MGMT 363 EXAM 2
April delegates work tasks to her employees rather than micro-managing them and she trusts her employees to come up with their own approach to certain tasks. April is attempting to instill a sense of ___ in her employees.
self-determination
The belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success is known as
self-efficacy
Which of the following is the motivating force with the strongest performance effect?
self-efficacy/competence
All of these are examples of emotion-focused coping except:
self-motivation
The need to hold a high evaluation of oneself and to feel effective and respected by others is a(n) _______ need.
self-regard
Miranda has always had the tendency to blame something external for her lateness or other failures but is quick to take the credit when she does something right. Which of these best describes Miranda's tendency?
self-serving bias
People who experience higher levels of challenge stressors tend to have higher levels of:
task performance
Which of these refer to the learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achieve successful performance?
task strategies
Other than the job of a ______, all these jobs are rated as being low on stress.
taxi driver
"How much time will pass between the act and the onset of its consequences?" This reflects ___, one of the facets of moral intensity.
temporal immediacy
Of the following, which is the least stressful life event?
the holiday season
The efficacy of an individual can be dictated by all of these except:
the valence of rewards
Which of the following statements about Type A individuals is false?
they are less prone to interpersonal conflict
Which of these is a work challenge stressor?
time pressure
Which of these is not a work hindrance stressor?
time pressure
"T" in the S.M.A.R.T. goals stands for
time-sensitive
Organizations can provide ____ that help employees cope with stressful demands.
training interventions
The willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority's actions and intentions is called:
trust
It is argued that __ represents a sort of "faith in human nature".
trust propensity
Which of these is probably one of the first personality traits to develop in us?
trust propensity
___ refers to a general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon.
trust propensity
The ___ rule requires that the decision-making procedures and outcomes that the authorities explain to employees are honest and candid.
truthfulness
Which of the following is an informational justice rule?
truthfulness
Jessica has always been an impatient, hard-driving, competitive, controlling, and aggressive in everything she does. Jessica can be described as a:
type A individual
"Ethical action defined as those that achieve the most valuable ends" describes which of these ideologies?
utilitarianism
The anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance is known as
valence
____ is defined as the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try to reach it.
Goal commitment
__ occurs when an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical standard or principle is relevant to the circumstance.
Moral awareness
___ is the degree to which a person sees himself or herself as a "moral person".
Moral identity
___ captures the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency.
Moral intensity
___ is driven by a number of situational factors, including the existence of on-the-job pressures, role conflict, and rewards and incentives that can be more easily attained by unethical means.
Moral intent
___ reflects an authority's degree of commitment to the moral course of action.
Moral intent
Which of these represents the second step in ethical decision making?
Moral judgment
___ occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior.
Negative reinforcement
When assumptions are made about someone based on their membership in a social group, which of these occurs?
Stereotype
____ reflects how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are, as well as ow much the task changes.
Task complexity
When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat what they have observed, they are engaging in:
behavioral modeling
Alcohol and drug abuse are examples of which of these?
behavioral strain
The belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives refers to which of these dimension of trustworthiness?
benevolence
When authorities are perceived as ___, it means they care for employees, are concerned about their well-being, and feel a sense of loyalty to them.
benevolent
Job demands that tend not to be appraised as stressful are called:
benign job demands
Jody works at a local coffee shop. She is trained well in the coffee shop operations. Her daily responsibilities include brewing five different types of coffee, keep them fresh, and serve them to customers. These types of job demands are called:
benign job demands
To be a rational decision maker, we should do all of these except:
boil the problem down to something that is easily understood
The notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision refers to:
bounded rationality
Don feels that he is not getting the same rewards as his colleague. He believes that this situation can only be alleviated by restoring balance to the comparison ratios. Don is experiencing
equity distress
In equity theory, the internal tension that is caused by an imbalance to the ratios is known as
equity distress
Which of these refers to the help people receive that can be used to address the stressful demand directly?
instrumental support
All of these are true about Type A behavior pattern except:
it promotes physiological but not psychological and behavioral strains
Two people sharing the responsibilities of a single job, as if the two people were a single performing unit is known as:
job sharing
When employees perceive high levels of ____, they believe that decision outcomes are fair and that decision-making processes are designed and implemented in a fair manner.
justice
Which of these reflects the perceived fairness of an authority's decision making?
justice
The ___ rule mandates that authorities explain decision-making procedures and outcomes in a comprehensive and reasonable manner.
justification
Informational justice is fostered when authorities adhere to two particular rules:
justification and truthfulness
Research shows that the differences between experts and novices are almost always a function of:
learning
Which of these reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience?
learning
When an individual has a(n) _____, building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence.
learning orientation
Other than the job of a ____, all these jobs are rated as being highly stressful.
librarian
"How much harm would be done to other people??" This reflects __, one of the facets of moral intensity
magnitude of consequences
When the authority accurately identifies the morally "right" course of action, it refers to
moral judgment
Motivation is a critical consideration because effective job performance is largely a function of
motivation and ability
Trust propensity is a product of both:
nature and nuture
The cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences are known as
needs
The dimensions of psychological empowerment include all of these except:
needs
Which of these is a non-work hindrance stressor?
negative life events
If you do your homework and assignments for your OB class just to avoid being yelled at by your professor, you have learned this behavior through the use of
negative reinforcement
Physiological strains that result from stressors occur in all of these systems of the human body except:
nervous system
A new, complex, and not recognized situation calls for:
non-programmed decisions
Family time demands is which type of stressor?
non-work challenge stressor
Financial uncertainty is a type of:
non-work hindrance stressor
Originally known as _____, B.F. Skinner was the first to pioneer the notion that we learn
operant conditioning
When employees consider efficacy levels for a given task, they first consider their
past accomplishments
Chris has consistently tried to demonstrate his ability so that his colleagues will not think poorly of him. Chris appears to have a(n)
performance-avoid orientation
Susan always focuses on demonstrating her ability so that her co-workers think favorably of her. Susan can be said to have a(n):
performance-prove orientation
Activities including participation in formal education programs, music lessons, sports-related training, hobby-related self-education, participation in local government, or volunteer work are examples of:
personal development
Trust is rooted in all of these factors except:
physical characteristics of the trustee
The need for the food, shelter, safety, and protection required for human existence is a ___ need.
physiological
Due to time pressure and heavy workload, John has developed high blood pressure and started to show forgetfulness at work and home. These are examples of:
physiological and psychological strains
Bounded rationality says we are likely to do all of these except:
pick the alternative that maximizes value
Bounded rationality says that we are likely to
pick the first acceptable alternative
Which of these is a non-work challenge stressor?
positive life events
Jack recently received a $100 gift certificate and the quarterly attendance award at Dri-Fit Manufacturers. Jack's award can be described as which of these contingencies of reinforcement?
positive reinforcement
Janell, a newly promoted manager at Island Properties, Inc. (IPI) is interested in learning about what she can do to increase desired behaviors at IPI. Which two contingencies of reinforcement she should focus on?
positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
The last step of behavior modeling is:
reinforcement
As an alternative to managing stressors, many organizations use ____ that reduce strains.
relaxation techniques
"Do procedures consider the needs of all groups?" pertains to which procedural justice rule?
represenativeness
Which of the following is not a procedural justice rule?
respect
Interpersonal justice is fostered when authorities adhere to two particular rules
respect and accuracy
"R" in the S.M.A.R.T. goals stands for
results-based
In the second step of behavioral modeling, the learner actually needs to remember exactly what the model's behavior was and how they did it. This is the:
retention process
Rita is a new employee at ABC International. She hasn't been around long enough to receive instructions from her supervisors or observe and model the behaviors of more senior colleagues. When asked to come up with a project proposal for a government grant, Rita is more likely to experience:
role ambiguity
Students sometimes experience _____ when professors remain vague about particular course requirements or how grading is going to be performed; the class becomes stressful because it is not quite clear what it takes to get a good grade.
role ambiguity
Work-family conflict is a special form of:
role conflict
Which of these is a work hindrance stressor?
role overload
After people appraise a stressful demand, they ask themselves, "What should I do" and "What can I do" to deal with this situation? These questions reflect:
secondary appraisal
Which of these is not an example of problem-focused coping?
seeking emotional support
The tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations is called:
selective perception
The need to perform tasks that one cares about and that appeal to one's ideals and sense of purpose is a _____ need.
self-actualization
Which of these involves the set of physical activities that are used to deal with a stressful situation?
behavioral coping
Which schedule reinforces behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited?
fixed ratio
Expectancy is a subjective probability ranging from
0 to 1
___ is a dimension of trustworthiness, that is defined as the skills, abilities, and the areas of expertise that enable an authority to be successful in some specific context.
Ability
___ reflects the degree to which employees can devote their attention to work, as opposed to "covering their backside," "playing politics," and "keeping an eye on the boss,"
Ability to focus
___ trust is more emotional than rational.
Affect-based
___ acts as a leap of faith in the face of uncertainty about trustworthiness.
Affect-based trust
_____ are groups of employees who work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time.
Communities of practice
_____ refers to the behaviors and thoughts that people use to manage both the stressful demands that they face and the emotions associated with those stressful demands.
Coping
___ is a perspective that acknowledges that the responsibility of a business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and citizenship expectations of society.
Corporate social responsibility
Identify the work hindrance stressor.
Daily hassles
The invitations that lead to hidden scenes in certain video games may be accessed using downloads from the Internet. Which aspect of ethics does this relate to?
Deception
_____ refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.
Decision making
___ justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making outcomes
Distributive
There are two major types of social support:
instrumental and emotional
_____ support refers to the help people receive in addressing the emotional distress that accompanies stressful demands
Emotional
Which of the following statements about the effects of trust on performance and commitment is true?
Employees who are willing to be vulnerable to authorities tend to have higher levels of task performance.
____ theory acknowledges that motivation doesn't just depend on your own beliefs and circumstances, but also what happens to other people
Equity
Which theory suggests that employees create a "mental ledger" of the outcomes they get from their job duties?
Equity theory
___ reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms.
Ethics
___ is an act which is morally right and fulfills the "categorical imperative" - an unambiguously explicit set of three crucial maxims: (a) the act should be performable by everyone with no harm to society; (b) the act should respect human dignity; (c) the act should be endorsable by others
Ethnics of duties
___ occurs when there is the removal of consequences following an unwanted behavior.
Extinction
____ reflect the time that a person commits to participate in an array of family activities and responsibilities.
Family time demands
____ consists of updates on employee progress toward goal attainment.
Feedback
_____ are simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily.
Heuristics
__ justice reflects the perceived fairness of the communications provided to employees from the authorities.
Informational
Technically, ___ is a set of subjective probabilities, each ranging from 0 to 1, that successful performance will bring a set of outcomes.
Instrumentality
___ defined as the perception that the authority adheres to a set of values and principles that the trustor finds acceptable.
Integrity
___ justice reflects the perceived fairness of the treatment received by employees for authorities
Interpersonal
_____ can be described as emotionally charged judgments that arise through quick, nonconscious, and holistic associations.
Intuition
All the following statements about projection bias are true except:
It holds that people identify themselves by the groups to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group memberships
_____ can be used to reduce role overload and foster work-life balance:
Job sharing
Which of the following statements about the effects of learning on performance and commitment is false?
Learning is strongly relevant to citizenship behavior and counterproductive behavior.
_____ captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person's own ideals and passions.
Meaningfulness
Which of the following statements about the effects of strains on performance and commitment is true?
People who experience higher levels of strain tend to feel lower levels of normative commitment.
___ can be very useful because they help us to make sense of the environment around us, but they can often become distorted versions of reality.
Perceptions
_____ occurs as people evaluate the significance and the meaning of the stressors they are confronting.
Primary appraisal
____ justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making processes.
Procedural
_____ refers to the lack of information regarding what needs to be done in a role, as well as unpredictability regarding the consequences of performance in that role.
Role ambiguity
Tammy is an advising center expert at a local college. Her job is to help students in course selection and staying on target for graduation. She is evaluated on how many students she sees on a daily basis but also how well of an effective job of advising she does with these students. Tammy tends to get stressed about the quantity and quality issue with her job. Which of these is Tammy experiencing?
Role conflict
Which of these refers to conflicting expectations that other people may have of us?
Role conflict
_____ occurs when the number of demanding roles a person holds is so high that the person simply cannot perform some or all of the roles very effectively.
Role overload
____ refers to when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered.
Satisficing
At a World Issues Conference, all the participants were asked to develop responses to two case situations. People naturally split themselves up into teams based on their occupations. Which of the following helps to explain why the participants acted this way?
Social Identity Theory
Which of the following is perhaps the most important factor that can help organizations foster a climate for transfer?
The degree to which the trainee's manager supports the importance of the newly acquired knowledge and skills and stresses its application to the job.
Which of these occurs when the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job?
Transfer of training
___ is the characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust.
Trustworthiness
Which job is the most stressful?
US President
___ schedules are designed to reinforce behaviors at more random points in time.
Variable interval
___ is an act which is morally right if it allows the decision maker to lead a "good life" by adhering to virtues like wisdom, honesty, courage, friendship, mercy, loyalty, modesty, and patience.
Virtue of ethics
Janet has several daily hassles and copes by avoiding work -- coming in late, leaving early, or even staying home. This is an example of:
behavioral coping
__ occurs when employees expose illegal actions by their employer.
Whistle-blowing
____ refers to the nature of the obligations that a person has to others.
Work responsibility
Identify the non-work hindrance stressor.
Work-family conflict
Learning has _____ effect on performance and _____ effect on commitment.
a moderate positive; a weak positive
Hindrance stressors have ____ effect on job performance
a moderately negative
Actually making oneself vulnerable to an authority is:
a risk
Research reveals that strains have ____ effect on organizational commitment.
a strong negative
Jessica is gauging the track record of her boss Cindy to determine trustworthiness. According to research, she would evaluate which of these?
ability, benevolence, and integrity
"A" in the S.M.A.R.T. goals stands for
achievable
In the case of __ trust, our willingness to be vulnerable has little to do with a rational assessment of the authority's merits and more to do with our emotional fondness for the authority.
affect-based
Sometimes trust is ___, meaning that it depends on feelings toward the authority that go beyond an rational assessment
affect-based
Very few work relationships are based on ___ trust as compared to other types of trusts.
affect-based
Which of the following is a characteristic of explicit knowledge?
always conscious and accessible information
The tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decision refers to which of these biases?
anchoring
Which of these represent the first step in the behavior modeling process?
attentional processes
Cognition-based trust is driven by the
authority's "track record"
The need to be able to predict and control one's future is a(n) _______ need
autonomy
A biased prediction, due to the tendency to focus on the most salient and emotionally charged outcome, is the:
availability bias
The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall refers to the:
availability bias
The emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion that results from having to cope with stressful demands on an ongoing basis is called:
burnout
Stressful demands that are perceived as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement are called:
challenge stressors
True learning only occurs when:
changes in behavior become relatively permanent
In the case of ___ trust, we rationally evaluate the pluses and minuses of an authority, in terms of its ability, integrity, and benevolence.
cognition-based
When trust is rooted in a rational assessment of the authority's trustworthiness, it is:
cognition-based trust
Which of the following refers to the thoughts that are involved in trying to deal with a stressful situation?
cognitive coping
In equity theory, rethinking your inputs to restore mental balance without altering your behavior in any way is known as
cognitive distortion
Which of these techniques attempt to help people appraise and cope with stressors in a more rational manner?
cognitive-behavioral
Comparison with others in the same organization doing substantially different jobs is
company equity
The person who seems to provide an intuitive frame of reference for judging equity is known as
comparison other
David is a commercial financial analyst but wants to become a commercial lender, so he engages in self-directed learning, seeks out feedback from his mangers, and manages his own workload. David is attempting to build his own ____ at his job.
competence
"Will the consequences be concentrated on a limited set of people, or will they be more far reaching?" This reflects ___, one of the facets of moral intensity.
concentration of effect
Terms used to describe tacit knowledge are all of these except:
consensus
An external attribution will occur if there is high ______; high ______; and low ______.
consensus; distinctiveness; consistency
An internal attribution will occur if there is low ______; low ______; and high ______.
consensus; distinctiveness; consistency
"Does Mary always come late for department meetings?" is a question that answers which of these elements about attribution?
consistency
Organizations use four specific consequences to modify employee behavior. They are known as the:
contingencies of reinforcement
John believes in praising every desired behavior of all of his employees. John is engaging in which of these reinforcement schedules?
continous
According to research, trust has no effect on _______
continuance commitment
Which of these is the simplest schedule of reinforcement?
continuous
Which of these, according to research, is the least long-lasting or most difficult to maintain the high level of performance?
continuous
Which of the following happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior?
continuous reinforcement schedule
Fulfilling the legal component of corporate social responsibility suggests that the organization has reached __ of moral development.
conventional level
One way an organization can improve its trustworthiness is to focus its attention on:
corporate social responsibility
"Do procedures build in mechanisms for appeals?" pertains to which procedural justice rule?
correctability
Which of the following reflects the relatively minor day-to-day demands that get in the way of accomplishing the things that we really want to accomplish?
daily hassles
Which of the following is considered the most stressful life event?
death of a spouse
Brandon is a newly hired manager at Trade Tools, Inc. On the job just one week, he is responsible for supervising 24 employees in his job. Given his time at Trade Tools, what type of trust should he expect from his employees?
disposition-based
In the case of ___ trust, our willingness to be vulnerable has little to do with the authority and more to do with our genes and our early life experiences.
disposition-based
Employees can judge the fairness of an authority's decision making along all of these dimensions except:
dissonance justice
"Does Mary tend to act differently in other circumstances?" is a question that answers which of these elements about attribution?
distinctiveness
Employees evaluate outcomes such as pay, rewards, and promotions to determine whether they are allocated using proper norms. This is a ___ type of justice.
distributive
Which of these is not a facet of moral intensity?
economic consensus
Employees who don't trust their authorities have ___ relationships that are based on narrowly defined, quid por quo obligations.
economic exchange
"Ethical action is defined as those decisions the decision maker freely decides to pursue either short-term or long-term interests" describes which of these ideologies?
egoism
Seeking support and venting anger are examples of:
emotion-focused behavior coping
Looking for the positive in the negative; and avoiding, distancing, and ignoring are all examples of:
emotion-focused cognitive coping
Working at Garden Tools, Inc. David is confronted with daily hassles lately which have been quite frustrating for him. If David reappraises the situation, looking for positive in this negative situation and comes to the conclusion that the hassles are not that bad after all, it is an example of:
emotion-focused cognitive coping
Efficacy is dictated by ___, where feelings of fear or anxiety can create doubts about task accomplishment, while pride and enthusiasm can bolster confidence levels.
emotional cues
Thomas is considering his efficacy level for making Christmas dinner for 24 people. Thomas takes pride in his cooking skills and is always enthusiastic about cooking and entertaining dinner guests. Which of the following dictates Thomas's efficacy?
emotional cues
Allen Corporation values team-based work and wants to allocate decision-making outcomes using a norm that fits their team-based culture. Which of these norms would be appropriate for Allen Corporation?
equality
Which norm is typically used in student project groups, in which all group members receive exactly the same grade on a project, regardless of their individual productivity levels?
equality
In most business situations, the proper norm for allocating the decision-making outcomes is:
equity
Which of the following is a distributive justice rule?
equity
"Throwing good money after bad" captures which of these common decision making errors?
escalation of commitment
When employees perceive high levels of ___, they believe that things are being done the way they "should be" or "ought to be" done.
ethics
The belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task is known as
expectancy
____ theory argues that employee behavior is directed toward pleasure and away from pain or, more generally, toward certain outcomes and stay away from others.
expectancy
Which theory focuses most specifically on describing the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses?
expectancy theory
The knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people is referred to as:
expertise
When you read a textbook, the authors are communicating which of the following knowledge to you?
explicit
Employees learn two basic types of knowledge:
explicit and tacit
Information that is relatively easily communicated and a large part of what companies teach during training sessions is:
explicit knowledge
When Jeff asked Joanna how to fix the error message he keeps getting on his computer, Joanna wrote the step-by-step instructions down for Jeff so that he can take care of the problem relatively easily. The type of knowledge described in this situation is called
explicit knowledge
When someone from another company is referred to as the 'comparison other', one is involved in a(n)
external comparison
Motivation that is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance is known as ______ motivation.
extrinsic
Philip is looking to beat the top scorer in his organizational behavior class. However, the instructor would not reveal the points Philip has attained so far including the tests, class participation, and peer evaluation. Which of the following moderator may help Philip?
feedback
As owner of Mountain City Coffee, Yashmi gives all her employees a paycheck every two weeks. This is an example of which form of reinforcement schedule?
fixed interval
The single most common form of reinforcement schedule is:
fixed interval
Every time an employee gets a paycheck after a predetermined period of time, he/she is being reinforced on a:
fixed interval schedule
A salaried paycheck is an example of _____ reinforcement schedule whereas piece-rate pay is an example of _____ reinforcement schedule.
fixed interval; fixed ratio
Clothing International operates two factories where employees sew different garments. Employees are paid on a piece-rate pay basis. Number of completed pieces by each employee determines their pay. Clothing International uses which of these reinforcement schedules?
fixed ratio
As described in the text, the meaning of money has which of the following facet(s)?
freedom
If Sandy comes to the group meeting late and you feel that she is coming late because she has a low motivation for work, it could reflect a(n):
fundamental attribution error
Which of the following is a unit-focused compensation plan element?
gainsharing
Eric, a professor at Teach All University, has applied for Teacher of the Year award eight years in a row. He feels that he has been turned down so many times that he is bound to win the award sooner or later. This is an example of which of these biases?
gambler's fallacy
The tendency to assume that individual random events are influenced by previous random events is:
gambler's fallacy
The second step in rational decision making is to:
generate a list of all available alternatives
____ are defined as the objective or aim of an action and typically refer to attaining a specific standard of proficiency, often within a specified time limit.
goals
Jack recently received a job to do with a heavy workload and a short turnaround deadline. Sam, Jack's co-worker, observed this stressful situation and took half the workload so the department could meet the deadline. The support received by Jack can be best described as which of these?
instrumental support
Raj believes that everybody's words should be taken at their face value and that statement of individuals and groups can be relied upon even when you meet them for the very first time. Raj appears to have:
high trust propensity
Which of the following is a characteristic of tacit knowledge?
highly personal in nature
Which of the following is not a characteristic of explicit knowledge?
highly personal in nature
Stressful demands that are perceived as hindering progress toward personal accomplishments or goal attainment are called:
hindrance stressors
When Randy encounters stressors, his secondary appraisal would center on the issue of:
how can I cope?
The first step in rational decision making is to:
identify the criteria that are important in making the decision
Allan, the new Business School dean, has done a good job moving the Business School toward accreditation of its program. For Allan, this achievement translates as ____ in his position as the dean of the school.
impact
Which of the following reflects the sense that a person's actions "make a difference," indicating that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose?
impact
Kelly believes that if she successfully earns her MBA, she'll be promoted to a midlevel executive manager position. She is therefore motivated to earn an MBA. Kelly is exhibiting which of the following?
instrumentality
Kendra is more motivated when successful performance helps her attain attractive outcomes, such as bonuses, while helping her avoid unattractive outcomes such as terminations. Kendra's level of motivation is dependent on which of the following?
instrumentality
The belief that successful performance will result in some outcome(s) is known as
instrumentality
Over the years, Jason, a district manager at Books-R-Us has developed a reputation that he is a "man of his words". His employees and co-workers know that he can "walk the talk", follow through on his promises, and have honest motives and intentions. These aspects describe which element of trustworthiness?
integrity
When authorities are perceived to be of sound character, it means that they have ____ - honest motives and intentions.
integrity
___ conveys an alignment between words and deeds - a sense that authorities keep their promises, "walks the talk," and "does what they say they will do."
integrity
A(n) _____ involves a 'comparison other' in the same company.
internal comparison
Brandon, a first-line supervisor at Garden Toys Manufacturing regularly dishes out the verbal abuse to employees, berates, bad-mouthing and embarrassing them in public. This is an example of:
interpersonal injustice
Motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward is known as ______ motivation.
intrinsic
Stefana has loved working with the local Red Cross chapter for her last four summers. Because of its charitable nature, she probably views the job as high in
meaningfulness
"M" in the S.M.A.R.T. goals stands for
measurable
Because tacit knowledge is so difficult to communicate, _____ might be the single best way to acquire it.
modeling
Equity has a ___ effect on organizational commitment.
moderate positive
According to research, trust has a ___ effect on performance and a ___ effect on commitment
moderate positive, strong positive
Equity has a ____ effect on citizenship behavior and a ____ effect on counterproductive behavior.
moderate positive; moderate negative
The first step in ethical decision making:
moral awareness
Moral awareness is associated with
moral intensity
Corey has a tendency to be a smart-mouth in all meetings. He had a sarcastic comment for anything anyone said. In the beginning, coworkers and his manager used to smile, nod, or say that was a good one Corey. This can be described as a _____. Such feedback gave him a boost and he started doing so much that now it was becoming annoying. The manager and other coworkers decided to ignore his remarks and keep moving ahead with their agenda in the next meeting onwards. Faced with new situation, after few meetings, Corey stopped making any inappropriate comments. This strategy can be described as _____.
positive reinforcement; extinction
In general, _____ and _____ should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees.
positive reinforcement; extinction
When people first encounter stressors, the process of ____ is triggered.
primary appraisal
Transactional theory of stress deals with:
primary appraisal and benign job demands
All of these are examples of supportive practices used by organizations that help employees manage and balance the demands that exists for them in their jobs except:
primary performance appraisal
"How likely is it that the act will actually occur and that the assumed consequences will match predictions?" This reflects ___, one of the facets of moral intensity.
probability of effect
When Amber is confronted with a lot of time pressure at work, she chooses to cope by working faster and harder. This is an example of:
problem-focused behavior coping
Working harder or seeking assistance are examples of:
problem-focused behavior coping
Lately, Cory has been facing significant increase in time pressure at work. He has been strategizing about different ways of accomplishing the work more effectively. This is an example of:
problem-focused cognitive coping
Self-motivation and changing priorities are examples of:
problem-focused cognitive coping
According to research, ____ was a stronger predictor of satisfaction with supervision, overall job satisfaction, and organizational commitment than ____ justice.
procedural; distributive
In the third step of behavioral modeling, not only must the learner have the requisite knowledge and physical skills to be able to perform the task; they must translate what they have observed into action. This is the:
production process
Decisions that become somewhat automatic because a person's knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken are called:
programmed decisions
For experts who possess high levels of explicit and tacit knowledge, many decisions they face are:
programmed decisions
The belief that others think, feel, and act the same way as you do refers to:
projection bias
The ___ rule reflects whether authorities refrain from making improper or offensive remarks
propriety
Which of the following is an interpersonal justice rule?
propriety
"How near (in a psychological or physical sense) is the authority to those who will be affected?" This reflects ___, one of the facets of moral intensity.
proximity
An energy rooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some larger purpose is known as
psychological empowerment
Depression, anxiety, and anger reflect which of these?
psychological strain
Suspending an employee for showing up to work late, assigning job tasks generally seen as demeaning for not following safety procedures, or even firing an employee for gross misconduct are all examples of:
punishment
Which of these occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior?
punishment
Which two contingencies of reinforcement are designed to decrease undesired behaviors?
punishment and extinction
"How much agreement is there that the proposed act would be evil (or good)?" This reflects ___, one of the facets of moral intensity.
social consensus
As trust increases between employees and their authorities, ___ relationships develop that are based on vaguely defined obligations that are open-ended and long-term in their repayment schedule.
social exchange
Which theory argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observations of others?
social learning theory
"S" in the S.M.A.R.T. goals stands for
specific
The negative consequences that occur when demands tax or exceed one's capacity or resources are called:
strains
Which of these is defined as a psychological response to demands for which there is something at stake and coping with those demands taxes or exceeds a person's capacity or resources?
stress
The particular demands that cause people to experience stress are called:
stressors
According to research, all four justice forms have __ correlation with employee trust levels.
strong
Motivation has a ____ effect on job performance.
strong positive
Becca has been referred to as the resident expert at ABC International when it comes to media and all media related issues. Many people have tried to work under her to learn but have not been very successful because she is so good at what she does but cannot really explain it to others. Becca can be described as having which of this knowledge?
tacit
From an organization's perspective, the _____ knowledge its employees accumulate may be the single most important strategic asset a company possesses.
tacit
Information that is not easily communicated but could very well be the most important aspect of what we learn in organizations is:
tacit knowledge
The knowledge that employees can typically learn only through experience is called:
tacit knowledge
Several times a month, Danny, the Dean of the College of Business walks by faculty offices at different times of the day and connects with and congratulates those who are doing an outstanding job or who he has heard good comments about from other individuals. This is an example of which form of reinforcement schedule?
variable interval
A supervisor walking around at different points of time every day is a good example of
variable interval schedule
A slot machine is an example of a _____ reinforcement schedule.
variable ratio
When BJ Radio pays all of its advertising sales representatives on a commission basis, it is using which of these reinforcement schedules?
variable ratio
Ethan wants to call his colleagues and boss home for his first wedding anniversary, but feels that he might fall short of expectations. His friend, Matthew encourages him and assures him that the party would be successful. Which of the following considerations will dictate Ethan's self-efficacy?
verbal persuasion
Employees consider ____ for a given task, by taking into account their observations and discussions with others who have performed similar tasks.
vicarious experiences
Sharon is considering her efficacy level for making Thanksgiving dinner for 12 people. Sharon has watched her mother successfully make Thanksgiving dinner for 20 people for 10 years. Which of the following is Sharon considering?
vicarious experiences
Managers at Anderson Information, Inc. always give employees a chance to express their opinions and views during the decision-making process. Which procedural rule can be used to define the situation?
voice
Tyson was a successful manager being groomed for an executive-level position. One day he was asked to manage a poorly performing production facility with poor labor relations in a country halfway around the world. This scenario is indicative of which work challenge stressor?
work complexity
Which of these refers to the degree to which the requirements of the work, in terms of knowledge, skills, and abilities, tax or exceed the capabilities of the person who is responsible for performing the work?
work complexity
