MENSTRUATION

release of the mature egg cell from the ovary

WHAT IS OVULATION NAMAN

Lutein

a bright-yellow fluid high in progesterone produced as a result of The increasing second pituitary hormone, LH, which directs the follicle cells left behind to produce this

30 to 80 ml

a menstrual flow contains only how many ml of blood?

1. After mastimulate ang pituitary gland ng GnRH mula hypothalamus 2. Mag produce ng two hormones ang anterior lobe ng pituitary gland: FSH at LH

Anong fx ng pituitary gland sa menstruation?

corpus albicans

As the corpus luteum regresses, it is gradually replaced by white fibrous tissue, ano to?

follicular fluid

As the oocyte grows, its cells produce a clear fluid called?

Graafian follicle

At full maturity, the follicle is visible on the surface of the ovary as a clear water blister approximately 0.25 to 0.5 in. across. At this stage of maturation, the small ovum (barely visible to the naked eye, about the size of a printed period) with its surrounding follicular membrane and fluid is termed a

Diseases of the hypothalamus, which cause deficiency of this releasing factor, can result in delayed puberty. Likewise, a disease that causes early activation of GnRH can lead to abnormally early sexual development or precocious puberty

Bakit may delayed puberty, early sexual development or precocious puberty?

include health teaching information on menstruation to both school-age children and their parents as early as fourth grade as part of routine care.

Because menarche may occur as early as 9 years of age, it is good to

After ovulation, the formation of progesterone in the corpus luteum (under the direction of LH) causes the glands of the uterine endometrium to become corkscrew or twisted in appearance and dilated with quantities of glycogen (an elementary sugar) and mucin (a protein). It takes on the appearance of rich, spongy velvet.

EXPLAIN THE 2nd Phase of the Menstrual Cycle (Secretory) SA UTERUS

Immediately after a menstrual flow (which occurs during the first 4 or 5 days of a cycle), the endometrium, or lining of the uterus, is very thin, approximately one cell layer in depth. As the ovary begins to produce estrogen (in the follicular fluid, under the direction of the pituitary FSH), the endometrium begins to proliferate so rapidly the thickness of the endometrium increases as much as eightfold from day 5 to day 14.

EXPLAIN THE First Phase of the Menstrual Cycle (Proliferative) SA UTERUS

ovum to maturity and renew a uterine tissue bed that will be necessary for the ova's growth should it be fertilized.

The purpose of a menstrual cycle is to

proliferative phase-> Secretory phase-> Ischemic phase -> Menses

What are the four phases of the menstrual cycle that occurs in the uterus?

Progesterone

What hormone is thermogenic

because of the accompanying mucus and endometrial shreds.

Why does menses seem to be plenty in amount?

Menstruation

is episodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes.

28 days

the average length

(1) before the end of their cycle (2) EDI SUBTRACT LG NG 14. DAY OF OVULATION: day 6

(1) ovulation does not necessarily occur on the 14th day of their cycle; it occurs 14 days....??? (2) SOOO KUNG 20 days long ang menstrual cycle, kelan ang day of ovulation?

Beginning: Average age at onset, 12.4 years; average range, 9-17 years (menarche) Interval between cycles: Average, 28 days; cycles of 23-35 days not unusual Duration of menstrual flow: Average flow, 4-6 days; ranges of 2-9 days not abnormal menstrual flow Amount of menstrual flow: Difficult to estimate; average 30-80 ml per menstrual period; saturating a pad or tampon in less than 1 hr is heavy bleeding Color: Dark red; a combination of blood, mucus, and endometrial cells Odor: Similar to marigolds

CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLES Beginning (menarche)? Interval between cycles? Duration of menstrual flow? Amount of menstrual flow? Color of menstrual flow? Odor?

During childhood, the hypothalamus is apparently so sensitive to the small amount of estrogen produced by the adrenal glands, release of GnRH is suppressed. Beginning with puberty, the hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to estrogen feedback, so every month in females, the hormone is released in a cyclic pattern.

During childhood, the hypothalamus BAKIT D PA TYO MMENS

an incomplete or ineffective cycle

For a menstrual cycle to be complete, all four organs must contribute their part; inactivity of any part results in

the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, the ovaries, and the uterus.

Four body structures are involved in the physiology of the menstrual cycle:

a hormone that becomes most active at the midpoint (SA GITNA PLG TO MAGAGAMIT AFTER NG ROLE NG FSH) of the cycle and is responsible for ovulation. It also stimulates growth of the uterine lining during the second half of the menstrual cycle (!)

Fx (2) of LH na naproduce ng pituitary gland?

a hormone active early in the cycle (MEANING SA UNA LG SYA ANDON KAPAG NAGAWA NYA NA TO ->) that is responsible for maturation of the ovum

Fx of FSH na naproduce ng pituitary gland?

23-35 days

It is not unusual for cycles to be as short or as long as

1. Every month, kapag fertile ang babae naactivate ng FSH (ng pituitary) ang isa sa mga oocyte (immature egg cell) ng ovary para mag grow at mature 2. Habang nag grow ang oocyte, nag produce ng clear liquid (follicular fluid) NA MAY MARAMING ESTROGEN AT PROGESTERONE 3. Sa pag-grow ng follicular fluid NA NAGSSURROUND SA OOCYTE, it is propelled toward the surface of the ovary 4. At this stage of maturation, the small ovum (about the size of a printed period) with its surrounding follicular membrane and fluid is termed a GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE 5. By day 14 ng typical 28-day cycle, ung ovum ay magdivide by MITOTIC division para magform ng two bodies: Primary oocyte (w/ maraming cytoplasm) and Secodary oocyte (konti lang cytoplasm kaya barely functional) 6. Mieotic division naman Ang next kaya magreduce number of chromosomes to haploid number of 23 7. Day 14, RARAMI ANG LH from pituitary gland (DIBA MIDWAY SIYA MAG AAPPEAR), mag rrelease ng prostaglandin na magpaparupture sa GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE 8. dahil sa pagrupture, Maset free ang ovum mula sa surface ng ovary (ITO NA UNG OVULATION) and is swept into the open end of fallopian tube 9. After the ovum and the follicular fluid have been discharged from the ovary, the cells of the follicle remain in the form of a hollow, empty pit. The FSH has done its work at this point and now decreases in amount. 10. The second pituitary hormone, LH, continues to rise in amount and directs the follicle cells left behind in the ovary to produce lutein (bright-yellow fluid na puno ng progesterone) 11. With lutein production, the follicle is renamed a CORPUS LUTEUM (yellow body). 12. DIBA MABABA UNG PROGESTERONE B4 nito^, bababa rin ung BBT before ovulation tas kapag nagkaroon na dahil sa lutein tataas ang temperature 14. Temperature remains high until DAY 24 kung san progesterone level again decreases 15. the unfertilized ovum atrophies after 4 or 5 days, and the corpus luteum (now called a "false" corpus luteum) remains for only 8 to 10 days 16. As the corpus luteum regresses, it is gradually replaced by white fibrous tissue, and the resulting structure is termed a corpus albicans (white body).

Ovaries fx sa menstruation? ARALIN TO MGA 20x PAG D NIYO PINAKA ARAL YAN BABAGSAK KA

1. Kapag may sperm na mag fertilize as the ovum proceeds down a fallopian tube and the fertilized ovum implants on the endometrium of the uterus 2. corpus luteum remains throughout the major portion of the pregnancy (to about 16 to 20 weeks).

PANO NMN NANGYAYARI FERTILIZATION SA OVARIES?

Hypothalamus

Sino nag release ng GnRH (also called luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone [LHRH] a ang initiate ng menstrual cycle

11mg (This is enough loss that many adolescent women could benefit from a daily iron supplement to prevent iron depletion during their menstruating years)

The iron loss in a typical menstrual flow is approximately

4-6 days

The length of the average menstrual flow (termed menses) although women may have flows as short as 2 days or as long as 9 days

Menses, or a menstrual flow, is composed of a mixture of blood from the ruptured capillaries; mucin; fragments of endometrial tissue; and the microscopic, atrophied, and unfertilized ovum. Menses is actually the end of an arbitrarily defined menstrual cycle. Because it is the only external marker of the cycle, however, the first day of menstrual flow is used to mark the beginning day of a new menstrual cycle.

EXPLAIN The Fourth Phase of the Menstrual Cycle (Menses) sa uterus

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum in the ovary begins to regress after 8 to 10 days, and therefore, the production of progesterone decreases. With the withdrawal of progesterone, the endometrium of the uterus begins to degenerate (at about day 24 or day 25 of the cycle). The capillaries rupture, with minute hemorrhages, and the endometrium sloughs off.

EXPLAIN The Third Phase of the Menstrual Cycle (Ischemic) sa uterus

1. Release GnRH 2. GnRH stimulates pituitary gland to send the gonadotropic hormone to the ovaries to produce estrogen 3. When the level of estrogen rises, release of GnRH is repressed and no further menstrual cycles will occur

Explain action ng hypothalamus sa menstrual cycle

they cause growth (trophy) in the gonads (ovaries)

FSH and LH are called gonadotropic hormones because?