MGMT 310 EXAM 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS
Which of the following is true with regard to the five-stage group development model?
A positive social focus may aid a group in reaching the performing stage more rapidly.
Which of the following statements is true regarding brainstorming?
Brainstorming can overcome the pressures for conformity.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect that size of the group has on the performance of the group?
Compared to smaller groups, larger groups are better at problem solving.
________ is defined as the extent to which members of a group are similar to, or different from, one another.
Diversity
________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.
Escalation of commitment
Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory?
Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task.
The Pygmalion effect is also called the ________ effect.
Galatea
John Hardley recently joined as marketing director of H2O, a water sports gear company. Though in the last five years the company has had a drastic dip in sales, ever since Hardley has joined he has turned the figures around. In addition to revamping the look of the brand, he has initiated several marketing campaigns through broadcast media to increase customer base for the company. Over the past 6 months, Hardley has managed to get the company to an all-time high peak of sales. Which of the following statements best describes Hardley?
Hardley has a proactive personality.
Why do people who perceive themselves as victims of interactional injustice often blame their immediate supervisor rather than the organization at large?
Interpersonal justice or injustice is intimately tied to the conveyer of the information.
________ is an unconscious process created from distilled experience.
Intuitive decision making
Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational decision-making model?
It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner.
What is the limitation of reinforcement theory in explaining changes in behavior?
It does not recognize the effect of cognitive variables.
Joe Sullivan and Mark Holland, members of the top management at EuAir, an European airlines, were preparing for a meeting to discuss strategies to combat the recent rise in fuel prices. Before the meeting began, Joe and Mark were discussing how oil prices significantly impact the health of the world economy. Joe spoke of how higher oil prices since 1999, partly the result of OPEC supply management policies, contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001. Mark agreed but added that the right kind of strategy could help them overcome this challenge, and that they could even use the situation to hike fares and generate additional revenues. Which of the following statements, if true, would denote the occurrence of groupshift in Joe's opinions during the meeting?
Joe determined that the best strategy would be to slash prices and minimize all fringes that are used for customer service.
Joe Sullivan and Mark Holland, members of the top management at EuAir, a European airline, were preparing for a meeting to discuss strategies to combat the recent rise in fuel prices. Before the meeting began, Joe and Mark were discussing how oil prices significantly impact the health of the world economy. Joe spoke of how higher oil prices since 1999, partly the result of OPEC supply management policies, contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001. Mark agreed but added that the right kind of strategy could help them overcome this challenge, and that they could even use the situation to hike fares and generate additional revenues. Which of the following statements, if true, would weaken the argument that Joe experienced groupshift during the meeting?
Joe suggested adding a fuel surcharge to all tickets for commercial flights with immediate effect.
Naomi Fisher, a sales manager at Pure, a water purifier company, had a new member, Leah Marshall, join her team. Though during Leah's interview, Naomi felt she would be a productive sales executive, her performance has often been below the mark. Consistently in the past three months, Leah has been unable to reach her targets and is falling substantially behind on her annual targets. Naomi assumes that Leah is not determined and motivated enough to do what it takes. Which of the following, if true, weakens Naomi's assumption?
Leah has been assigned a sales territory where consumers are from low income groups.
Joe Sullivan and Mark Holland, members of the top management at EuAir, a European airlines, were preparing for a meeting to discuss strategies to combat the recent rise in fuel prices. Before the meeting began, Joe and Mark were discussing how oil prices significantly impact the health of the world economy. Joe spoke of how higher oil prices since 1999, partly the result of OPEC supply management policies, contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001. Mark agreed but added that the right kind of strategy could help them overcome this challenge, and that they could even use the situation to hike fares and generate additional revenues. Which of the following statements, if true, would denote the occurrence of groupshift in Mark's opinions during the meeting?
Mark proposed that the prices be hiked and additional customer service measures be included so costumers have the best experience flying with EuAir.
Joe Sullivan and Mark Holland, members of the top management at EuAir, a European airlines, were preparing for a meeting to discuss strategies to combat the recent rise in fuel prices. Before the meeting began, Joe and Mark were discussing how oil prices significantly impact the health of the world economy. Joe spoke of how higher oil prices since 1999, partly the result of OPEC supply management policies, contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001. Mark agreed but added that the right kind of strategy could help them overcome this challenge, and that they could even use the situation to hike fares and generate additional revenues. Which of the following statements, if true, would weaken the argument that Mark experienced groupshift in the meeting?
Mark stated that the company should increase operations but at lower fares so they can regain control over the market share.
________ argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want.
Operant conditioning theory
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of status on conformity pressure?
People in high-status jobs have especially negative reactions to social pressure exerted by people in low-status jobs.
________ teams are defined as groups of employees who perform highly related or interdependent jobs and take on many of the responsibilities of their former supervisors.
Self-managed work
Based on the equity theory, which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by distorting her perception of herself?
She believes that she is less capable than her colleague.
If Alberta is a categorized as a Theory X manager, which of the following behaviors is she most likely to exhibit?
She will strictly control all the details of any project she is managing.
Which of the following is true with regard to social loafing?
Social loafing is witnessed less in collectivist cultures where people take pride in group performance.
Which of the following statements represents a strategy that is desirable for making effective teams?
The preference of individual members to work as a part of groups must be considered when forming teams.
Which of the following is most likely to be a drawback of highly conscientious people according to the Big Five model?
They do not adapt well to changing contexts.
Which of the following statements is not true regarding multiteam systems?
They perform better when lines of communication are restricted.
Diane Fielding, owner of the famous Mint chain of restaurants, planned to revamp the whole concept and structure of her outlets. With this purpose in mind, she selected five managers from her existing outlets based on their performance in relation to targets, experience, and motivation. Each manager was asked to take up an aspect of the restaurant's functioning like menu, décor, and customer service measures. Diane was sure that this group of high performers possessed a clear understanding of the ground realities, which made them the best candidates to contemplate and implement the required changes. In order to reward them, she announced a hefty bonus for their collective performance. Six months later, after the changes were implemented, Diane realized that the group had made many questionable decisions, which were resulting in problems. Which of the following, if true, would best explain this outcome?
Typically, these managers viewed each other as competition as Diane only rewarded the highest earning outlet with incentives.
Which of the following statements is true regarding size of teams?
When teams have excess members, cohesiveness declines.
Which of the following is true with regard to deviant workplace behavior?
Widespread deviant workplace behavior depends on the accepted norms of the group.
Which of the following accurately differentiates between work groups and work teams?
Work teams generate a potential for an organization to generate greater outputs with no increase in inputs, while work groups cannot perform this function.
Which of the following statements is true regarding a work team?
Work teams generate positive synergy through coordinated effort.
A high Mach would be most productive in which of the following positions?
a sales person whose major part of the salary consists of sales commission
Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others?
agreeableness
Which of the following types of biases is most likely to play a significant role during a negotiation?
anchoring bias
According to the equity theory, there are four referent comparisons. The referent comparison known as other-inside refers to ________.
another individual or group of individuals inside the employee's organization
Jason Jones has been asked to assemble an eight-member self-managed work team of experienced employees to work on a project that combines the functional areas of research, production, marketing, and distribution. Jason is apprehensive about managing a team so large; he knows from prior experience that larger teams do not always result in greater productivity. Jason has also been informed by the management that this team is being established as the project must progress according to the predetermined timeline. The work lagging behind by one division will cause a cumulative delay in all the successive stages of the project's execution. Which of the following measures, if adopted by Jason, would best ensure that the team members are working efficiently?
assigning the specific tasks of the project to each team member by keeping in mind their preferences and abilities
The concept of operant conditioning is a part of the broader concept of ________, which argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.
behaviorism
A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity is known as ________.
bounded rationality
Managers facing job candidates who lack team skills should do all of the following except ________.
choose the individual with the best technical skills regardless of his or her ability to perform as a member of a team
Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy, people seek ways to achieve ________.
competence and positive connections
People scoring high on ________ are valuable in teams because they're good at backing up fellow team members and at sensing when their support is truly needed.
conscientiousness
Which dimension of the Big Five model is a measure of reliability?
conscientiousness
________ has been found to be more important than other traits in the success of CEOs of private equity companies.
conscientiousness
Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors?
consistency
Which of the following represents the major determinants of group development and functioning as depicted by the punctuated-equilibrium model?
deadlines and time constraints
People with an ESTJ personality type are characterized as ________ according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification.
decisive
Anne Warner, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, is in charge of implementing a campaign activity where she needs to increase the use of renewable energy in the villages of Vietnam. For her project, she uses the rational decision-making model to implement activities. She has just completed identifying an appropriate criteria for decision making and has allocated weights to the criteria. Which of the following is Warner most likely to undertake next according to the model?
develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy
According to the attribution theory, ________ is one the three main factors which attempt to determine an individual's behavior.
distinctiveness
With reference to the attribution theory, which of the following terms indicates the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations?
distinctiveness
According to Albert Bandura, the most important source of increasing self-efficacy is ________.
enactive mastery
The adviser role in a team is responsible for ________.
encouraging the search for more information
Which of the following theories discusses three relationships: effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship?
expectancy theory
Which of the following is a component of the three-component model of creativity?
expertise
The determination of the behavioral patterns and assumptions through which the group approaches the project is a function of the ________ phase in the punctuated-equilibrium model.
first meeting
Which of the following stages of the five-stage group development model is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership?
forming
Which of the following reward systems is likely to reinforce team effort and commitment?
gainsharing
Which of the following is most likely to increase team efficacy?
helping the team achieve small successes
Janice Yoder works in an environmental campaigning organization and often needs to interact with a large team for project implementation activities. However, she always finds it difficult to work as a part of a team. She always seems to have major disagreements with team members which lead to antagonistic relations between them. Though she has moved from one team to another, her relations with colleagues always seem to be hostile and cold. How would the attribution theory describe this behavior?
high on consistency
The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as a(n) ________ bias.
hindsight
David Myers is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are rash drivers. He feels that people driving SUVs do not respect road rules and always violate traffic regulations. What personal factor is most likely to be affecting Myers' perception of SUV drivers?
his expectations
A software development firm has witnessed substantial growth and seeks to expand and reorganize its structure to meet the demands from clients in a better manner. HR has been given a clear directive that one of the major criteria for selection of recruits would be the candidate's ability to function as a team player. This is because the company is revamping all its major functions from the traditional departmental model to an arrangement of flexible teams. Joe Sanchez, one of the firm's oldest and most experienced employees, has demonstrated considerable ability in developing the best programs, but he prefers to work alone. The company does not wish to lose resources like Sanchez and others who lack the ability to work in groups, but teamwork is essential to its reorganization. Which of the following strategies will help rectify this problem?
informing all employees that ability to work in teams will be a major determinant for promotions and bonuses
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people with an ENTP personality type are most likely to be ________.
innovative
Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS), which consists of two sets of values, namely ________ values and ________ values.
instrumental; terminal
Hubert Gray needs an instruction manual developed for his new product. This is the last step of the project and he has severe budget constraints. He needs a small team of technical writers to work together closely to write the manual on fairly short notice. He needs them to communicate ideas quickly, creatively, and affordably. Which of the following group techniques should Hubert consider?
interacting and brainstorming
The work of your group would be better done in teams if the members of the team are ________.
interdependent
Which of the following is a factor present in a perceiver which may affect perception?
interest
The three-component model of creativity proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and ________.
intrinsic task motivation
Phyllis Stintson needs to decide whether to start a campaign against deforestation in Indonesia. Though her research team has provided substantial information on the high feasibility of the project, Stintson does not go ahead with the project. If Stintson made her decision by drawing unconscious references from several different experiences in the past, her decision is most likely influenced by which of the following?
intuiton
John Holland's personality-job fit theory presents six personality types. Which of the following is one of these six types?
investigative
According to Douglas McGregor's Theory Y, a manager assumes that employees ________.
learn to accept responsibility
According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to internal causes.
low on distinctiveness
Shane Dermott is a manager at a software design firm that develops software programs for clients using multiple teams of specialists. One of his most successful teams has been performing very well for years and so it came as a surprise to Shane when he noticed a sharp drop in the team's performance. He decided to speak with the team members individually and find a solution. After interviewing all 7 team members, he determined that one of the team members performed routine administrative tasks that were hardly visible to any of the other team members and understood that this was a case of social loafing which demotivated the entire group. Which of the following would most likely improve the performance of the employee who was social loafing?
making him individually responsible for definite and crucial tasks
With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the realistic type will be most suitable for the job of a(n) ________.
mechanic
Which of the following will be useful in creating team players?
negotiation training
For seven years, Bonnie Patterson has been a manager at Wayne and Watson, a legal consultancy firm. A good part of her workday involves holding meetings, and she likes to follow a well-defined schedule. For this reason, members of her team receive the agenda at the beginning of the meeting, followed by some time to contemplate the issue at hand individually. Subsequently, the team members present their ideas one after the other, the group discusses them together, and lastly, a ranking is done to choose the most favored idea. This represents the ________ approach of group decision making.
nominal group
A group decision-making method in which individual members meet face-to-face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion is the ________ technique.
nominal groups
Which of the following is a factor present in a target which may affect a person's perception?
novelty
Marina Lyon works as a reservation executive at a travel and tourism company. Though her job requires her only to efficiently book flight tickets for customers, she has also opted to undergo training to learn the process of hotel reservations. In addition, every evening she reads travelogues to be aware of upcoming travel destinations and trends. She loves the industry she works in and is eager to learn as much as she can. Considering the information given in this case, which dimension of the Big Five model best describes Lyon's personality?
openness to experience
Role perception is defined as ________.
our view of how we are supposed to act in a given situation
Unlike in the case of goal-setting theory, MBO strongly advocates ________.
participatively set goals
The team effectiveness model classifies the key components of effective teams into three general categories: context, composition, and process. Which of the following variables belongs to the composition category?
personality of team members
Organizational demography suggests that attributes such as age or the date of joining should help the organization in ________.
predicting employee turnover in the company
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type ________.
prefer their world to be ordered
A team consists of employees from the same department who meet for a few hours each week to discuss ways of improving the work environment but they do not have the authority to unilaterally implement any of their suggestions. This is most likely to be a(n) ________ team.
problem-solving
Which of the following types of justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors?
procedural justice
Alberto's team is developing a database for the water pollution data of three cities. Before he begins on this intensive project, he wants to improve the team efficacy of his team. Which of the following actions can Alberto take to increase team efficacy before the project starts?
provide client's software and database training for all the team members
Which of the following are characteristics of the intuitive type of people according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?
rely on unconscious processes and look at the overall picture
A local government work crew cleans up parks and other public spaces. In this crew, the dirtiest jobs are generally given to the newest members, while the more senior members of the crew tend to do little except draw their pay. Which of the following classes of norms encompasses arrangements like this?
resource allocation norms
If a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing, then according to the expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak ________ relationship.
rewards-personal goals
Mark is an excellent technical writer. He has never missed a deadline and all his projects are of superior quality. He now wants to telecommute two days a week, so that he can spend more time with his family. He feels that he has proven his reliability. However, his boss is unable to comply with his request and gives him a substantial raise instead. According to the expectancy theory, Mark's disappointment demonstrates a breakdown in the ________ relationship.
rewards-personal goals
Harriet Kirby, a fund raising manager at a women's rights organization, experienced a bad incident last year with the public relations manager of a banking company who had committed to sponsor a charity event. The bank backed out at the last minute. This year, when a renowned international bank executive showed interest in sponsoring the organization's upcoming annual event, Kirby rejected their participation. She felt that banks have a casual approach toward charity events and it is risky to involve them in the event. Which of the following best characterizes Kirby's decision?
selective perception
The ________ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory or the social learning theory.
self-efficacy
Nick, the director of manufacturing at a large electronics company, has created a team of eleven employees from quality control for working on high priority projects. Nick gives the team members the responsibility of planning and scheduling their own work and making all functional decisions. Also, members of this team evaluate each other's performance. This is an example of a ________ team.
self-managed work
Effective teams translate their common purpose into ________ goals.
specific
When compared to individual decision making, group decision making has a disadvantage in the area of ________.
speed
Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which the person belongs is called ________.
stereotyping
By the end of the stage of ________, a relatively clear hierarchy of leadership within the group is established.
storming
Which of the following represents the second stage in the five-stage group development model?
storming
In the context of the social identity theory, distinctiveness refers to the ________.
tendency of ingroup members to notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups
Uncertainty reduction is a dimension of the social identity theory that manifests itself in the ________.
tendency of people to use the group as a means of understanding who they are and how they fit into the world
A work team is characterized by ________.
the availability of complementary skills among members
During the third stage of group development, ________.
the group demonstrates cohesiveness
According to the expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship is the degree to which ________.
the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to desired outcomes
Which of the following is an example of performance norms?
the manner in which a job must be done
The current popularity of teams can be attributed to the fact that ________.
they represent a better way to use employee talents
Valerie Sinclair, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, invariably uses rationale to make decisions for project implementation. She believes that the right decisions can be made only through scrutiny and analysis. Each time she needs to make a decision, she weighs all options before taking action. Which of the following is a characteristic of Sinclair's personality type according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?
thinking
Which of the following is a factor present in a situation which may affect a person's perception?
time
Tabby Tolman is a project coordinator at Tristar Solutions. Whenever a new project comes her way, she holds a project meeting and follows it up with repeated meetings to address any concerns the team members may have and to monitor their progress. However, with the peak of the business season arriving, she has been holding just one project initiation meeting for every project to save on time. She has become increasingly worried about the team's progress with no inputs coming from the members, and she has had no time to check with them. With two weeks left to go for a high priority project of a month's duration, she has now begun to see some work coming through and is relieved. This development reflects that the group is at the stage of ________.
transition following the halfway mark in the timeline
One of the sources of self-efficacy is ________, becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task.
vicarious modeling
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, introverted-intuitive-thinking-judging type of people are ________.
visionaries