a *language acquisition device* (in this way, he is a *naturist*)

Noam Chomsky

_____ refers to previously encoded or learned information going forward (or proceeding) into the future to interfere with the encoding of more recent mental events

Proactive inference

_____ is a type of memory where you remember what you *will* do or what you *plan* to do

Prospective memory

_____ refers to the concept of newly acquired or encoded informatoin going backward (retro) and conflicting with (or getting confused with) older information.

Retroactive interference

_____ is recall of general facts.

Semantic memory

_____ is associated with the malfunctioning of one's explicit memory

Source amnesia

_____ is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge

Source amnesia

_____ is the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Syntax

T or F: Exceptionally creative architects, mathematicians, scientists, and engineers usually score no higher on intelligence tests than do their less creative peers

T

T or F: Imagining a physical activity triggers action in the same brain areas that are triggered when actually performing that activity

T

T or F: Many bilinguals report that they have different senses of self, depending on which language they are using

T

T or F: People are more likely to be afraid of snakes, spiders, and heights than they are of driving in a car, even though driving is much more dangerous

T

T or F: People more easily detect male prejudice against females than females against males or females against females

T

T or F: Repeatedly imagining a nonexistent event can lead us to believe it actually happened.

T

T or F: The day after you are introduced to a number of new students, you will more easily recall the names of those you met first.

T

T or F: The hour before sleep is a good time to commit information to memory.

T

T or F: We all have a tendency to approach a problem with the mind-set of what has worked for us previously

T

T or F: When people learn something while intoxicated, they recall it best when they are again intoxicated.

T

Han needs to speak to his bank manager. As he walks into the bank, he sees a woman in a suit talking to the security guard. He waits to speak to her, assuming she is the manager. When Han introduces himself, she explains she is the niece of the security guard and she is not an employee of the bank. Han likely mistook the woman for the manager because he used which of teh following problem-solving strategies? a. heuristic b. algorithm c. insight d. incubation e. rehearsal

a

Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve indicates that: a) most forgetting occurs early on then levels off b) we forget more rapidly as additional time passes c) forgetting is relatively constant over time d) forgetting is related to many factors, but time is not one of them e) we are more likely to forget items in the middle of a list than at the beginning or the end.

a

Mental rehearsal can improve performance because of the effectiveness of thinking in: a) images b) morphemes c) telegraphic speech d) semantics e) phonemes

a

Noam Chomsky believed which of the following about language? a. children are born with the ability to acquire language b. children must be talked to often in order to acquire language c. children learn language through reinforcement d. children learn language faster if they watch others speak e. the learning of language depends on the environment of the child

a

Noam Chomsky believes that all we need to acquire language is: a) exposure to language in early childhood b) instruction in grammar c) reinforcement for babbling and other early verbal behaviors d) imitation and drill e) linguistic determinism

a

Our common misunderstanding of how short-term memory works indicates that: a. it has a limited capacity b. it has an unlimited capacity c. it lasts indefinitely d. it is not processed consciously e. it is resistant to interference

a

People struggle to identify whether an individual's head is facing left or right on a coin despite a strong familiarity with the coin. Most of us neer take the time to remember details such as this about a coin. Difficulty in pointing out an accurate representation of a penny from a set of phonies results from a failure to a. encode b. store c. retrieve d. recall e. recognize

a

The basketball players could remember the main points of their coach's halftime talk, but not her exact words. This is because they encoded the information: a) semantically b) acoustically c) visually d) shallowly e) automatically

a

When someone provides his phone number to another person, he usually pauses after the area code and again after the next three numbers. This pattern underscores the importance of: a) chunking b) the serial position effect c) semantic encoding d) auditory encoding e) automatic processing

a

Which of the following demonstrates the representativeness heuristic? a) Deciding that a new kid in school is a nerd because he looks like a nerd. b) Fearing air travel because of memories of plane crashes. c) Checking in every drawer to find some matches because matches are usually in drawers. d) Having the solution to a word problem pop into your head because you have just successfully solved a similar problem. e) Applying for jobs in several local grocery stores because your best friend just got a job in a grocery store.

a

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory? a) The ability to find a hidden "Where's Waldo?" figure with practice. b) The ability to retrieve from memory the details of an assignment that is due tomorrow. c) The ability to vividly recall significant events like 9/11 attacks. d) The ability to remember the details of your last birthday party. e) The ability of people to recognize names and pictures of their classmates many years after they have graduated.

a

Which of the following is the BEST example of Noam Chomsky's language acquisition device (LAD)? a. Annabel and Arrabel are twin girls. The girls were born to a German-speaking mother, but soon after birth, they were adopted by two different sets of parents. One set speaks Mandarin Chinese and the other French. The girls grew up fluent in their respective Mandarin and French b. Syndi is just leaning to speak. Even though many of her words do not make sense, it appears as if she is mimicking her parents sentences with the pauses and breaks in her speech c. the hopi indian tribe does not have any past tense words in their language and members never discuss the past. instead, they are always living in the present and the future. d. in the english language, we use several euphemisms for someone who has died. We say things like passed away, went to ve with his maker, knocked on the pearly gates, perished, or called home.

a

Who proposed the idea that language development could be explained with the principles of learning? a) B.F. Skinner b) Noam Chomsky c) Steven Pinker d) Benjamin Lee Whorf e) Paul Broca

a

Your friend asks the name of a song you're listening to on the radio. You know the name but just cannot recall it at the moment. This is an example of a. tip-of-the-tongue phenomena b. cocktail party effect c. serial position effect d. context-dependent memory e. source amnesia

a

An _____ is a problem-solving solution that, while often takes longer, guarantees a solution.

algorithm

An _____ is a problem-solving strategy that follows a formula to find the answer

algorithm

An _____ is a rare cognitive event that must be itself. The human mind can usually describe one idea in terms of another but an _____ is a pure thought that defies being bent to match another thought

artificial concept

A classic demonstration of memory requires two groups of students to memorize a list of sentences. One group is instructed to rate sentences on how easy they are to pronounce. The other group must rate the sentences according to how easy it is to form a mental picture of the statement. Afterward, students in the visualization group remember more content from the sentences than students in the pronunciation group. This result is due to differences in a. long-term potentiation b. levels of processing c. sensory memory d. attention e. implicit memory

b

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, which of the following types of memory houses detailed visual information for less than a second? a. echoic b. iconic c. eidetic d. flashbulb e. episodic

b

Ashley is a very stressed senior in high school. She has quite a few assignments and tests due at the same time. She also has her playoff game and her part-time job. When her mom tells her to relax and that it will be okay, she snaps back, "Mom, you don't understand. If I don't do well now, I will not get into a good college, I will not be able to study finance. I'll end up having to study something I hate and be at a job that I hate too." Which of the following BEST explains why Ashley's mind keeps returning to the worst case scenario? a. formal reasoning b. catastrophizing c. bottom-up processing d. informal reasoning e. convergent thinking

b

Benjamin Lee Whorf's linguistic determines hypothesis related to the: a) influence thinking has on language b) influence language has on thinking c) role of the language acquisition device d) importance of critical periods in language development. e) development of language in nonhuman animals.

b

Chemistry teachers almost always present elements within the context of the periodic table. The periodic table is useful because it is a(n): a) example of chunking b) hierarchy c) mnemonic device d) example of iconic storage e) massed rehearsal strategy

b

Daniel, president of his fraternity, is in charge of choosing a new alarm code for the house. He just finished a cognitive psychology course where he was introduced to George Miller's research. Daniel wants to choose a number his brother will remember. Which of the following numbers would be the BEST choice? a. a strong of twelve computer-generated random numbers b. two groups of three digits and one group of four digits c. thirteen important dates in American history d. eleven digits, chosen randomly e. the birth dates of all fifteen brothers

b

Hakeem remembers how to get from his dorm room to the Center for Psychological Learning after the second week on campus. What is this an example of? a. effortful processing b. automatic processing c. analogies d. short-term memory e. serial position effect

b

In English, we know to put adjectives before nouns because of: a) semantics b) syntax c) representativeness d) fixation e) availability

b

In a classic case of amnesia, Clive Wearing retained the ability to play piano, but lost the ability to form new long term explicit memories. This amnesia was most likely caused by damage to his: a. hypothalamus b. hippocampus c. cerebellum d. limbic system e. frontal lobe

b

Jim was creating a list in his head of all the chores he had to complete before bedtime. While making the list, Jim started thinking about his thought proesses. When Jim thought about his own thinking he was engaged in a. fundamental attribution error b. metacognition c. cognitive dissonance d. priming e. semantic encoding

b

Jimmy was making a fruit smoothie in a blender but forgot to close the machine. In a tragic set of circumstances, he woke up in the hospital of no idea of what happened. Which of the following BEST explains his symptoms? a. retroactive interference b. retrogade amnesia c. anterograde anmesia d. proactive interference e. displacement

b

John believes that Mr. Jones is a poor teacher because he remembers each time that Mr. Jones was unable to answer a question but does not recall the times that Mr. Jones did a good job. John's thinking is being distorted by what phenomenon? a. the framing effect b. confirmation bias c. overconfidene d. functional fixedness e. divergent thinking

b

Kanika misplaced her tablet so she starts in her bedroom and systematically checks every room in her house until she locates it. What strategy is Kanika using to solve her problem? a. heuristic b. algorithm c. insight d. incubation e. rehearsal

b

Karissa is making notecards for her upcoming exam. What is this study technique an example of? a. automatic processing b. effortful processing c. phonetic encoding d. echoic memory e. state-dependent memory

b

Martha quickly recalls the names of all five great lakes by saying "H.O.M.E.S.! Huron, Ontario, Michigran, Erie, Superior" a. implicit memory b. a mnemonic device c. repetition d. memory reconstruction e. shallow procession

b

On average, the capacity of short-term memory is seven bits of information. This was discovered through research conducted by a. Elizabeth Loftus b. George A. Miller c. Hermann Ebbinghaus d. Noam Chomsky e. Wolfgang Kohler

b

One day on her way home from work, Nancy witnessed a suspect fleeing the scene of a bank robbery. Police asked her to come to the station where she picked the suspect out of a line-up. This is an example of a. recall b. recognition c. relearning d. short-term memory e. rehearsal

b

Rose needs to cut open a box, but she cannot find a knife to complete the task. Which of the following would MOST likely help her open the box? a. confirmation bias b. divergent thinking c. functional fixedness d. framing e. prototype

b

Sally has been described by her teacher, Mrs. Felderspar, as a bit absent-minded. While Sally can remember Wundt, Freud, and Skinner, she has trouble remembering to do something she had already planned. What type of memory is Sally struggling with? a. maintenance rehearsal b. prospective memory c. working memory d. sensory register e. long-term memory

b

The neurological basis for long term memories stored in the brain is called: a. action potential b. long term potentiation c. memory consolidation d. storage e. retrieval

b

When a child hears the word "dog", they visualize a poodle. The poodle is an example of a(n) a. algorithm b. prototype c. heuristic d. confirmation bias e. insight

b

Which of the following illustrates a heuristic? a) Calculating the area of a rectangle by multiplying the length times the width. b) Recalling published reports of corporate fraud to estimate how much fraud occurs in American business. c) Looking in each room of your home to find your sleeping cat. d) Following a new recipe to bake a cake for your friend. e) Trying every key on your mom's key ring until you find the one that unlocks the seldom-used store room in the basement.

b

Which of the following is the term for using every possible solution to solve a problem? a. heuristic b. algorithm c. insight d. incubation e. rehearsal

b

Wolfgang Kohler's experiment involving Sultan, a chimpanzee who was given two hollow bamboo sticks to retrieve a banana beyond his reach, led to the conclusion that the ability to reach a sudden solution can be described using which of the following terms? a. incubation b. insight c. mental set d. functional fixedness e. cognitive dissonance

b

You are least likely to remember more psychology in your psychology classroom than in other environments because: a) mood congruence b) context effects c) state-dependency d) proactive interference e) retroactive interference

b

"Chair", "freedom", and "ball" are all: a) phonemes b) heuristics c) concepts d) telegraphic utterances e) prototypes

c

Amy is trying to help her son with his math homework but cannot grasp the school's new curriculum. Every time Amy thinks she gets it, she ends up teaching him according to the old way. This is an example of a. retroactive interference b. retrograde amnesia c. proactive interference d. anterograde amnesia e. self-consistency

c

The ability to find multiple solutions to problems is called a. convergent thinking b. intelligence c. heuristic d. algorithm e. divergent thinking

e

Audra is struggling in geometry. She usually learns well by examples and analogies. She asks her math teacher, Ms. Bird, to explain things so she can understand them. Ms. Bird has trouble coming up with analogies because certain concepts in math are considered perfect concepts. Which of the following BEST describes this situation? a. prototype b. exemplar c. artificial concept d. heuristic e. proposition

c

Five-year-old Juan is working on a puzzle. Since the last piece that fit was blue, he immediately tries to connect another blue piece. What type of problem-solving technique is Juan using to complete his puzzle? a. algorithm b. trial-and-error c. heuristics d. insight e. intuition

c

For information to transfer from our sensory memory into short-term memory, which of the following is necessary? a. sensation b. perception c. attention d. rehearsal e. repetition

c

German students unfamiliar with American geography guessed that San Diego was larger than San Antonio more frequently than American students made this correct identification. The German students were effectively using: a) framing b) the representativeness heuristic c) intuition d) belief perseverance e) mental set

c

Hermann Ebbinghaus conducted research that led to the discovery of which of the following? a. false memories b. the capacity of short term memory c. forgetting curve d. nativist theory of language e. insight learning

c

Hermann Ebbinghaus is considered a pioneer in memory research because he established the importance of: a) semantic encoding b) mnemonic devices c) rehearsal d) iconic storage e) long-term potentiation

c

Ivanna and Charlie are expecting their first child. At the ultrasound, Ivanna was told that there was a thirty percent chance the child could have Down syndrome. Ivanna was anxious after hearing the news until her husband told her there was a seventy pecent chance that the child would not have Down syndrome. What might Ivanna's change in perception be attributed to? a. confirmation bias b. overconfidence c. the framing effect d. functional fixedness e. mental set

c

Jack and Jill watch a presidential debate together. Before the debate, Jack prefers Candidate A, and Jil likes Candidate B. After the debate, Jack and Jill are both certain that their candidate won the debate, citing instances where they did well, and minimizing times they did poorly. Which concept BEST explains their differing perceptions of the debate? a. availability heuristic b. representativeness heuristic c. confirmation bias d. overconfidence e. intuition

c

John is r'3" and very muscular. Even though he works as a flight attendant, John is often mistaken for a professional football player due to his appearance. People's mistaken assumptions about his vocation are BEST explained by a. the framing effect b. divergent thinking c. the representativeness heuristic d. intrinsic motivation e. a mental set

c

Memory for automatic activities like tying one's shoe or riding a bike is known as a. explicit memory b. working memory c. procedural memory d. eidetic memory e. semantic memory

c

Rama frequently complains to Suzy about her parents. Suzy notices that Rama repeats teh same stories and that each time, Rama's stories change and become more elaborate. She has occasionally pointed out Rama's increasing exaggeratoin, but Rama swears she is remembering accurately. Which term BEST explaisn what is happening with Rama's stories? a. negative transfer b. proactive interference c. reconstructive memory d. cognitive decay e. elaboration

c

Sally goes to a dog park and sees many young dogs catching frisbees and doing tricks. She wishes her old, trust dog could do a trick, but she believes he is too old to learn any new information. Which of the following concepts supports her belief? a. retrograde amnesia b. anterograde amnesia c. proactive interference d. displacement e. retroactive interference

c

The "magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the a. ideal number of times to rehearse information in the first encoding session b. number of seconds infromation stays in short-term memory without rehearsal c. capcity of short-term memory d. number of seconds information stays in echoic storage e. number of years most long-term memories last

c

The nature-or-nurture debate weaves itself through nearly every part of psychology. This is especially true in the development of children. Which of the following analogies BEST describes the relationship between Vygotsky's work and Chomsky's work? a. Chomsky is to development as Vygotsky is to stagnation b. Vygotsky is to nature as Chomsky is to nurture c. Vygotsky is to nurture as Chomsky is to nature d. Chomsky is to critical period as Vygotsky is to nature e. Vygotsky is to Wernicke's area as Chomsky is to Broca's area

c

The phrase "it's like riding a bike" refers to something that an individual remembers for long periods of time even without consciously thinking about it. This is called a. declarative b. semantic c. procedural d. eidetic e. episodic

c

When deciding which college to attend, Ben pays little attention to Joe's Business College, which is next to the food court at the mall. Instead, he opts for State University with its brick buildings and large, beautiful campus, because it seems closer to what a college should look like. Ben's decison is MOST influenced by a. the availability heuristic b. intuition c. the representativeness heuristc d. divergent thinking e. confirmation bias

c

When he was in third grade, Sammy's parents were convinced he would get a soccer scholarship. They even hired a special trainer. Sammy did drills over and ove runtil he did not have to think about performing certain skills. Which of the following BEST describes Sammy's training? a. proactive interference b. displacement c. overlearning d. retroactive interference e. acquisition

c

When it comes to problem-solving, which of the following is TRUE about algorithms? a. using algorithms is usually a quicker way of solving problems b. algorithms are a less accurate way of solving problems c. the accurate use of algorithms will ensure a correct result d. algorithms is another way of saying trial-and-error e. an algorithm is the best example of a concept

c

People often underestimate the amount of time it will take to complete a project because of: a) belief perseverance b) framing c) intuition d) the availability heuristic e) overconfidence

e

Which of the following describes long-term potentiation? a. when attempting to retrieve information, it is easier to recognize than to recall b. constructed memories have the potential to be either accurate or inaccurate c. memories are formed in the brain when a synapse changes to allow for more efficient transfer of information d. implicit memories are processed by the cerebellum instead of by the hippocampus e. information is transferred from working memory to long-term memory

c

While short-term memory lasts for less than a minute, its duration may be extended through: a. recall b. recognition c. rehearsal d. attention e. long-term potentiation

c

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to _____

create new memories

According to Robert Sternberg, which of the following is not a component of creativity? a) a venturesome personality b) imaginative thinking skills c) a creative environment d) a position of ignorance e) intrinsic motivation

d

All of the following kinds of information tend to be automatically processed except: a) space information b) time information c) frequency information d) new information e) well-learned information

d

Carl is studying for his AP Psychology test. After the first day, he only remembers the first few words. To improve his retention, he should apply Ebbinghaus' findings. a. by studying for four hours straight without a break b. by only studying fifteen flashcards at a time c. by pulling an "all-nighter" d. by spacing his study sessions out throughout next week e. by playing a matching game

d

Even as early as elementary schook, many children can do basic algebra. For the problem 2+__=10, a child can quickly fill in the blank and find the missing number. The answer just comes to a child because it feels right or because they just know it. A computer cannot solve a problem that way. Which problem-solving technique do computers use? a. informal reasoning b. top-down processing c. heuristsics d. algorithms e. divergent thinking

d

If you have difficulty remembering this year's Spanish vocabulary because of the French classes you have taken in previous years, you are experiencing: a. memory reconstruction b. multitasking c. retroactive intereference d. proactive interference e. repression

d

Matthew and Jonathan see each other for the first time in twenty years at a class reunion. They immediately recall the winning play of the state championship game they played in together as seniors in high school. Their recall is an example of a. short-term memory b. iconic memory c. procedural memory d. episodic memory e. semantic memory

d

Questions about the reliability of memories would be BEST answered by the research of a. Hermann Ebbinghaus b. George A. Miller c. Noam Chomsky d. Wolfgang Kohler e. Elizabeth Loftus

e

On the first day of class, you play a name game in which you say your name and repeat the names of every student ahead of you in the line. You confidently practice and remember everyone's name when it is you turn until you come to the person directly in front of you. You cannot remember this student's name! a. recency effect b. primacy effect c. saliency effect d. next-in-line effect e. the misinformation effect

d

People are more concerned about a medical procedure when told it has a 10% death rate than they are when told it has a 90% survival rate. This is because of: a) belief perseverance b) insight c) intuition d) framing e) confirmation bias

d

Phonemes are: a) units of meaning in a language b) a form of syntax c) the basis of grammar d) units of sound in a language e) a form of telegraphic speech

d

The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective is called: a) confirmation bias b) insight c) representativeness d) fixation e) availability

d

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is MOST likely to a. avoid the issue of functional fixedness b. involve greater reliance on language skills c. yield more accurate solutions to problems d. save time in arriving at solutions to problems e. minimize the overconfidence phenomenon

d

When Sammy was in third grade, his parents were convinced he would earn a soccer scholarship. They hired a trainer who had Sammy repeat the same drills over and over again. Now that Sammy is in midle school, he cannot do what his new coach teaches him. Which concept BEST explains why Sammy cannot perform the new drills? a. retroactive interference b. anterograde amnesia c. retrograde amnesia d. proactive interference e. displacement

d

Which of the following illustrates an algorithm? a. walking straight to the back of the gocery store because that is usually where they keep the milk b. using online reviews to determine if a restaurant has good food c. getting dinner at a buffet because it is the first restaurant that comes to mind when your friend asks where you want to eat d. walking up and down every aisle until you find a gallon of milk at the grocery store e. a store sells more ground beef when they market it as '93% fat-free' instead of '7% fat'

d

Which of the following is an example of source amnesia? a) Iva can't remember the details of a horrifying event because she has repressed them. b) Mary has entirely forgotten about an incident in grade school until her friend reminds her of the event. c) Michael can't remember this year's locker combination because he confuses it with last year's combination. d) Stephen misremembers a dream as something that really happened. e) Anna, who is trying to lose weight, is unable to remember several of the between-meal snacks she had yesterday.

d

Which of the following is true regarding the role of the amygdala in memory? a) The amygdala helps process implicit memories. b) The amygdala supports Freud's ideas about memory because they allow us to repress memories of trauma. c) The amygdala produces long-term potentiation in the brain. d) The amygdala helps make sure we remember events that trigger strong emotional responses. e) The amygdala is active when the retrieval of a long-term memory is primed.

d

While looking through a family album, Eric insists that he remembers the family beach trip pictured in the album, even though he was onl ytwo years old. His older brother insists that he does not really remember the trip, he has just heard the family stories while looking through the album so many times that he thinks it is an actual memory. Eric's brother is claiming that he is experiencing a. the misinformation effect b. proactive interference c. storage decay d. source amnesia e. inattentional blindness

d

Wolfgang Kohler conducted research on which of the following? a. false memories b. forgetting curve c. nativist theory of language d. insight learning e. the capacity of short-term memory

d

Your best friend insists that cramming several hours the night before an exam is the most effective study method. After taking a psychology course, you inform the friend that she could spend less overall time studying if she would just do a little bit at a time every night the week leading up to a test. This is known as a. massed practice b. elaborate rehearsal c. mnemonics d. the spacing effect e. serial position

d

Hames had not thought about a former soccer teammate for years. After going to a restaurant that they used to go to after practice, James could not help but think of his old teammate. James' memory of his old teammate likely occurred because of which of the following? a. long-term potentiation b. source amnesia c. state-dependent memory d. mood-congruent memory e. context-dependent memory

e

Mnemonic devices are least likely to be dependent upon: a) imagery b) acronyms c) rhymes d) stories e) massed rehearsal

e

When studying for a test, Amado realized that he could only remember the information from the first part of his teacher's lecture. This is MOST likely due to which of the following phenomena? a. retroactive interference b. anterograde amnesia c. source amnesia d. the recency effect e. the primacy effect

e

Which of the following cognitive psychologists saw children going through the same stages of grammar at approximately the same age as evidence of innate language organization? a. William James b. Wolfgang Kohler c. B.F. Skinner d. Howard Gardner e. Noam Chomsky

e

Which of the following illustrates the serial position effect? a) The only name Kensie remembers from the people she met at the party is Spencer, because she thought he was particularly good looking. b) Kimia has trouble remembering information from the book's first unity when she reviews for semester finals. c) It's easy for Brittney to remember that carbon's atomic number is 6 because her birthday is on December 6. d) Kyle was not able to remember the names of all his new co-workers after one week on the job, but he could after two weeks. e) Alp is unable to remember the middle of a list of vocabulary words as well as he remembers the first or last words on the list.

e

Which of the following represents a prototype for the concept indicated in parentheses? a) A whale (mammal) b) An Ostrich (bird) c) A beanbag chair (chair) d) An igloo (house) e) A golden retriever (dog)

e

Which of the following statements concerning memory is true? a) Hypnosis, when used as a component of therapy, usually improves the accuracy of memory. b) One aspect of memory that is usually accurate is the source of the remembered information. c) Children's memories of abuse are always accurate. d) Memories we are more certain of are more likely to be accurate. e) Memories are often a blend of correct and incorrect information.

e

Without proper _____ of information, memory is not stores, therefore cannot be retrieved through either recall or recognition

encoding

The _____ shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it

forgetting curve

"mental shortcut"

heuristic

Implicit & explicit memories are one of the two major subdivisions of _____.

long-term memory

A _____ is when a person approaches a problem using a method that has worked in the past

mental set

Overestimating the accuracy of our decision making is the psychological phenomenon known as _____

overconfidence

Retrograde amnesia is the inability to _____

recall past memories

The _____ states which items in a list are most likely to be remembered.

serial position effect

The _____ describes the process of learning small amounts of information in distributed practice session over a period of time.

spacing effect

The _____ refers to the durability that memory traces in the brain

strength of memory