Methods of Psy Chapter 4-6

A correlation-based statistic called ________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability.

Cronbach's alpha

"A strong relationship was found. Children with more positive relationships with their parents had higher academic performance than children with less positive relationships with their parents." From this information, you know that the r in the study was closest to

+.50

The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have ________ principles and ________ standards.

5; 10

Dr. Jewell is interested in measuring people's attitudes toward proposed tax cuts. One of his items reads, "People who support cutting taxes are not well informed about how the government works." What is the problem with this question?

It's a leading question

If a question has a response option such as strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree, this is known as a a. Likert scale b. agreement scale c. semantic differential format d. open-ended format

Likert scale

Which of the following makes it more likely that behavioral observation will have a good interrater reliability? a. a masked study design b. a clear code book c. using naive, untrained coders d. open-ended responses

a clear code book

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document?

a description of the study's hypotheses

When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable?

a negative correlation coefficient

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion?

a researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. What is Dr. Kramer's likely population of interest? a. all students at the university b. all psychology majors and minors c. all students he is currently teaching d. all students in his Introduction to Neuroscience class

all students he is currently teaching

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as

an IACUC

Which of the following is NOT possible? a. a measure is both valid and reliable b. a measure is valid but not reliable c. a measure is neither reliable nor valid d. a measure is reliable but not valid

b. a measure is valid but not reliable

Ethical decision making is

based on a balance of priorities

A researcher wants to know what people really do, not what they think they do. Which method would you advise him to use? a. behavioral observations b. self- report questions c. both behavioral observations and self-report questions d. neither behavioral observations nor self-report

behavioral observations

Another word for observer effects is

expectancy effect

Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues?

fence sitting

Which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey question?

how well its worded

In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question?

it has a double negative

Why is plagiarism a violation of ethics?

it violates an APA standard.

A question that suggests a particular viewpoint to respondents is known as a a. leading question b. double barreled question c. negatively worded question d. ordered question

leading question

Which of the following is an example of physiological measurement?

measurements of hormones in the bloodstream

For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement?

observational measurement

Masked or blind study designs are designed to deal with

observer bias

which of the following is a unique threat to construct validity found only in behavioral observation? a. acquiescence b. fence sitting c. socially desirable responding d. observer bias

observer bias

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study?

participants were not given monetary payments for their time

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report?

principle of beneficence

The construct validity of observations can be threatened by

reactivity

Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract

reactivity

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered?

replacement

A helpful tool for visualizing test-retest reliability and interrater reliability is a

scatterplot

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement?

self-report measurement

In a scatterplot, the direction of the relationship can be seen by the

slope of the line

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies?

students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing

The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease?

syphilis

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions?

the answers must be coded

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?

the principle of justice

Negatively worded questions have low construct validity because a. they lead people to respond with a certain viewpoint rather than with their true opinions b. they capture people's ability to understand the question rather than their true opinions. c. they are too simple to truly capture people's true opinions. d. they are unable to capture people's true opinions because they evoke an emotional response

they capture people's ability to understand the question rather than their true opinions.

Why are double-barreled questions problematic?

they may have poor construct validity