MGMT 363 CH 6

True or false: One of the problems with determining needs is that people's conceptions of needs vary between different cultures or even between individuals.

true

When you compare your situation with that of a comparison other, you suddenly realize that your ratio of outcomes to inputs is significantly less than the other person's. According to equity theory, you would now perceive yourself to be in which state?

underreward inequity

Profit sharing depends on the performance of an entire company. What type of focus does this compensation plan have?

organization

Which of the following needs would be categorized as existence needs?

safety shelter

Which of the following would likely be characterized as an extrinsic motivation?

Bettina's new job has a lucrative bonus benefits package. Samantha's new boss frequently praises her for the quality of her work.

Which of the following would be considered "positively valenced" outcomes for most people?

a salary increase a recognition

Which element of S.M.A.R.T. goals proposes that goals should be challenging yet attainable?

achievable

Which of the following are reasons some employees may lack motivation?

assignment of an ambiguous goal lack of confidence

Employees who have a degree of autonomy in their work tasks are likely to experience which dimension of psychological empowerment?

self-determination

One of the aspects that Ricardo loves best about running a branch office is that the people in headquarters leave him alone and give him considerable latitude in making decisions for the branch. Which component of psychological empowerment does this represent?

self-determination

Employees who experience what motivator tend to produce the best professional results?

self-efficacy

Even though Linda hasn't planned an event quite as large as her company's Christmas party before, she is confident that she'll be able to manage it successfully. It appears that Linda has a high level of what type of belief?

self-efficacy

People with what type of belief think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?

self-efficacy

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered inputs?

skills experience

S.M.A.R.T.

specific measurable achievable results-based time-sensitive

Alana's manager has set a challenging goal for her to increase sales in her region by 10% over the next quarter. In order to achieve this goal, Alana develops educational and problem-solving plans called

task strategies

Setting specific, challenging goals encourages workers to develop plans that teach them new things and answer their dilemmas. These plans are known by what term?

task strategies

Workers who believe that their workplaces have a sense of equity are more likely to exhibit ______ behaviors and less likely to exhibit ______ behaviors.

citizenship; counterproductive

In terms of equity theory, what is the term for the process in which people think about things in new ways--but do not change their behaviors--in order to regain intellectual balance?

cognitive distortion

Katrina discovers that she is earning significantly more than a coworker with more experience. She justifies this by telling herself that she is paid more because she puts more effort into the job than her coworker. Katrina's views are an example of

cognitive distortion

Raul compares himself with other employees in his company who are doing different jobs. What type of comparison is Raul performing?

company equity

Kendra has been working for Harmon Electronics as a quality-control inspector for three years. She learns that a coworker with less experience and less time with the company is earning more than she is. What is Kendra's coworker, according to the equity theory?

comparison other

According to equity theory, when we examine our own efforts and results and compare them to the efforts and results of others, we use the other people as what?

comparison others

Tyler works in customer service for a large financial services firm but wants to ultimately work as a financial analyst, so he is taking advantage of training opportunities at work and seeking challenging assignments that can enhance his skills. Tyler is attempting to build which dimension of psychological empowerment?

competence

Which dimension of psychological empowerment refers to an employee's belief that he or she can perform his or her professional work at a high level?

competence

A(n) ______ goal is one that stretches employees to perform at their maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of their ability.

difficult

When the company announced a sales contest for the following month, Alicia decided to enter. Her choice represents Alicia's ______ of effort.

direction

Irina has always been unsure of herself and doesn't consider herself to be particularly skilled at her job, so when she is given a new task by her boss, she experiences feelings of fear and anxiety. Which determinant of self-efficacy does this represent?

emotional cues

Employee ______ is a combination of perceptions that motivate employees to devote themselves to their jobs.

engagement

Employees with high ______ are fully absorbed and enthusiastic about their work and devote a lot of energy to the job.

engagement

When a person becomes upset because he compares his equity with others and finds his own equity lacking, he might be experiencing what phenomenon?

equity distress

The theory of motivation that suggests that motivation depends on an individual's perception of his or her life and what occurs in lives of others is known as ______ theory.

equity theory

Which of the following motivation theories considers the ratio between outcomes and inputs and recognizes that outcomes depend in part on what occurs in the lives of others?

equity theory

An individual's perceived probability that his or her effort will result in positive outcomes is known as

expectancy

What kind of belief answers the question "What are the chances that, if I work very hard, I'll be able to do a good job?"

expectancy

Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones?

expectancy theory

Danielle is eager to earn an A average in her college courses this semester because her parents have promised her a trip to Florida if she achieves this. The trip is an example of ______ forces in Danielle's motivation.

external

Since Jake is the only purchasing manager in his company, he compares his salary and benefit package with those of purchasing managers in other, similar-sized companies. Jake is using what kind of indicators to examine his position?

external comparisons

When other people recognize the success of others and reward them for their success, it typically fosters ______ motivation.

extrinsic

True or false: Research suggests that women are more likely to view money as representing freedom, respect, and achievement than are men.

false

Gale is responsible for developing the organization's strategic plan. She and her manager meet weekly to discuss her progress. This is an example of which type of moderator on task performance?

feedback

"Money is a tool to be able to do things and travel where I want." This statement emphasizes the dimension of ______ in the symbolic value of money.

freedom

Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action?

goal

The determination with which employees establish a goal and the efforts they will take to achieve it is called

goal commitment

Which theory of motivation argues that goals determine the work actions of people?

goal setting theory

Tony is a member of a small research team for a pharmaceutical company. One of the aspects of his job that he loves best is that he can readily point to his contributions to the team's projects and genuinely feels like he makes a difference in the success of the team. This is an example of which dimension of psychological empowerment?

impact

When people feel that their work makes a difference and contributes to progress, they experience what form of psychological empowerment?

impact

Elena is the sales manager for a floor tiling company. She sees that the sales numbers for Roger have been slipping and wants him to do a better job. Under goal-setting theory, which of the following goals for Roger would most likely result in higher levels of task performance?

increase sales by 25% during the next quarter

Kelli believes that if she does well on the next test, she will earn an A in the course. These thoughts demonstrate what type of belief?

instrumentality

Krystal complained to her husband after her performance review. "I don't get it," she said. "I got the top rating in the department, but I got the same raise as everyone else, even the slackers. Obviously, our raises don't depend on how hard you work or how good a job you do!" Krystal would be described as having low ______ according to expectancy theory.

instrumentality

What is term for the level of effort that motivated employees put forth?

intensity

An individual's self-confidence and need for achievement are considered ______ forces in motivation.

internal

In terms of equity theory, a(n) ______ refers to an employee examining others within the same organization.

internal comparison

When an individual experiences psychological empowerment, performing the work tasks serves as its own reward. This is a form of what kind of motivation?

intrinsic

Applied to the work context, ______ results from the feeling that job tasks are valuable relative to an individual's own ideals and passions.

meaningfulness

Peggy is passionate about her job as an adoption counselor at the local humane shelter. She feels that her job helps her fulfill the value she places on saving the lives of homeless animals. This is an example of which element of psychological empowerment?

meaningfulness

After comparing your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes and inputs is greater than the other person's. According to equity theory, this is what type of a situation?

overreward inequity

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes?

promotions pay

What do people experience when they believe that their professional work contributes to some greater cause?

psychological empowerment

Which of the following best defines valence?

It is the believed worth of the results of one's efforts.

According to expectancy theory, which of the following statements concerning motivational force is true?

Motivation increases as successful performance is linked to more and more attractive outcomes.

Alexis owns an executive search firm and has established a goal for each of her recruiters to make contact with 25 or more potential candidates each day. This illustrates which of the following concepts of S.M.A.R.T. goals?

time-sensitive specific measurable

True or false: Lump-sum bonuses have a high impact on motivation because the lump-sum bonuses link financial payments to the successful achievement of certain tasks.

true

True or false: Motivational force equals zero if any of the three beliefs of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence is zero.

true

According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and

valence

Angela has to deliver a major presentation at work, and she is decidedly nervous. Her husband sends flowers to her office with a card that reads, "Knock 'em dead, Tiger!," and she feels better almost immediately. This is an example of which source of self-efficacy?

verbal persuasion

What might happen if employees feel that they have less equity in their workplaces?

They might take actions against their workplaces.

Autonomy, self-sufficiency, and responsibility would be categorized as ______ needs.

control

Janys has just learned that her coworker, who has fewer years of experience and less education, earns more than she does. According to equity theory, what will Janys experience?

equity distress

Purchasing manager Jake compares his situation with that of purchasing managers in other similar-sized companies. What type of comparison is Jake performing?

occupational equity

Rank the following motivating forces in order of their strength on job performance, with the strongest job performance motivator listed at top and the lowest job performance motivator listed at bottom.

1. self-efficacy 2. specific, difficult goals 3. increased valence, instrumentality, and expectancy 4. perceptions of equity

Which three of the following are reasons an employee may be more motivated than his or her counterparts?

The employee has feelings of expectancy and instrumentality. The employee has specific, challenging, and achievable goals. The employee has feelings of psychological empowerment.

What is the term for groups of beliefs or results that people believe are physically and mentally important?

needs