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Low fidelity
Give high level, more abstract impressions of the design
Prototype Fidelity
How finished the prototype is perceived to be by participants
Contextual Analysis
Systematic analysis of contextual user work activity data
Design Thinking takes into
account social & cultural aspects of interaction
Analytic Methods
Focus: inherent attributes of design (rather than seeing design in use) E.g., Design walkthroughs, UX inspection methods
Interaction Perspective: Focus
How users operate a system or product A task and intention view Where the user and system come together Where users look at displays and manipulate controls Doing sensory, cognitive, and physical actions
Design Thinking
Human centered Requires thorough understanding of user needs Including emotional needs
Summative Evaluation Metaphor
Guests tasting soup
Formative Evaluation Remember:
Helps you form design
Summative Evaluation Remember
Helps you sum up design
Design Thinking
Market oriented E.g., Apple: Designed by Apple
User Class
A description of the relevant characteristics of the user population who can take a particular role
Paradigm
A world view that includes a set of practices, expectations, & values
High Fidelity
High details of appearance and interaction behavior Required to evaluate design details How users can see complete (in sense of realism) design
Interaction Perspective
How users operate a system or product. Where the user and system come together
Doing is the best kind of
thinking
Context Cues
Creative human activity New ideas synthesized and put together Focus on interaction design
Design Thinking Success
A profound and satisfying user experience
Choosing the right kind of prototype
Choose the right breadth Depth Fidelity Interactivity
Informal Evaluation
Less rigorous methods No need for controls Usually with small sample size, only summary statistics (e.g., mean, variance)
"Click Through" Prototype
Medium fidelity prototype with some active links or buttons Allows sequencing through screens by clicking Usually no more functionality than that
Mental Model
An explanation of someone's thought process about how something works in the real world
Mental Model
An explanation of someone's thought process about how something works in the real world.
Mental model
An explanation of someone's thought process about how something works in the real world.
Why Rapid?
Cost Rapidly changing design
Design Perspectives
Filters to guide thinking, scoping, discussing, and doing design
Design Perspectives
Filters to guide thinking, scoping, discussing, and doing design. 1) Ecological Perspective 2) Interaction Perspective 3) Emotional Perspective
Metaphors in the Design Perspectives: Ecological Perspective
Find metaphors that can be used to describe the broader system structure
Formative Evaluation Metaphor
Cook tasting soup
Designer's Mental Model
Vision of how a system works as held by the designer.
Three Design Paradigms
!) Engineering 2) Human Information Processing 3) Design Thinking
Usually a Hybrid: Empirical
Can involve "simulated empirical" aspects
Design Thinking:
Design Paradigms Defining Design Thinking Design Perspectives
Usually a Hybrid: Analytic
Expert plays role of user
Three Design Paradigms
Engineering Human Information Processing Design Thinking
Mental Model Example
Your mental map of how to get around
low fidelity
Appropriate when design details have not been decided or are likely to change Test users do take them seriously Effective in design evaluations
Design Thinking
Brings a vision of the designed user experience and product appeal and how the design of a product can induce that experience & appeal. Brings in UX earlier
Design Thinking
Joy of riding Optimized fuel economy
"Wizard of Oz" Prototypes
Man behind the curtain Deceptively simple Appearance of a high degree of interactivity Highly flexible prototype
Success
Measured by how much a user can accomplish - Utilitarian Approach. A profound and satisfying user experience
Conceptual Design
Mental Models Metaphors Story Boards
"Wizard of Oz" Prototypes
Simulate behavior in complex situations Used where user inputs are unpredictable Two connected computers in different rooms
Ecological Perspective: Focus is on
how system or product works within it's external environment
Human Information Processing: Focus on
metaphor of mind and computer as symmetrically coupled information processors
Design sometimes refers to
whole UX lifecycle
Human Information Processing
Modalities used to communicate issues with the car
Design Thinking
More than a box in the lifecycle. A discipline of it's own. A way of creating a new vision
Formative Evaluation Data Type
Qualitative
Summative Evaluation Data Type
Quantitative
Design Thinking: Human Centered
Requires thorough understanding of user needs. Including emotional needs
Human Information Processing: Based on
models of how information is sensed accessed and transformed in the human mind and... How these models reflect requirements for hardware & software
Ecological Perspective focus is
on how system or product works within it's external environment How system or product is used in it's context How system or product communicates with people and systems in it's environment
Development often refers to
programming or software implementation
Human Information Processing: Roots in
psychology and human factors
Engineering: Focus on
reliability, user performance, user productivity, avoiding & eliminating errors
Engineering: Roots in
software engineering, human factors, & usability engineering
Ecological Perspective describes how
system works within it's environment
Engineering: Success
(Utilitarian approach) Measured by how much a user can accomplish
Steps of Contextual Anaylsis
1) Identify work roles & user classes 2) Build initial flow model 3) Synthesize work activity notes 4) Consolidate data 5) Build Work Activity Affinity Diagram 6) Communicate results w/ team walkthroughs
Design Thinking
Brings a vision of the designed user experience and product appeal and how the design of a product can induce that experience and appeal.
Design Thinking : Integrative
Brings together contextual inquiry & analysis, modeling, creativity, & innovation
Engineering
Roots in software engineering, human factors, & usability engineering. Focus on reliability, user performance, user productivity, avoiding & eliminating errors
Summative Evaluation Purpose:
Assess user experience given a certain designExample: Critical incident identification, Think aloud Example: Usability study, Surveys, Ethnographic studies Assess improvement in experience
Formal Evaluation
Rigorous experimental designs With controls, hypothesis testing Results subjected to statistical tests to determine significance
"Click Through" Prototype
Some ability to respond to user actions Show interaction flow and some kinds of behavior
Medium Fidelity
Sometimes you need a prototype with a level between high and low fidelity Usually means wireframes because they can be made at almost any level of fidelity
Design Thinking: Integrative
Brings together contextual inquiry & analysis, modeling, creativity, & innovation
Conceptual Design
Connect's the designer's mental model to the user's mental model.
Conceptual Design
Connect's the designer's mental model to the user's mental model. Why is this connection important?
Conceptual Design
Connects the designer's mental model to the user's mental model
Using the right level of Fidelity
Depends on design perspective being addressed Ecological Interaction Emotional
Types of rapid evaluation methods
Design walkthrough Informal demonstration of design concepts Empirical and/or Analytical
Mental Models from the Design Perspectives
Ecological Perspective Interaction Perspective Emotional Perspective
Emotional Perspective
Emotional impact and value-sensitive impact. Starts with the out-of-the box experience
Work Domain
Entire context of work and work practice in the target usage environment
Paper-in-device Mockup
Especially for mobile applications Draw prototype screens on paper Scan and load into device Display as sequence of digital images Images respond to user navigation Uses gestures the device can recognize
Fully Programmed Prototype
Expensive, limited calls for this Good if you really need full-system operational prototype
Ecological Perspective focus
Focus is on how system or product works within it's external environment
Ecological Perspective
Focus is on how system or product works within its external environment.
Empirical Methods
Gather data from use by real participants Usually in lab-based setting
Ecological Perspective: Question
How system or product is used in it's context How system or product communicates with people and systems in it's environment
Ecological Perspective Questions
How system or product is used in it's context? How system or product communicates with people and systems in it's environment?
Formative Evaluation Purpose:
Identify UX problems in design Example: Critical incident identification, Think aloud
"Wizard of Oz" Prototypes
Input actions sent to hidden person @ evaluator's computer Sends appropriate output back to user's computer Gives designers idea of what could've/should've been done by the design
Emotional Perspective
Starts with the out-of-the box experience People use products as part of a larger activity
Design Thinking includes
emotional & phenomenological concerns
Human Information Processing
Roots in psychology and human factors. Focus on metaphor of mind and computer as symmetrically coupled information processors
Hybrid Empirical & Analytic
Simultaneously performing tasks "Observing" UX problems but much is analytic
Metaphors
Use what users already know about an existing system or phenomena. Adapt to help user learn how to use the new system.
User's Mental Model
Vision of how a system works as held by the user.
Interaction Design Requirements
What is required to support users work activity needs 1) Functional Requirements 2) Usability goals 3) Requirements for "be" goals 4) Usefulness
Designer's Mental Model Questions
What the system is? How the system is organized? What the system does and how?
Questions for Designer's Mental Model
What the system is?How the system is organized? What the system does and how?
Questions for User's Mental Model
What the system is?How the system is organized? What the system does and how?
Emotional Perspective: Focus
aesthetics and joy of use Emotional impact and value-sensitive impact Social and cultural implications