Metabolism

Classify vitamins as either fat-soluble or water-soluble and discuss the major uses of each vitamin in the body.

in the body. Water soluble - C and B(8) (Dissolve in water but cant be stored) Fat soluble - A, K, D, E (ADEK absorbed and moved to blood, body can store them)

What is the effect if eating few carbs or none at all. How does this affect cellular respiration?

Body starts to metabolize fat due to the lack of carbs. Cellular respiration would use fat or proteins to provide nutrients to form ATP.

For carbohydrates, fats, and proteins - briefly list their dietary sources, and discuss their common uses in the body.

Carbs - bread, beans, milk, corn, etc. Provide energy, regulation of blood glucose, sparing the use of proteins for energy Fats - nuts, peanut butter, etc. Provide energy and support cell growth. Also protect organs and keep your body warm. Help absorb some nutrients and produce important hormones. Proteins - chicken, meats, milk, beans, etc. Build and maintain bones, muscles, and skin.

List the six main classes of nutrients

Carbs, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, water

Explain the roles of coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD in metabolism.

Coenzyme A - carries two carbon atom into the mitochondria. NAD - accepts and donates electrons FAD - accepts two electrons and two protons to become FADH2

With respect to carbohydrate metabolism: State the overall reaction for glucose catabolism

Glucose + O2 = ATP (40% ATP and 60% Heat). C6H12O6+6O2= ATP+6CO2+6H2O

Describe the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including the substrates and products of each.

Glycolysis - occurs in cytosol. Splits glucose (6 Carbon Sugar) into two 3 Carbon sugars. Each 3 Carbon sugar is oxidized to form 2 pyruvate acid molecules. Energy gain = 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. Citric Acid Cycle - enzyme transforms 2 pyruvate from Glycolysis into 2 AcetylcoA. Only 1 acetylcoA is needed for CAC so it myst cycle twice to yield total products. Energy gain = 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2. Glycogenolysis - breakdown of the molecule glycogen into glucose, a simple sugar that the body uses to produce energy. Gluconeogenesis - formation of a glycogen from sugar

Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Kreb's (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain (chemiosmosis), including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process.

Glycolysis- Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. occurs with or without O2, uses 2 ATP to create 4 molecules of ATP and two NAD+. Only net NAD+ and 2 ATP. In order for pyruvate from glycolysis to enter the Kreb's Cycle it must first be converted into acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which is an oxidative process wherein NADH and CO2 are formed. Another source of acetyl-CoA is beta oxidation of fatty acids. produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and originally derived from glucose Electron transport chain - Occurs in the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 from CAC and Glycolysis travel along membrane donating electrons. (oxidized). Electrons can be separated from hydrogen ions so think of it as e- and H+. up to 34 ATP produced

Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. Provide examples of anabolic and catabolic reactions.

Metabolism - the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Harvesting, making and using energy at any given time known as metabolic rate. Anabolism - the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy. Constructive metabolism. EX: cell growth and repair, development of the body, monomers into macros. Catabolism - break down of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism. EX: Digestion.

Describe factors that affect metabolic rate. Briefly explain thermoregulation in the body.

Metabolism requires specific body temperatures. Convection - air movement to take heat away. Body gives off heat. Fan. Conduction - physical transfer of heat by touch. Air conditioner. Evaporation - sweating to cool the body.

Is all of the heat from cellular respiration wasted?

No all of it is not, some is stored to make ATP and maintain homeostasis.

Briefly review the processes of oxidation- reduction

Oxidized - loss of electron Reduced - Gain of an electron OIL RIG

From the perspective of cellular respiration, why do we breathe?

To provide our body with O2 that is needed to make ATP for the body to carry out its daily functions and maintain homeostasis.

From the perspective of cellular respiration, why do we eat?

To provide the body with nutrients to complete cellular respiration and maintain cellular respiration.