mental health week 2

what does the fontal lobe control

-planning -reasoning -problem solving -personality

what should the blood range of lithium be

0.6-1.2 above 1.5 = toxic

when should blood levels of lithium be drawn

10-12 hours after last dose of lithium

how long does it take for antipsychotic agents to achieve desired effects

2- 6 weeks

A client tells the nurse that psychotropic medicines are dangerous and refuses to take them. Which intervention should the nurse use first? A-Ask the client about any previous problems with psychotropic medications. B-Ask the client if an injection is preferable. C-Insist that the client take medication as prescribed. D-Withhold the medication until client is less suspicious

A-Ask the client about any previous problems with psychotropic medications. The nurse needs to clarify the client's previous experience with psychotropic medication in order to understand the meaning of the client's statement. Asking the client if an injection is preferable may add to the client;s suspicion and feeling threatened. Withholding medication prescribed to relieve delusional beliefs will likely intensify paranoid thinking. Insisting that the client take medication can be a violation of his right to refuse treatment.

Which statement is correct about a 25-year-old client with newly diagnosed schizophrenia? A-age of onset is typical for schizophrenia. B-Age of onset is later than usual for schizophrenia. C-Age of onset is earlier than usual for schizophrenia. D-Age of onset follows no predictable pattern in schizophrenia.

A-age of onset is typical for schizophrenia. primary age of onset for schizophrenia is late adolescence through young adulthood (ages 15 to 25).

Ramsay is diagnosed with schizophrenia paranoid type and is admitted in the psychiatric unit of Medical Center. Which of the following nursing interventions would be most appropriate? A,Establishing a non demanding relationship B-Encouraging involvement in group activities C-Spending more time with Ramsay D-Waiting until Ramsay initiates interaction

A. establishing a non demanding relationship nonthreatening, non demanding relationship helps decrease the mistrust that is common in a client with paranoid schizophrenia. Encouraging involvement in group activities and spending more time with the client would be threatening for a client who is suspicious of other people's motives. This client is unlikely to initiate interaction; the nurse is responsible for initiating a relationship with the client

A nurse is assessing a client diagnosed with schizophrenia for the presence of hallucinations. Which therapeutic communication technique used by the nurse is an example of making observations? A." You appear to be talking to someone I do not see." B "Please describe what you are seeing." C "Why do you continually look in the corner of this room?" D "If you hum a tune, the voices may not be so distracting."

A." You appear to be talking to someone I do not see." The nurse is making an observation when stating, "You appear to be talking to someone I do not see." Making observations involves verbalizing what is observed or perceived. This encourages the client to recognize specific behaviors and make comparisons with the nurse's perceptions.

The nurse in the mental health unit recognizes which of the following as therapeutic communication techniques? Select all that apply. A.Restating B,Listening C.Asking the patient "Why?" D.Maintaining neutral responses E.Providing acknowledgment and feedback FGiving advice and approval or disapproval

A/B/D/E Therapeutic communication techniques include listening, maintaining silence, maintaining neutral responses, using broad openings and open-ended questions, focusing and refocusing, restating, clarifying and validating, sharing perceptions, reflecting, providing acknowledgment and feedback, giving information, presenting reality, encouraging formulation of a plan of action, providing nonverbal encouragement, and summarizing Asking why is often interpreted as being accusatory by the patient and should also be avoided. Providing advice or giving approval or disapproval are barriers to communication.

how does assertive community treatment work

ACT have teams that work with patients in their settings and help them solve problems creatively and perform interventions on call 24 hours

A client tells the nurse that people from Mars are going to invade the earth. Which response by the nurse would be most therapeutic? A. "That must be frightening to you. Can you tell me how you feel about it?" B. "There are no people living on Mars." C. "What do you mean when you say they're going to invade the earth?" D. "I know you believe the earth is going to be invaded, but I don't believe that."

Answer: A. "That must be frightening to you. Can you tell me how you feel about it?" This response addresses the client's underlying fears without feeding the delusion. Attempt to understand the significance of these beliefs to the client at the time of their presentation. Important clues to underlying fears and issues can be found in the client's seemingly illogical fantasies. Option D: Voicing disbelief about the delusion wouldn't help the client deal with underlying fears. Show empathy regarding the client's feelings; reassure the client of your presence and acceptance. The client's delusion can be distressing. Empathy conveys your caring, interest, and acceptance of the client.

A client diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder is suffering from schizophrenia with elements of which of the following disorders? A. Personality disorder B. Mood disorder C. Thought disorder D. Amnestic disorder

Answer: B. Mood disorder According to the DSM-IV, schizoaffective disorder refers to clients suffering from schizophrenia with elements of a mood disorder, either mania or depression. The prognosis is generally better than for the other types of schizophrenia, but it's worse than the prognosis for a mood disorder alone. The term schizoaffective disorder first appeared as a subtype of schizophrenia in the first edition of the DSM. It eventually became its own diagnosis despite lack of evidence for unique differences in etiology or pathophysiology. Therefore, there have been no conclusive studies on the etiology of the disorder.

When teaching the family of a client with schizophrenia, the nurse should provide which information? A. Relapse can be prevented if the client takes the medication. B. Support is available to help family members meet their own needs. C. Improvement should occur if the client has a stimulating environment. D. Stressful family situations can precipitate a relapse in the client.

Answer: B. Support is available to help family members meet their own needs. Because family members of a client with schizophrenia face difficult situations and great stress, the nurse should inform them of support services that can help them cope with such problems. Provide information on client and family community resources for the client and family after discharge: day hospitals, support groups, organizations, psychoeducational programs, community respite centers (small homes), etc. Schizophrenia is an overwhelming disease for both the client and the family. Groups, support groups, and psychoeducational centers can help Although stress can trigger symptoms, the nurse shouldn't make the family feel responsible for relapses.

The nurse is teaching a psychiatric client about her prescribed drugs, chlorpromazine, and benztropine. Why is benztropine administered? A. To reduce psychotic symptoms. B. To reduce extrapyramidal symptoms. C. To control nausea and vomiting. D. To relieve anxiety.

Answer: B. To reduce extrapyramidal symptoms Benztropine is an anticholinergic medication, administered to reduce the extrapyramidal adverse effects of chlorpromazine and other antipsychotic medications. Consequently, it reduces central cholinergic effects by blocking muscarinic receptors that appear to improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Thus, benztropine blocks the cholinergic muscarinic receptor in the central nervous system. Therefore, it reduces the cholinergic effects significantly during Parkinson's disease which becomes more pronounced in the nigrostriatal tract because of reduced dopamine concentrations.

A client is unable to get out of bed and get dressed unless the nurse prompts every step. This is an example of which behavior? A. Word salad B. Tangential C. Avolition D. Perseveration

Answer: C. Avolition Avolition refers to impairment in the ability to initiate goal-directed activity. Avolition, a lack of motivation or reduced drive to complete goal-directed activities, is a concerning and common characteristic in people with schizophrenia. It is one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Negative symptoms involve those that cause a decrease or loss in mental functioning and can interfere with daily functioning, including maintaining a job, relationship, or social life.

Define agoraphobia

Avoidance of certain places or situations that tend to trigger panic attacks. (treatment includes telepsychiatry)

Which therapeutic communication technique should the nurse use when communicating with a client who is experiencing auditory hallucinations? A-"My sister has the same diagnosis as you and she also hears voices." B-"I understand that the voices seem real to you, but I do not hear any voices." C-"Why not turn up the radio so that the voices are muted." D-"I wouldn't worry about these voices. The medication will make them disappear."

B-"I understand that the voices seem real to you, but I do not hear any voices." an example of the therapeutic communication technique of presenting reality. Presenting reality is when the client has a misperception of the environment. The nurse defines reality or indicates his or her perception of the situation for the client.

A student nurse tells the instructor, "I'm concerned that when a client asks me for advice I won't have a good solution." Which should be the nursing instructor's best response? A-"It's scary to feel put on the spot by a client. Nurses don't always have the answer." B-"Remember, clients, not nurses, are responsible for their own choices and decisions." C-"Just keep the client's best interests in mind and do the best that you can." D-"Set a goal to continue to work on this aspect of your practice."

B-"Remember, clients, not nurses, are responsible for their own choices and decisions." Giving advice tells the client what to do or how to behave. It implies that the nurse knows what is best and that the client is incapable of any self-direction. It discourages independent thinking.

A mother rescues two of her four children from a house fire. In the emergency department, she cries, "I should have gone back in to get them. I should have died, not them." What is the nurse's best response? A-"The smoke was too thick. You couldn't have gone back in." B-"You're feeling guilty because you weren't able to save your children." C-"Focus on the fact that you could have lost all four of your children." D-"It's best if you try not to think about what happened. Try to move on."

B-"You're feeling guilty because you weren't able to save your children." best response by the nurse is, "You're experiencing feelings of guilt because you weren't able to save your children." This response utilizes the therapeutic communication technique of reflection which identifies a client's emotional response and reflects these feelings back to the client so that they may be recognized and accepted.

A client with schizophrenia is referred for psychosocial rehabilitation. Which of the following are typical of this type of program? Select all that apply. A-Analyzing family issues and past problems b-Developing social skills and supports c-Learning how to live independently in a community d-Learning job skills for employment E-Treating family members affected by the illness Participating in in-depth psychoanalytical counselling

B/C/D goal of psychosocial rehabilitation as a treatment method is to help the client develop the skills and supports necessary for successful living, learning, and working in the community. Analysis of family issues and past problems and treatment of family members are not commonly part of this type of program. The emphasis of psychosocial rehabilitation is on the client's development of skills in the here and now; consequently, psychoanalytic counselling is not part of the approach.

A woman is admitted to the psychiatric emergency department. Her significant other reports that she has difficulty sleeping, has poor judgment, and is incoherent at times. The client's speech is rapid and loose. She reports being a special messenger from the Messiah. She has a history of depressed mood for which she has been taking an antidepressant. The nurse suspects which diagnosis? A. Schizophrenia B. Paranoid personality C. Bipolar illness D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

C. Bipolar illness Bipolar illness is characterized by mood swings from profound depression to elation and euphoria. Delusions of grandeur along with pressured speech are common symptoms of mania. The bipolar affective disorder is a chronic and complex disorder of mood that is characterized by a combination of manic (bipolar mania), hypomanic and depressive (bipolar depression) episodes, with substantial subsyndromal symptoms that commonly present between major mood episodes. why not schizophrenia? Schizophrenia doesn't exhibit mood swings from depression to euphoria. Derived from the Greek 'schizo' (splitting) and 'phren' (mind) with the term first coined by Eugen Bleuler in 1908, schizophrenia is a functional psychotic disorder characterized by the presence of delusional beliefs, hallucinations, and disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior. Traditionally, symptoms have divided into two main categories: positive symptoms which include hallucinations, delusions, and formal thought disorders, and negative symptoms such as anhedonia, poverty of speech, and lack of motivation

A client with paranoid personality disorder is admitted to a psychiatric facility. Which remark by the nurse would best establish rapport and encourage the client to confide in the nurse? A. "I get upset once in a while, too." B. "I know just how you feel. I'd feel the same way in your situation." C. "I worry, too, when I think people are talking about me." D. "At times, it's normal not to trust anyone."

Correct Answer: A. "I get upset once in a while, too." Sharing a benign, non-threatening, personal fact or feeling helps the nurse establish rapport and encourages the client to confide in the nurse. The nurse can't know how the client feels. Identify with the client symptoms he experiences when he or she begins to feel anxious around others. Increased anxiety can intensify agitation, aggressiveness, and suspiciousness. If a client is found to be very paranoid, solitary or one-on-one activities that require concentration are appropriate. The client is free to choose his level of interaction; however, concentration can help minimize distressing paranoid thoughts or voices.

A client with schizophrenia is receiving antipsychotic medication. Which nursing diagnosis may be appropriate for this client? A. Ineffective protection related to blood dyscrasias B. Urinary frequency related to adverse effects of antipsychotic medication C. Risk for injury related to a severely decreased level of consciousness D. Risk for injury related to electrolyte disturbances

Correct Answer: A. Ineffective protection related to blood dyscrasias Antipsychotic medications may cause neutropenia and granulocytopenia, life-threatening blood dyscrasias, that warrant a nursing diagnosis of Ineffective protection related to blood dyscrasias. These medications also have anticholinergic effects, such as urine retention, dry mouth, and constipation. Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and blood dyscrasia are rare side effects of treatment with FGAs.

A client is about to be discharged with a prescription for the antipsychotic agent haloperidol (Haldol), 10 mg by mouth twice per day. During a discharge teaching session, the nurse should provide which instruction to the client? A. Take the medication 1 hour before a meal. B. Decrease the dosage if signs of illness decrease. C. Apply sunscreen before being exposed to the sun. D. Increase the dosage up to 50 mg twice per day if signs of illness don't decrease.

Correct Answer: C. Apply a sunscreen before being exposed to the sun. Because haloperidol can cause photosensitivity and precipitate severe sunburn, the nurse should instruct the client to apply a sunscreen before exposure to the sun. Photosensitivity is an adverse effect of many drugs, characteristically producing skin lesions in the areas exposed to light, which includes the face, "V" area of the neck, extensor surfaces of forearms, and dorsa of hands with sparing of submental and retroauricular areas. Two major mechanisms mediating drug induced photosensitivity reactions are phototoxic and photoallergic responses.

How soon after chlorpromazine (Thorazine) administration should the nurse expect to see a client's delusional thoughts and hallucinations eliminated?A. Several minutes A. Several minutes B. Several hours C. Several days D. Several weeks

Correct Answer: D. Several weeks Although most phenothiazines produce some effects within minutes to hours, their antipsychotic effects may take several weeks to appear. It can take a few days for chlorpromazine to take effect. It's difficult to determine how long one can expect to wait, as the medication affects each person differently. Ideally, the client should stay on an antipsychotic medication for four to six weeks before deciding whether to continue taking it in the long term. This gives the medication a chance to build up in the system and to begin delivering its full effects.

A client, age 36, with paranoid schizophrenia believes the room is bugged by the Central Intelligence Agency and that his roommate is a foreign spy. The client has never had a romantic relationship, has no contact with family members, and hasn't been employed in the last 14 years. Based on Erikson's theories, the nurse should recognize that this client is in which stage of psychosocial development? A. Autonomy versus shame and doubt B. Generativity versus stagnation C. Integrity versus despair D. Trust versus mistrust

Correct Answer: D. Trust versus mistrust This client's paranoid ideation indicates difficulty trusting others. Erikson believed that early patterns of trust help children build a strong base of trust that's crucial for their social and emotional development. If a child successfully develops trust, they will feel safe and secure in the world. You're essentially shaping their personality and determining how they will view the world.

A client tells the nurse, "I feel bad because my mother does not want me to return home after I leave the hospital." Which nursing response is therapeutic? A-"It's quite common for clients to feel that way after a lengthy hospitalization." B-"Why don't you talk to your mother? You may find out she doesn't feel that way." C-"Your mother seems like an understanding person. I'll help you approach her." D-"You feel that your mother does not want you to come back home?"

D-"You feel that your mother does not want you to come back home?" technique of restatement. Restatement is the repeating of the main idea that the client has verbalized. This lets the client know whether or not an expressed statement has been understood and gives him or her the chance to continue, or clarify if necessary.

A client states, "You won't believe what my husband said to me during visiting hours. He has no right treating me that way." Which nursing response would best assess the situation that occurred? A-"Does your husband treat you like this very often?" B-"What do you think is your role in this relationship?" C-"Why do you think he behaved like that?" D-"Describe what happened during your time with your husband."

D. an example of the therapeutic communication technique of exploring. The purpose of using exploring is to delve further into the subject, idea, experience, or relationship. This technique is especially helpful with clients who tend to remain on a superficial level of communication.

Since admission 4 days ago, a client has refused to take a shower, stating, "There are poison crystals hidden in the showerhead. They'll kill me if I take a shower." Which nursing action is most appropriate? A. Dismantling the showerhead and showing the client that there is nothing in it. B. Explaining that other clients are complaining about the client's body odor. C. Asking a security officer to assist in giving the client a shower. D. Accepting these fears and allowing the client to take a sponge bath.

D. Accepting these fears and allowing the client to take a sponge bath By acknowledging the client's fears, the nurse can arrange to meet the client's hygiene needs in another way. Attempt to understand the significance of these beliefs to the client at the time of their presentation. Important clues to underlying fears and issues can be found in the client's seemingly illogical fantasies. Recognize the client's delusions as the client's perception of the environment. Recognizing the client's perception can help you understand the feelings he or she is experiencing.

Drogo who has had auditory hallucinations for many years tells Nurse Khally that the voices prevents his participation in a social skills training program at the community health center. Which intervention is most appropriate? A-Let Drogo analyze the content of the voices. B-Advise Drogo to participate in the program when the voices cease. C-Advise Drogo to take his medications as prescribed. D-Teach Drogo to use thought stopping techniques

D.Teach Drogo to use thought stopping techniques Clients with long-lasting auditory hallucinations can learn to use thought stopping measures to accomplish tasks. Analyzing the content of the voices may be indicated when hallucinations first occur to establish whether the voices are threatening to the client or instructing him to harm others. However, focusing on their content at this point would reinforce this symptom. The voices have lasted many years; the client should participate despite the voices. There is no indication that the client is not taking medication as prescribed.

symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome

FEVER fever, encephalopathy, vitals unstable, elevated enzymes, rigidity of muscles

how does sodium affect lithium

High sodium intake leads to lower levels of lithium and less therapeutic effect. Low sodium intake leads to higher lithium levels, which could produce toxicity.

how long is assertive community treatment done for

Length of treatment may extend to years until the patient is more stabilized or ready to accept transfer to a more structured site for care.

which is the most anticholinergic drug among the SSRI

Paroxetine (paxil)

side effect for olanzapine (Zyprexa)

Side effects include sedation, weight gain, hyperglycemia with new-onset type 2 diabetes, and higher risk for metabolic syndrome.

what is social skill training

Social skills training occurs when an individual may be taught skills that they are lacking usually in schizos and autistic patients

How do first generation antipsychotics work?

These drugs are strong antagonists (blocking the action) of the D2 receptors for dopamine. By binding to these receptors and blocking the attachment of dopamine, they reduce dopaminergic stimulation. These drugs may be most effective on the "positive" symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions (e.g., paranoid and grandiose ideas) and hallucinations (e.g., hearing or seeing things not present in reality).

Which of the following client statements demonstrates the major symptoms of schizophrenia? A "I had too much to drink last night, started feeling all-powerful, and stupidly drove my truck into a tree." B "I've been depressed ever since our house was destroyed by fire." C "'A stitch in time saves nine' means that prevention is easier than fixing a real problem." D "You can read my mind. This light of mine will shine, fine; blinding world will end at nine."

You can read my mind. This light of mine will shine, fine; blinding world will end at nine." clang association

What information concerning haloperidol (Haldol) should you communicate to the patient? a-Contact HCP immediately with irregular heartbeat. B-Avoid taking with grapefruit juice. c-Take on an empty stomach. d-Drink extra fluids.

a and d Contact HCP immediately with irregular heartbeat. This can be a sign of neuroleptic malignant syndrome and needs to be investigated quickly. Drink extra fluids. Extra fluids are needed when taking haloperidol due to an increased risk of dehydration with the medication.

what does negative symptoms in schizophrenia mean

absence of something that should be present such as inability to enjoy things (people SHOULD BE ABLE to enjoy things)

what tests are done on patients taking clozapine

absolute neutrophil count every week first 6 months then ever other week next 6 months then monthly

extrapyramidal symptoms include

acute dystonic reactions, parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia.

what is catatonia

alternating immobility and excited agitation

assertive community treatment are used for what type of people

an intensive case management for people who are unable or unwilling to participate in traditional treatment

what type of medications are used to treat EPS from antipsychotics

anticholinergics benztropine/diphenhydramine/trihexyphenidyl/amantidine

when a patient is taking clozapine what manifestations should they report to the doctor

any fever, cough, and flu like symptoms remember that clozapine causes agranulocytosis (Lowered neutrophils)

define stupor

arouses only after painful stimuli

ALL PEOPLE diagnosed with schizophrenia have....

at least ONE psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations/delusions/disorganized speech or thought

when taking lithium and ataxia occurs is that normal side effects or toxic?

ataxia during taking lithium is advanced toxicity 2.0-2.5

function of temporal lobe

auditory language comprehension/allows expression of emotions

Echolalia

automatic and immediate repetition of what others say

Define anosognosia

being unaware that one is ill

what med is used to treat neuroleptic malignant syndrome

bromocriptine

Define circumstantiality speech

characterized by delay in getting to the point b/c of adding unnecessary details and irrelevant remarks

severe clozapine side effects

convulsions and agranulocytosis

Jaime has a diagnosis of schizophrenia with negative symptoms. In planning care for the client, Nurse Brienne would anticipate a problem with: A-auditory hallucinations. B-bizarre behaviors. C-ideas of reference. D-motivation for activities.

d-motivation for activities In a client demonstrating negative symptoms of schizophrenia, avolition, or the lack of motivation for activities, is a common problem. All of the other symptoms listed are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

glutamate is high or low in psychosis

decreased

define erotomania

delusion that someone else is in love with them

meds to treat tardive dyskinesia

deutetrabenazine (Austedo) valbenazine (Ingrezza)

signs of schizophrenia relapse

difficulty sleeping difficulty concentrating hallucinations

what neurotransmitter plays a significant role in psychosis

dopamine high levels of dopamine associated with psychosis

Anticholinergic effects

dry mouth/dry eyes/decreased sweating constipation photophobia blurred vision Tachycardia

what are the effective symptoms

dysphoria (state of unease or generalized dissatisfaction with life.) suicidality hopelessness

coarse hand tremors/confusion/GI upset/sedation/incoordination are what level of lithium toxicity

early signs of toxicity

what is the most effective acute treatment of depression

electroconvulsive treatment

how are the cortisol levels in those with major depressive disorder

elevated cortisol levels thus making them more vulnerable to infection

word salad

extreme form of associative looseness, a jumble of words that is meaningless to the listener

what are some hallucinating cues

eyes tracking/muttering to self/appearing distracted/intently watching a vacant area of the room

what are delusions

false beliefs held despite a lack of evidence to support them

is chlorpromazine (Thorazine) a first or second generation antipsychotic?

first generation

what are some medications given before electroconvulsive therapy

glycopyrrolate/succinycholine/methohexital/

what function does the brainstem control

heart rate/breathing/sleeping/digestion

what is echopraxia

imitation of another person's movements

what does cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia mean

impairment in memory, attention, thinking, judgement or problem solving

define anhedonia

inability to feel pleasure

define anergia

lack of energy

define avolition

lack of motivation

Define alogia

loss of speech production

What is waxy flexibility?

maintaining a given posture inappropriately

what should be monitored when giving chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

monitor respiratory rate

people who metabolize drugs poorly will have what effect

more adverse drug reactions

what is cognitive enhancement therapy based on

neuroplasticity

neologism

new word or expression

should you give paroxetine to those with narrow angle glaucoma

no, because of anticholinergic effects

what does positive symptoms in schizophrenia mean

presence of something that should not be there

why are second generation antipsychotics preferred over first generation

produce fewer EPS and target both the negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia

when a psychotic patient is agitated/restless what should you do to the environment

reduce excess stimulation, dim lights, lower tv volume, redirect to less stimulating activaties/areas

risk of serotonin syndrome is greatest when

risk of this syndrome seems to be greatest when an SSRI is administered in combination with a second serotonin-enhancing agent, such as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).

which second generation antipsychotic has the highest risk for EPS, and increases prolactin leading to sexual dysfunction

risperidone (Risperdal)

what disorder has The presence of hallucinations, auditory or visual, or delusions, irrational belief, persecutions, flat affect, no motivation, no speech or minimal, or speaks as word salad.

schizophrenia

is clozapine first gen or second gen antipsychotic

second gen

function of parietal lobe

sensory and motor proprioception and body awareness

define akathisia

subjective feeling of restlessness objective signs of restlessness

what does affective symptoms mean

symptoms involving emotions and their expression

define clang associations

the stringing together of words because of their rhyming sounds, without regard to their meaning

when a patient is having delusions/hallucinations what should be focused on?

their feelings, and possibly offer reasonable explanations

define associative looseness

thought disturbance demonstrated by speech that is disconnected and fragmented, with the individual jumping from one idea to another unrelated or indirectly related idea.

define pressured speech

urgent or intense speech resists allowing comments from others

function of occipital lobe

vision interprets visual images