MGIS 3310: Exam 2

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP):

A key must be manually entered into the AP and the client computer. The key encrypts the message before transmission. Not suitable for large networks.

Router:

A network connection device containing software that connects network systems and controls traffic flow between them.

Mobile network (Cellular network):

A network operating on a radio frequency (RF), consisting of radio cells, each served by a fixed transmitter, known as a "cell site" or "base station"

A mobile network (cellular network) is:

A network operating on a radio frequency, consisting of radio cells, each served by a fixed transmitter maintained or leased by cellular phone service providers.

Wireless network:

A network that uses wireless instead of wired technology.

Intranet (Corporate portals):

A network within an organization that uses Internet protocols and technologies for collecting, storing, and disseminating useful information that supports business activities, such as sales, customer service, human resources, and marketing.

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model:

A seven-layer architecture for defining how data is transmitted from computer to computer in a network. OSI also standardizes interactions between network computers exchanging information.

In the context of data communication, which of the following media is based on "line of sight"?

A terrestrial microwave

Narrowband definition:

A voice-grade transmission channel capable of transmitting a maximum of 56,000 bps, so only a limited amount of information can be transferred in a specific period of time.

Multinational example:

A website development agency approaches Jared's company, an affiliate of a parent company in another country, to present a proposal for a redesign of his organization's Web site. Jared is free to make these kinds of decisions without having to consult with the parent company.

Bluetooth:

A wireless technology that allows fixed and mobile devices to transfer data over short distances (usually within 30 feet).

B2C Information sharing:

A B2C e-commerce company can use a variety of methods to share information with its customers, such as company Web sites, online catalogs, e-mail, online advertisements, video conferencing, message boards, and newsgroups.

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX):

A broadband wireless technology based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. It is designed for wireless metropolitan area networks and usually has a range of about 30 miles for fixed stations and 3-10 miles for mobile stations.

Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi):

A broadband wireless technology that allows computers and other devices to communicate over a wireless signal.

Two-tier architecture:

A client (tier one) communicates directly with the server (tier two)

Packet:

A collection of binary digits—including message data and control characters for formatting and transmitting—sent from computer to computer over a network.

Digital subscriber line (DSL):

A common carrier service, is a high-speed service that uses ordinary phone lines. With DSL connections, users can receive data at up to 7.1 Mbps and send data at around 1 Mbps, although the actual speed is determined by proximity to the provider's location.

Transport layer example:

A downloaded file is corrupted due to missing data.

5G:

A fifth-generation wireless data transmission technology, offers the highest cellular data speeds consumers have seen so far and surpasses throughout available on most Wi-Fi networks.

Controller:

A hardware and software device that controls data transfer from a computer to a peripheral device (examples are a monitor, a printer, or a keyboard) and vice versa.

Network interface card (NIC):

A hardware component that enables computers to communicate over a network. Also called an "adapter card"- is the physical link between a network and a workstation, so it operates at the OSI model's Physical and Data Link layers.

Multiplexer:

A hardware device that allows several nodes to share one communication channel.

Decentralized processing:

Each user, department, or division has its own computer (sometimes called an "organizational unit") for performing processing tasks. More responsive to users than a centralized processing system. Drawbacks- lack of coordination among organizational units, the high cost of having many systems, and duplication of efforts.

All of the following are true about General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) except:

GDPR does not cover EU employees

A routing table is used to:

Generated automatically by software, it is used to determine the best possible route for a packet sent to a Web server.

Graph Search by Facebook:

Graph Search allows Facebook users to find people, photos, places, and interests that are relevant to them.

Cross-channel example:

Greg walks around the electronics store for twenty minutes trying to decide if he can afford the new laptop he saw on the shelf. He finally decides he can't handle that expense right now and leaves. Later in the evening, however, he regrets walking away and considers shopping around for the same laptop at a better price. When he gets online, he finds he's received a 10% off coupon from the electronics store, so he goes to the store's Website and orders the laptop.

G2B example:

Ahmed completes his online application for a business license in preparation for opening his own automotive shop.

___ are considered the first large-scale interactive global system.

Airline reservation systems

The advertising model:

An extension of traditional advertising media, such as radio and television. It charges companies for placing banner ads or leasing spots on a Website that receives significant traffic and exposure to target markets.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

An industry-standard suite of communication protocols. Main advantage- enables interoperability (allows the linking of devices running on many different platforms).

Poor telecommunication infrastructures:

An organization might have the resources and skills to implement a worldwide integrated system but not be able to change an existing telecommunication infrastructure. Furthermore, the differences in telecommunication systems make consolidating them difficult.

Global structure (franchiser):

An organization with a global structure uses highly centralized information systems. Subsidiaries have little autonomy and rely on headquarters for all process and control decisions as well as system design and implementation, such as the deployment of a new point-of-sale system throughout the entire company.

International structure:

An organization with an international structure operates much like a multinational corporation, but subsidiaries depend on headquarters more for process and production decisions. Employees can be transferred between subsidiaries but might need to learn how to use different software, depending on how much consistency there is between sister companies.

B2G example:

Hannah files a bid for a contract to build a Website for her city's school system.

Lack of skilled analysts and programmers:

Having skilled analysts and consultants with the knowledge to implement a GIS is critical, particularly with the severe shortage of qualified information systems professionals in the United States and Western Europe. When forming integrated teams, companies must consider the nature of each culture and differences in skills in other countries.

Indexing:

Housed at server farms, search engines use keywords to index data coming in from crawlers.

____ is a supporting activity in Michael Porter's value chain.

Human resource management

The Internet Protocol (IP) uses:

IP addresses to locate Web servers on the Internet.

Router password:

Important to always change the default router password to help prevents other people from accessing the router's configuration settings.

Transnational structure:

In an organization with a transnational structure, all the divisions of the company work together in designing policies, procedures, and logistics and share authority and responsibility, but in general there is no headquarters in a particular country, such as when two companies merge but retain local control of their respective operations.

Broadband definition:

In broadband data transmission, multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to increase the transmission rate, such as when multiple residences rely on the same physical cabling for Internet service. Each user might experience slower Internet service when everyone is placing a heavy load on the connection.

Which country was among the top Asia offshore locations for outsourcing in 2019?

India

Information-Sharing Technologies:

International companies can use a variety of technologies for an integrated GIS. Small companies might outsource to take advantage of expertise that is not available inside the company. On the other hand, large companies with the resources and technical expertise might develop custom applications to be shared across borders.

____ is a service that uses the Internet rather than the telephone network to exchange spoken conversations.

Internet telephony

All of the following are true about 5G, or fifth generation of cellular networks except:

It does not mean that a hospital can serve more patients

E-commerce disadvantages:

Bandwidth capacity problems (in certain parts of the world) Security and privacy issues Accessibility (not everybody is connected to the Web yet) Acceptance (not everybody accepts this technology)

Wide area network (WAN):

Can span several cities, states, or even countries, and it is usually owned by several different parties

Modem Example:

Dante's home router reports that it's not connected to the internet.

Physical layer definition:

Defines the physical medium used for communication, such as network cables that might suffer damage due to rodents, construction work, power failure, or other environmental interference.

B2C Fulfillment:

Delivering products or services to customers varies, depending on whether physical products (books, videos, CDs) or digital products (software, music, electronic documents) are being delivered.

Metropolitan area network (MAN):

Designed to handle data communication for multiple organizations in a city and sometimes nearby cities as well

Global Database:

Designing and implementing a global database is a technical challenge, mainly because of the different character sets required for the names of people and places and the different formats required for phone numbers and postal codes.

____ is a high-speed carrier service that uses ordinary phone circuits to send and receive data.

Digital subscriber line

____ offers a secure, convenient, and portable tool for online shopping and stores personal and financial information, such as credit card numbers, passwords, and PINs.

Digital wallet

G2G (Government-to-government):

Disaster assistance and crisis response

Hypermedia:

Documents that include embedded references to audio, text, images, video, or other documents.

Which term is used for unique identifiers of computer or network addresses on the Internet?

Domain names

G2E (Government-to-employee):

E-training

Strategic support example:

Laura examines data analytics results for one of her company's subsidiaries and discovers they're not converting nearly as many free trials of software to paid subscribers as similarly sized subsidiaries in other countries.

C2C example:

Leslie shops on Facebook for a used kayak to take on her camping trip next month.

International example:

Lief transfers employee records for a sales rep who is transferring from another their parent company's subsidiaries, and then prepares to train the rep on the CRM application used at his location, which is very different than the one the employee used at her previous location.

IM example:

Lise chats with her sales team about a new customer outreach initiative.

Localization:

Localization of a Web site or mobile app is done by creating a separate Web site or app for each country, making the content more appealing to global customers.

E-government:

Many government and other nonbusiness organizations use e-commerce applications, including the Department of Defense, the Internal Revenue Service, and the Department of the Treasury.

Publishing:

Many major publishers in the United States and Europe have Web sites that offer descriptions of forthcoming books, sample modules, online ordering, and search features for looking up books on certain topics or by specific authors.

Internet Services:

Many services are available via the Internet, and most are made possible by the TCP suite of protocols in the Application layer

Software Distribution:

Many vendors distribute software on the Internet as well as drivers and patches. For example, most antivirus vendors make updates available for download to keep up with new viruses and worms.

Tactical support example:

Matt researches options for a new billing system that will natively support various currencies.

POP example:

Michele connects to the Internet at the airport for a few minutes to download any new email messages from work.

Ring topology:

No host computer is required because each computer manages its own connectivity.

____ are community-based marketplaces that enable individuals to communicate directly with each other and conduct e-commerce operations.

Peer-to-peer e-commerce platforms

Multinational structure:

Production, sales, and marketing are decentralized, and financial management remains the parent's responsibility. For example, a subsidiary can make independent decisions about their Website design.

Network topology:

Represents a network's physical layout, including the arrangement of computers and cables.

Transport layer definition:

Responsible for handling delivery errors that can results in corrupted downloads.

SMTP example:

Rex sends an email to his boss updating her on the current status of a complaint from a customer.

C2B example:

Ricky earns a $10 credit on his next purchase in exchange for referring a friend to a new restaurant in town.

Network layer definition:

Routes messages and is responsible for helping Web browsers find Web servers to retrieve Web site data.

Application layer definition:

Serves as the window through which applications access network services, such as when a user interacts with a browser to access a Web site.

B2C Service and support:

Service and support are even more important in e-commerce than in traditional commerce, given that e-commerce companies do not have a physical location to help maintain current customers.

Modem definition:

Short for modulator-demodulator. A device that connects a user to the Internet. Many home network routers require a connection to a modem in order to access Internet service from their providers.

Distributed processing:

Solves two main problems—the lack of responsiveness in centralized processing and the lack of coordination in decentralized processing—by maintaining centralized control and decentralizing operations.

Which is considered a core function of a global information system (GIS)?

Strategic planning

___ of a global information system (GIS) involves broad and long-term goals.

Strategic support

Line of sight Example:

Tamara is frustrated that her satellite signal gets lost during a thunderstorm.

G2C (Government-to-citizen):

Tax filing and payments; completing, submitting, and downloading forms; requests for records; online voter registration

All of the following are true about telepresence except:

Telepresence does not require retrofitting classrooms and equipment.

In the bus topology, a hardware device called a _____ is used at each end of the cable to absorb the transmitted signal.

Terminator

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET):

The Internet started in 1969 as a U.S. Department of Defense project called the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) that connected four nodes: the University of California at Los Angeles, the University of California at Santa Barbara, the Stanford Research Institute at Stanford University in California, and the University of Utah at Salt Lake City

_____ is a popular blogging tool that allows users to post anything from their browsers, phones, desktops, e-mail programs, and so forth.

Tumblr

Bandwidth definition:

The amount of data that can be transferred from one point to another in a certain time period, usually one second. Downloading several large files at one time can overwhelm available bandwidth. Can be expressed as bps (bits per second), Kbps, Mbps, or Gbps.

Throughput:

The amount of data transferred or processed in a specified time.

Which security technique would be most important to ensure that customer shipping addresses printed on picking orders aren't compromised?

The company can keep personal devices out of the workplace so workers can't photograph or record customer information on picking orders.

Segmentation can:

Use routers to isolate portions of a network from the rest of the network and from public Internet access.

SSID (Service Set Identifier):

Used to identify the network for wireless communications. Each network can have a different SSID, and some networks might even hide the SSID for slightly better security.

Star topology:

Usually consists of a central computer (host computer, often a server) and a series of nodes (typically, workstations or peripheral devices)

Global example:

Val trains her coworkers on a new point-of-sale system being implemented by the home office, which is headquartered in a country on the other side of the world.

____ networks are private multipoint networks managed by a third party and used by organizations on a subscription basis.

Value-added

Domain Name System (DNS):

When information is transferred from one network to another, domain names are converted to IP addresses

Searching:

When you enter a search term, the search engine uses the index created to look up the term. If the term exists in the index, the search engine identifies all Web pages linked to the term.

Health Care:

With patient records stored on the Internet, health care workers can order lab tests and prescriptions, admit patients to hospitals, and refer patients to other physicians more easily; also, test and consultation results can be directed to the right patient records automatically.

RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feeds:

a fast, easy way to distribute Web content through subscriptions that deliver new content via a feed reader.

XML (eXtensible Markup Language):

a flexible method for creating common formats of information and was designed to improve the interoperability and data sharing between different systems, which is why RSS feeds are in XML. Any system can interpret the data in an RSS feed the correct way because it's based on the data's meaning, not its format and layout.

Internet backbone:

a foundation network linked with fiber-optic cables that can support very high bandwidth.

Blog (Weblog):

a journal or newsletter that is updated frequently and intended for the general public.

SEO (search engine optimization):

a method for improving the volume or quality of traffic to a Web site by helping a Web site to receive high rankings in search results when people use search engines such as Google or Bing.

PayPal:

a popular online payment system used for many online transactions. Users with valid e-mail addresses can set up accounts and make secure payments using their credit cards or bank accounts.

Service:

a primary activity provided by a company that supports customers after the sale of products or services.

E-cash:

a secure and convenient alternative to bills and coins, complements credit, debit, and charge cards and adds convenience and control to everyday cash transactions.

Extranet definition:

a secure network that uses the Internet and Web technologies to connect intranets of business partners so communication between organizations or with consumers and clients is possible.

IM (Instant messaging) definition:

a service for communicating with others via a private "chat room" on the Internet, such as when chatting with a sales team at work.

Social commerce:

a subset of e-commerce that is influenced by social networks and other online media.

Wiki:

a type of Web site that allows users to add, delete, and sometimes modify content.

Wiki definition:

a type of Web site that allows users to add, delete, and sometimes modify content. Corporate wikis include tighter security and access controls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as posting news about product development or providing instructions, documentation, and guidelines.

Internet:

a worldwide collection of millions of computers and networks of all sizes.

Smart cards:

about the size of a credit card and contains an embedded microprocessor chip for storing important financial and personal information. The chip can be loaded with information and updated periodically.

Centralized processing:

all processing is done at one central computer. The main advantage- being able to exercise tight control over system operations and applications. The main disadvantage- lack of responsiveness to users' needs because the system and its users could be located far apart from each other. This configuration is not used much now.

Social media Information System (SMIS):

an information system that includes all the components like other information systems such as hardware, software, people, and procedures that support content sharing among its members or users. Three additional components: App providers, User communities, and Sponsors.

Global information system (GIS):

an information system that works across national borders, facilitates communication between headquarters and subsidiaries in other countries, and incorporates all the technologies and applications found in a typical information system to gather, store, manipulate, and transmit data across cultural and geographic boundaries.

Offshore outsourcing:

an organization chooses an outsourcing firm in another country that can provide needed services and products.

Multinational corporations (MNCs):

an organization with assets and operations in at least one country other than its home country. An MNC delivers products and services across national borders and is usually centrally managed from its headquarters.

Diverse regulatory practices:

apply to policies on business practices and technological use, including the handling of employees' personal data, and necessitates considerable understanding of applicable laws to protect companies from litigation, fines, and penalties.

Mobile marketing:

approximately 60 percent of Internet access is through mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. (App-based marketing, In-game mobile marketing, location-based marketing, QR codes, Mobile search ads, Mobile image ads, SMS/MMS).

T1 lines or T3 lines:

are typically offered by telephone companies over existing telephony infrastructure. T1 options usually offer lower speeds at higher prices than what is available with DSL, but can reach longer distances into under-developed areas.

Trading partner agreements:

automate negotiating processes and enforce contracts between participating businesses.

Tourism and Travel:

benefited from e-commerce Web applications. Many travel Web sites allow customers to book tickets for plane trips and cruises as well as make reservations for hotels and rental cars.

Brokerage model:

brings sellers and buyers together on the Web and collects commissions on transactions between these parties.

An advantage of an intranet is that the organization can specify a(n) _______ that supports the technologies the organization uses, such as Internet telephony or video conferencing.

browser

Knowledge networks:

build on existing consumer knowledge about products or services and increase trust among potential customers by relying on the recommendations and reviews of their peers.

What does E-business do?

builds on the advantages and structures of traditional business by adding the flexibility that networks offer. It includes transactions that support revenue generation as well as those that focus on buying and selling goods and services.

Electronic data interchange (EDI) and electronic funds transfer (EFT) are forms of _____ e-commerce.

business-to-business

E-commerce:

buying and selling goods and services over the Internet.

QR Code:

can be printed on each order and scanned by the pick-to-light system to register which items on the shelves should be highlighted for each order.

Dynamic router:

can build tables that identify addresses on each network.

Lack of standardization:

can impede the development of a cohesive GIS that is capable of sharing information resources across borders. Electronic data interchange, e-mail, and telecommunication standards vary throughout the world and trying to work with all the various standards is impractical.

An extranet offers an organization:

certain advantages, including reduced costs by giving clients an easy interface for managing files and documents.

B2C (Business-to-consumer):

companies sell directly to consumers. (Amazon, Barnesandnoble.com, Overstock.com)

Hypersocial organizations:

companies that leverage social media to better connect with customers and increase sales through the social process.

Horizontal market:

concentrates on a specific function or business process and automates this function or process for different industries.

Vertical market:

concentrates on a specific industry or market. The utilities industry, the beef and dairy industries, and the sale of medical products are examples of vertical markets.

Tactical support:

concentrates on medium-range activities that move the organization toward achieving long-term goals, such as choosing a billing system that will support various currencies in different national markets.

TDF (Transborder data flow):

consists of national laws and international agreements on privacy protection and data security, and so restricts what types of data can be captured and transmitted in foreign countries.

Human centricity:

directs all company activities and decisions toward providing personalized value to the humans who are a company's customers, employees, or business partners.

By generating and delivering timely and relevant information supported by networks, _____ creates new opportunities for conducting commercial activities.

e-business

G2B (Government-to-Business):

e-commerce includes federal asset sales, license applications, and permit renewals, such as when a new business applies for a business license through a government Website.

B2G (Business-to-Government):

e-commerce includes the sale of products or performance of services by private contractors for government contracts, such as hiring a business to build a government Website.

C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer):

e-commerce involves business transactions between users, such as when consumers sell items to other consumers via the internet (includes Facebook or other social media sites)

B2B (Business-to-business):

e-commerce involves electronic transactions between businesses.

C2B (Consumer-to-Business):

e-commerce involves people selling products or services to businesses or otherwise contributing value to a business in exchange for a fee, such as a customer receiving store credit in exchange for referring new customers to the business.

Infomediary model:

e-commerce sites collect information on consumers and businesses and then sell this information to other companies for marketing purposes.

Subscription model:

e-commerce sites sell digital products or services to customers.

E-procurement:

enables employees in an organization to order and receive supplies and services directly from suppliers.

IRC (Internet Relay Chat) definition:

enables users in chat rooms to exchange text messages with people in other locations in real time on a variety of topics, such as flying drones.

E-business definition:

encompasses all the activities a company performs in buying and selling products and services using computers and communication technologies.

VDSL (Very High-Speed DSL)

has similar upstream and downstream transmission rates up to 100 Mbps over short distances.

Symmetric DSL (SDSL):

has the same data transmission rate to and from the phone network (called upstream and downstream)

A _____ works well for companies that are geographically dispersed.

hierarchical topology

The embedded references in hypermedia documents are called _____.

hypertext

Lack of standardization can:

impede the development of a cohesive GIS that is capable of sharing information resources across borders. Standards vary throughout the world, and trying to work with all those systems can be impractical.

In the context of Web marketing, the term ad _____ refers to one user viewing one ad.

impression

Which is an artificial intelligence application that can be used for Web marketing?

intelligent agent

Strategic support:

involves broad and long-term goals, such as evaluating data analytics reports to detect problems with market engagement.

Operational support:

involves day-to-day activities to ensure that business processes continue as expected, such as implementing business continuity measures like backing up a database.

Organizational (intrabusiness) e-commerce:

involves e-commerce activities that take place inside an organization, typically via the organization's intranet. These activities can include the exchange of goods, services, or information among employees.

Housed at server farms, search engines use _____ to index data coming in from crawlers.

keywords

Some companies create separate Web sites for each country in which they do business. This is called _____ of a Web site.

localization

Which model transfers the old retail model to the e-commerce world by using the medium of the Internet?

merchant

click-and-brick e-commerce:

mixes traditional commerce and e-commerce. It capitalizes on the advantages of online interaction with customers yet retains the benefits of having a physical store location.

Third-party exchange marketplace:

model is not controlled by sellers or buyers. Instead, it is controlled by a third party, and the marketplace generates revenue from the fees charged for matching buyers and sellers.

Seller-side marketplace:

model occurs most often. In this model, sellers who cater to specialized markets, such as chemicals, electronics, and auto components, come together to create a common marketplace for buyers—sort of a one-stop shopping model.

Buyer-side marketplace:

model, a buyer, or a group of buyers, opens an electronic marketplace and invites sellers to bid on announced products or make a request for quotation (RFQ). Using this model, buyers can manage the procurement process more efficiently, lower administrative costs, and implement uniform pricing.

A(n) _____ is a device that connects a user to the Internet.

modem

A _____ is a collection of binary digits, including message data and control characters for formatting and transmitting, sent from computer to computer over a network.

packet

A(n) electronic _____ is the electronic exchange of money or scrip.

payment

A _____ is an electronic audio file that is posted on the Web for users to download to their mobile devices or their computers.

podcast

In the context of the requirement of skilled analysts for implementing a global information system (GIS), there is a severe shortage of qualified information systems ____.

professionals in the United States

Conducted media:

provide a physical path along which signals are transmitted, including twisted-pair copper cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optics.

Real Estate:

provide millions of up-to-date listings of homes for sale. Buyers can review neighborhoods, schools, and local real-estate prices, and customers can use these sites to find realtors and brokerage firms and learn home-buying tips.

Internet of Everything (IoE):

refers to a Web-based development in which people, processes, data, and things are interconnected via the Internet using various means, such as RFID devices, barcodes, wireless systems (using Bluetooth and Wi-Fi), and QR codes. It is a network of networks in which billions of connections create unparalleled opportunities and challenges.

Social networking:

refers to a broad class of Web sites and services that allow users to connect with friends, family, and colleagues online as well as meet people with similar interests or hobbies.

DMZ (demilitarized zone) definition:

refers to an area of the network where the extranet server is placed that is separate from the organization's LAN.

Mixed model:

refers to generating revenue from more than one source.

Electronic payment:

refers to money or scrip that is exchanged electronically. It usually involves use of the Internet, other computer networks, and digitally stored value systems. It includes credit cards, debit cards, charge cards, and smart cards.

Internet of Things (IoT):

refers to the physical objects that are connected to the Internet and, therefore, to all the other physical objects.

Voice-based e-commerce:

relies on voice recognition and text-to-speech technologies.

Static router:

requires the network routing manager to give it information about which addresses are on which network.

Transborder data flow (TDF):

restricts what type of data can be captured and transmitted in foreign countries.

The process of deciding which path data takes on a network is called _____.

routing

In the context of data communication, a _____ is based on "line of sight."

satellite

Client/server model:

software runs on the local computer (the client) and communicates with the remote server to request information or services.

E-check:

the electronic version of a paper check, offers security, speed, and convenience for online transactions.

Coordination:

the process of managing the interaction among activities in different, specialized parts of an organization and requires a decentralized architecture for data, standardization within departments, the ability to communicate these standards to other departments, collaboration systems, and technologies that support informal communication and socialization.

Micropayments:

transactions on the Web involving very small amounts of money. They began as a method for advertisers to pay for cost per view or cost per click.

In an organization with a(n) _____ structure, the parent company and all the subsidiaries work together in designing policies, procedures, and logistics for delivering products and services to the right market.

transnational

In which architecture is the application logic usually on the client side?

two-tier

Newsgroups:

typically more general in nature and can cover any topic; they allow people to get together for fun or for business purposes.

Radiated media:

use an antenna for transmitting data through air or water.

IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things):

used to enhance manufacturing and industrial processes such as predictive maintenance and data analytics on factory floors.

Venmo:

users can transfer funds to others via a mobile app; both the sender and receiver have to live in the United States.

VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) definition:

uses the Internet rather than the telephone network to exchange spoken conversations. Users can forward calls from anywhere in the world and can check voicemail on the computer.

Web marketing:

uses the Web and its supporting technologies to promote goods and services.

Mobile commerce (m-commerce):

using handheld devices, such as smartphones or wireless devices, to conduct business transactions.

Discussion groups:

usually for exchanging opinions and ideas on a specific topic, usually of a technical or scholarly nature

Banner ads:

usually placed on frequently visited Web sites, tend to be small, and employ simple animation. Clicking a banner ad displays a short marketing message or transfers the user to another Web site.

Which concept, introduced by Michael Porter, consists of a series of activities designed to meet business needs by adding cost in each phase of the e-commerce process?

value chain

Omni-channel strategy definition:

various channels are integrated to create a seamless communication across all sales channels, such as drawing products from any of the company's physical stores to meet the needs of a customer either on site or online. This approach improves customer satisfaction and retention by meeting customers wherever they are.

Showrooming:

when consumers physically inspect a product in a store to get a look and feel for it, and then buy it from an online store because it is cheaper to do so.

Digital wallet:

which is available for most handheld devices, offers a secure, convenient, and portable tool for online shopping. They store personal and financial information, such as credit card numbers, passwords, and PINs.

Distributed routing:

Relies on each node to calculate the best possible route.

____, software used by search engines, can go through the other pages that are part of your Web site, as long as there are links to those pages.

Crawlers

E-commerce advantages:

Creating better relationships with suppliers, customers, and business partners Creating "price transparency," meaning all market participants can trade at the same price Being able to operate around the clock and around the globe Gathering more information about potential customers Increasing customer involvement (e.g., offering a feedback section on the company Web site) Improving customer service Increasing flexibility and ease of shopping Increasing the number of customers Increasing opportunities for collaboration with business partners Increasing return on investment because inventory needs are reduced Offering personalized services and product customization Reducing administrative and transaction costs

Cultural differences:

Cultural differences in values, attitudes, and behaviors play an important role in using GISs. For example, in some cultures, using technology is considered a boring, low-level task; in others, being technologically knowledgeable is seen as a sign of social importance.

B2C Ordering:

Customers can use electronic forms or e-mail to order products from a B2C site.

B2C Payment:

Customers have a variety of payment options, such as credit cards, e-checks, and digital wallet.

Some forms of radiated media, such as satellite services do what?

They require direct line of sight access and can be disrupted by interference caused by thunderstroms.

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA):

This technique combines the strongest features of WEP and EAP. Keys are fixed, as in WEP, or dynamically changed, as in EAP.

IRC example:

Tim searches online for casual conversations about his new hobby flying drones.

____ data flow restricts what type of data can be captured and transmitted in foreign countries.

Transborder

Bus topology:

(also called "linear bus") connects nodes along a network segment, but the ends of the cable are not connected, as they are in a ring topology.

Mesh topology:

(also called "plex" or "interconnected"), every node (which can differ in size and configuration from the others) is connected to every other node.

Hierarchical topology:

(also called a "tree") combines computers with different processing strengths in different organizational levels.

POP (Post Office Protocol) definition:

A TCP/IP protocol used to retrieve email.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) definition:

A TCP/IP protocol used to send email.

Uniform resource locators (URLs):

A URL is the address of a document or site on the Internet.

Embracing social messiness:

Allows a company to relate to humans in more authentic ways that help build relationships with customers.

Financial Institutions:

Almost all U.S. and Canadian banks and credit unions, and many others worldwide, offer online banking services and use e-mail to communicate with customers and send account statements and financial reports.

Multi-channel example:

As Paula is walking through the mall, she sees a pair of boots she really likes and googles them to find her size online. She finds them listed on a Website she's used before at a store that does not have a location in her hometown, and she places an order from her phone's browser.

Which Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) service has a lower transmission rate upstream than downstream?

Asymmetric DSL

N-tier architecture:

Attempts to balance the workload between client and server by removing application processing from both the client and server and placing it on a middle-tier server

Omni-channel example:

Brisa is shopping for a new refrigerator at her local home improvement store after researching options, brands, and prices at various stores in her area. She's looking for some specific features, and really needs to find it all in black to match her other appliances. However, the store doesn't have the refrigerator in stock that she wants. The salesperson checks inventory records and finds the exact refrigerator at another branch an hour away. She offers to ship it to Brisa's home for no additional charge, and honors the coupon Brisa found in the local newspaper.

Bandwidth Example:

Casey is downloading a large number of high-resolution images from a file server, and download process is taking a long time.

Operational support example:

Claire sets up a backup copy of her department's customer database and configures an automatic failover in case something happens to the active database.

Communication media (or channels):

Connect sender and receiver devices. They can be conducted (wired or guided) or radiated (wireless).

Local area network (LAN):

Connects workstations and peripheral devices that are in close proximity

VoIP example:

Elijah uses his laptop to check his work voicemails.

_____ are used to connect computers, hubs, switches, and routers to a network in a local area network (LAN).

Ethernet cables

Broadband Example:

Karen's slow Internet connection slows down every evening when her neighbors are home from work and playing online games or streaming movies.

Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP):

Keys are dynamically generated based on the user's ID and password. When the user logs out of the system, the key is discarded. A new key is generated when the user logs back into the network.

Knowledge Graph by Google:

Knowledge Graph provides answers, not just links. So, alongside the usual results, there are now panels containing important facts about people, places, and things.

Politics:

Most political candidates now make use of Web sites in campaigns. The sites are a helpful tool for announcing candidates' platforms, publicizing their voting records, posting notices of upcoming appearances and debates, and even raising campaign funds.

Higher Education:

Most universities have Web sites with information about departments, programs, faculty, and academic resources. Some even offer virtual tours of the campus for prospective students, and more universities are creating virtual divisions that offer entire degree programs via the Internet.

Centralized routing:

One node is in charge of selecting the path for all packets.

E-mail:

One of the most widely used services on the Internet. Web-based: enables you to access your e-mail account from any computer and, in some cases, store your e-mails on a Web server (Outlook and Google gmail) Client-based: consists of an e-mail program you install on your computer; e-mail is downloaded and stored locally on your computer (Mozilla Thunderbird, Outlook, Apple Mail)

___ is a primary activity in a value chain that involves moving and storing products, from the end of the production line to end users or distribution centers.

Outbound logistics

Transnational example:

Rachele works to blend the product catalog for her employer, who recently merged with a similar company based in a nearby country. In the merger, both companies retained local control of their operations but have joined forces to expand brand recognition and bargaining power within their supply chain.

Attenuation Example:

Randy can't get a strong enough Wi-Fi signal to connect to the network.

Physical layer example:

Rats chew through a critical network cable.

Convergence:

Refers to integrating voice, video, and data so that multimedia information can be used for decision making.

Crawling the web:

Search engines use software called crawlers, spiders, bots, and other similar names. These automated modules search the Web continuously for new data.

G2B (Government-to-business):

Sales of federal assets, license applications and renewals

Protocols:

Rules that govern data communication, including error detection, message length, and transmission speed. Protocols also help ensure compatibility between different manufacturers' devices.

WPA2:

The most current wireless security technology available for securing Wi-Fi networks. Uses EAP to obtain a master key. With this master key, a user's computer and the AP negotiate for a key that will be used for a session. After the session is terminated, the key is discarded.

Data communication:

The electronic transfer of data from one location to another. An information system's effectiveness is measured in part by how efficiently it delivers information, and a data communication system is what enables an information system to carry out this function.

Attenuation definition:

The loss of power in a signal as it travels from the sending device to the receiving device, such as when trying to connect to a weak Wi-Fi signal that is too far away.

Search engines:

These allow you to look up information on the Internet by entering keywords related to your topic of interest.

Directories:

These are indexes of information, based on keywords embedded in documents, that allow search engines to find what you are looking for. Some Web sites (such as Yahoo!, a part of Verizon now) also use directories to organize content into categories.

Navigation tools:

These are used to travel from Web site to Web site (i.e., "surf" the Internet).

Employment:

These sites offer comprehensive services to job-seekers (LinkedIn, Monster)

Video conferencing:

Video conferencing technology has been growing rapidly in recent years and offers the next best alternative to conducting face-to-face business meetings for a fraction of the cost, and it can be used in different time zones and locations around the world.

Which is also known as "the Semantic Web"?

Web 3.0

Language diversity:

Websites and mobile apps designed for international markets must consider the impact of language diversity.

An omnichannel strategy enables a business to sell its products and services through:

Websites, Brick-and-mortar stores, and Mobile apps.

Multi-channel strategy definition:

a customer uses one channel to purchase an item, and the various available channels are not connected to each other or share information. Unfortunately, it's easy to lose customers due to lack of coordination between channels, such as when a shopper sees a product in the store, and then goes online to find the right size, only to end up on a different company's Website.

Cross-channel strategy definition:

a customer uses several channels to buy an item, such as examining a product in the store, using a coupon from an email, and ordering the item from the Website. These various channels complement each other and allow the customer more flexibility while reducing the risk of losing sales to competitors.

Network layer example:

Your web browser can't find a particular Web server and reports a routing error.

Application layer example:

Your web browser freezes and is non-responsive.