MGMT Ch. 7, 8, 9, 10, & 11 Multiple Choice

A manager who makes a situation more efficient could be described as a(an) A. implementer B. leader C. formulator D. strategist

C. formulator

A formulator does all of the following except A. develops a vision for the future. B. finds solutions for problems. C. thinks outside-the-box D. figures out specific goals, timelines, and expected outcomes.

C. thinks outside-the-box

Formulator and implementer styles are essential to strategic management for all of the following reasons except A. Seeing the big picture is an important element of strategic management. B. Creating whole new strategies moves the organization into the future. C. Making strategic improvements is essential in an organization. D. Maintaining the organization without any changes is of primary importance.

D. Maintaining the organization without any changes is of primary importance.

A permanent team consists of employees from various functional departments who resolve mutual problems. True False

False

Conflict does not occur within a healthy organization. True False

False

Executives acquire information about opportunities and threats to their organization from a variety of reports, including budgets, financial ratios, profit and loss statements, and surveys of employee attitudes and satisfaction. True False

False

Executives use strategy maps to keep track of key performance metrics, such as percentage of customer service calls resolved within specified time periods. True False

False

Making a choice is the biggest part of the decision-making process. True False

False

The innovation by acquisition strategy recognizes that the cutting edge of innovation often happens in well-established and traditional companies rather than in young, small, entrepreneurial companies. True False

False

A functional structure can be thought of as departmentalization by organizational resources. True False

True

In the context of Porter's five competitive forces, rivalry among competitors is influenced by potential new entrants, the bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, the threat of substitutes, as well as by cost and product differentiation. True False

True

Promoting cross-silo cooperation is a major part of coalitional management. True False

True

The classical model of decision making is considered to be normative, which means that it defines how a decision maker should make decisions. True False

True

The U.S. Internal Revenue Service groups taxpayers into four divisions: wage and investment, small businesses, large businesses, and non-profit and government agencies. What type of organizational structure does this represent? a. A customer-based division b. A product-based division c. A cross-functional division d. A geographic-based division

a. A customer-based division

A small start-up in California that sells products online has contracted with a Web designer in the United Kingdom, a manufacturing company in China, a customer-service provider in India, and a legal team in New York to perform its various functions. Which of the following organizational structures is prominent in this scenario? a. A virtual network structure b. A matrix structure c. A functional structure d. A team-based structure

a. A virtual network structure

Soleks is a footwear company. Its target customers are people who prefer to shop in small stores with a limited selection of high-quality footwear. To cater to its customers, the company opens shops in upscale locations and stocks them accordingly. In this scenario, which of the following is Soleks trying to do? a. Achieve a competitive advantage b. Expand by vertical integration c. Capture a slice of the off-price market d. Achieve synergy across organizational departments

a. Achieve a competitive advantage

Plymouth Machinery and Tools, a hardware company, has installed a new product management software in their factory locations. The intent is to streamline the supply and distribution processes for increased efficiency and lower costs. It is meant to be used by inventory managers who work the shop floor and assembly line. However, the managers need more information to understand the change. Which of the following change implementation tactics is best suited to be used in this scenario? a. Communication and education b. Negotiation c. Coercion and extortion d. Appeasement

a. Communication and education

Which of the following is a characteristic of an organizational strategy map? a. It shows how an organization's specific goals and plans are linked. b. It outlines an organization's operational goals. c. It relates an organization's mission statement with its tactical plans. d. It is a list of an organization's strategic plans.

a. It shows how an organization's specific goals and plans are linked.

In the context of organizational change, which of the following statements is true of the horizontal linkage model? a. People from all departments meet frequently in teams and task forces to share ideas and solve problems. b. Teams create and develop standardized products without inputs from customers and then market these products to them. c. It is not applicable in high-pressure business environments that require rapidly developing and commercializing products and services. d. It requires teams at the same level of a value chain to work one after the other, forming a linear chain.

a. People from all departments meet frequently in teams and task forces to share ideas and solve problems.

Which of the following is an example of a line department in an organization? a. The production team b. The marketing team c. The human resources team d. The research and development team

a. The production team

In the context of the BCG matrix that is named for the Boston Consulting Group, which developed it, which of the following statements is true of the question mark? a. The question mark has a small market share in a new, rapidly growing industry. b. The question mark is visible and attractive and generates a positive cash flow. c. The question mark is an advancement of the star and takes up new opportunities. d. The question mark has more value than the cash cow.

a. The question mark has a small market share in a new, rapidly growing industry.

Law firms can be found in several places within a city. What is a distinct feature of this type of service provider? a. Their output is intangible. b. They have no direct competitors. c. They follow a centralized structure. d. Their services vary by region.

a. Their output is intangible.

Until recently, The Wisdom Den, a national chain of libraries, hired employees to manually manage annual subscriptions and keep a track of the books issued to customers. However, it has now replaced the old method and upgraded to a database software which is fairly simple to use. Although the implementation of the computerized system is certain to make the librarians' job easier, the change has resulted in a lot of resistance from them. Which of the following options is most likely to be the reason behind the resistance and conflict? a. Uncertainty b. Different goals c. Dissimilar assessments d. Self-interest

a. Uncertainty

In the context of personal decision styles, the _____ is used by people who like to consider a broad amount of information and who tend to solve problems creatively. a. conceptual style b. directive style c. analytical style d. behavioral style

a. conceptual style

In the _____ stage of the managerial decision-making process, decision makers gather information that tells them how well the decision was implemented and whether it was effective in achieving its goals. a. evaluation and feedback b. selection of the desired alternative c. diagnosis and analysis of causes d. development of alternatives

a. evaluation and feedback

The strategic goals of an organization are also called __________. a. official goals b. ad hoc goals c. temporary goals d. stretch goals

a. official goals

In the context of SWOT analysis, in which SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, an organization's growing global product demand and plant modernization are its: a. opportunities. b. strengths. c. threats. d. weaknesses.

a. opportunities.

A well-established cosmetics company decides to launch a chain of beauty salons across the country. In order to attract a large clientele, these salons will offer premium beauty services and membership benefits. In the context of strategy formulation, this launch is an example of: a. related diversification. b. horizontal consolidation. c. vertical integration. d. product standardization.

a. related diversification.

What type of standing plan specifies what an organization should do when one of its employees files a grievance? a. A rule b. A procedure c. A project d. A policy

b. A procedure

Judy works at the headquarters of an online shoe store. She is a member of the advertising team, which is a team within the marketing department. Which type of department is this? a. A delegation department b. A staff department c. A primary department d. A line department

b. A staff department

In the context of organizational change, which of the following statements is true of disruptive innovations? a. They can be initiated solely by large entrepreneurial firms. b. Companies that initiate disruptive innovations typically win big. c. Companies affected by disruptive technologies report great profits. d. They do not affect existing products and markets.

b. Companies that initiate disruptive innovations typically win big.

As a department manager, Aoki worked out a plan with her team and helped set goals for each of her employees to increase their productivity. However, each employee ended up with at least 15 goals. Which of the following criteria for effective goal setting did she violate? a. Goals should have a defined time frame. b. Goals should cover only the key result areas. c. Goals should be specific and measurable. d. Goals should be challenging but realistic.

b. Goals should cover only the key result areas.

The team in charge of innovation in a gaming software company holds a brainstorming session. The team uses Edward de Bono's Six Thinking Hats technique to promote broader thinking. Zachary, a team member, dons a figurative red hat and acts accordingly during the session. Which of the following is a correct description of Zachary's behavior? a. He is pessimistic and points out the flaws and false assumptions in the ideas given by others. b. He gives emotional responses based on feelings, intuitions, instincts, and hunches. c. He provides new possibilities, alternatives, and unique solutions for better problem solving. d. He is neutral and concerned with just the objective facts, figures, and information pertaining to the problem at hand.

b. He gives emotional responses based on feelings, intuitions, instincts, and hunches.

In the context of the three stages of organization development (OD) for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change, which of the following statements is true of the unfreezing stage? a. It occurs when individuals experiment with new behavior and learn new skills for use in the workplace. b. It is often associated with diagnosis, which uses an outside expert called a change agent. c. It is the intervention stage, during which a change agent implements a specific plan for training managers and employees. d. It occurs when individuals acquire new attitudes or values and are rewarded by the organization.

b. It is often associated with diagnosis, which uses an outside expert called a change agent.

Kia has set a new operational goal for her work group to eliminate overtime. What operational plan should Kia implement to achieve this goal? a. She should document policies and procedures about overtime use. b. She should discover daily and weekly scheduling roadblocks. c. She should ask for quality input about budget variances. d. She should create a new process for authorizing vacation requests.

b. She should discover daily and weekly scheduling roadblocks.

Amy runs a boutique that caters to high-end customers who prefer to have unique clothing designs. She also works as a personal wardrobe stylist for several of her clients. Amy has now opened a manufacturing firm that focuses on designing and producing fabric that is used to make the unique designs. To which type of production technology does the manufacturing firm belong? a. Mass production b. Small-batch production c. Continuous process production d. Large-batch production

b. Small-batch production

__________ occurs when organizational parts interact to produce a joint effect that is greater than the sum of the parts acting alone. a. Redistribution b. Synergy c. Cognitive Structuring d. Group Thinking

b. Synergy

Which concept of good organization does the dual authority structure of a matrix violate? a. The unity-of-direction concept b. The unity-of-command concept c. Authority and responsibility d. Discipline and ethics

b. The unity-of-command concept

In spite of the numerous pizza outlets in Chicago, Pete's Fast Pizza has zoomed past its counterparts in terms of popularity and sales due to its practice of adding a complimentary calzone and drink to each of its orders. In the context of strategy formulation, which of the following does this unique practice by Pete's Fast Pizza illustrate? a. Cost leadership b. Value creation c. Glocalization d. Synergy

b. Value creation

Managers who make the judgment bias of perpetuating the status quo will: a. give disproportionate weight to the first information they receive. b. base decisions on what has worked in the past without exploring new options. c. make choices that justify their past decisions even if the decision is no longer valid. d. look for information that supports their existing point of view while making a decision.

b. base decisions on what has worked in the past without exploring new options.

Zeus Phones has launched a new cell phone model to keep up with the global "selfie" trend, which involves taking pictures of oneself. The phone has a 13 megapixel front camera with a wide angle lens to include the maximum number of faces. It also includes a timer and a beautification feature to enhance facial features. The selfie phone has now become the latest rage in the cell phone market and has won awards for its unique design. This scenario is illustrative of Zeus Phones's _____. a. cost leadership b. core competency c. synergy d. globalization

b. core competency

__________ is used to tackle issues when an organization faces a situation in which its continued existence may be in question. a. strategic planning b. crisis planning c. operational planning d. tactical planning

b. crisis planning

A __________ is composed of workers who belong to different departments in an organization but meet together in an attempt to resolve important organizational problems. a. line team b. cross functional team c. staff team d. critical assessment team

b. cross functional team

Reema is a manager at a fast food restaurant. She uses rational methods to solve day-to-day issues and makes quick decisions that supports the needs of the restaurant. Reema encourages her team members to adhere to existing rules and policies when they make their own decisions and come up with simple solutions to problems. In the context of personal decision styles, Reema is a manager who follows a(n) ______. a. behavioral style b. directive style c. conceptual style d. analytical style

b. directive style

__________ refers to the tendency that managers and organizations have to continue investing time and money in a solution even when there is strong evidence that it is not appropriate. a. after-action review b. escalating commitment c. brainstorming d. group-think

b. escalating commitment

Anastasia decides to use most of her savings in opening a café. After a year, she realizes that her café is consistently not making any profits. Instead of closing the café or selling it to a third party, she decides to keep the café open and working in the hope that it will soon become well-known and earn good profits. In the context of the biases that cloud judgment, Anastasia is: a. being influenced by emotions. b. justifying past decisions. c. seeing what she wants to see. d. being influenced by initial impressions.

b. justifying past decisions.

In the context of change implementation tactics, a(n) __________ is a disparity between existing and desired performance levels. a. result gap b. need for change c. performance difference d. process capability index

b. need for change

A visual representation of the formal reporting relationships within a firm is called a(n) __________. a. work specialization chart b. organization chart c. employment chart d. unity-of-command chart

b. organization chart

Angelo has decided to set specific rules for reordering office supplies when inventories reach a particular level. He has made this decision so that his subordinates would not have to constantly ask him when they must place orders to refill the company's stock. In the context of managerial decision making, Angelo is making a: a. wicked decision. b. programmed decision. c. group decision. d. policy decision.

b. programmed decision.

__________ means that decision makers choose the first solution alternative that fulfills minimal decision criteria. a. bounded rationality b. satisficing c. certainty d. normative

b. satisficing

Onyx Stores has a chain of supermarkets in over 40 cities in the U.S. The individual supermarkets generate enough revenue for the organization to open another 20 supermarkets at other locations in some of the cities. In the context of the matrix developed by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG matrix), Onyx Stores can be classified as a _____. a. cash cow b. star c. dog d. question mark

b. star

In the context of change implementation tactics, the participation approach is used when: a. resisters need technical knowledge to accept change. b. users have the power to resist. c. initiators clearly have power over users. d. users doubt the legitimacy of change.

b. users have the power to resist.

A nonprofit organization has piloted a new approach to designing and building long-term care facilities that take into account the needs of elderly residents. Based on the success of their pilot attempt, the organization has now decided to standardize its construction plans. From now on, all their facilities are going to be similarly built. Which management action does this represent? a. Changing the organizational mission b. Replacing operational goals with tactical goals c. Adopting a new standing plan d. Creating a new organizational vision

c. Adopting a new standing plan

__________ is a recent trend and creates opportunities for more meaningful participation by employees in strategy formulation and execution. a. Collective bargaining b. Outsourcing c. Crowdsourcing d. Benchmarking

c. Crowdsourcing

Which of the following describes a differentiation strategy? a. Aiming for internal efficiency b. Moving from decentralization to centralization c. Developing products unique to the market d. Placing employees closer to customers

c. Developing products unique to the market

In the context of the three stages of organization development (OD) for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change, which of the following occurs during the refreezing stage? a. Individuals experiment with new behavior to be used in the workplace. b. The change agent implements a specific plan for training managers and employees. c. The impact of new behaviors of individuals is evaluated and reinforced. d. Managers create the motivation for people to change their attitudes and behaviors.

c. The impact of new behaviors of individuals is evaluated and reinforced.

Which of the following is at the top of an organization's goal hierarchy? a. Targets for success b. Strategic goals c. The mission statement d. The vision for the future

c. The mission statement

How does the management by means (MBM) approach differ from the management by objectives (MBO) approach? a. Unlike MBO, the MBM method requires the appraisal of both individuals and departments in a company. b. Unlike MBO, the MBM method results in employees behaving unethically to achieve targets. c. Unlike MBM, the MBO method makes success or failure to achieve goals part of the appraisal system. d. Unlike MBM, the MBO method focuses on the means to achieve the goal rather than on the goal itself.

c. Unlike MBM, the MBO method makes success or failure to achieve goals part of the appraisal system.

In the context of strategic thinking, which of the following is a difference between for-profit organizations and nonprofit organizations? a. Unlike nonprofit organizations, for-profit organizations depend on events in the external environment. b. Unlike for-profit organizations, nonprofit organizations target gaining specific customers. c. Unlike nonprofit organizations, for-profit organizations focus on gaining competitive advantage in the marketplace. d. Unlike for-profit organizations, nonprofit organizations focus on developing their core competencies.

c. Unlike nonprofit organizations, for-profit organizations focus on gaining competitive advantage in the marketplace.

Which of the following is a difference between programmed decisions and nonprogrammed decisions? a. Unlike nonprogrammed decisions, programmed decisions are made in response to situations that are unique and largely unstructured. b. Unlike programmed decisions, nonprogrammed decisions concern the types of skills required to fill certain jobs. c. Unlike nonprogrammed decisions, programmed decisions are made in response to recurring organizational problems. d. Unlike programmed decisions, nonprogrammed decisions concern the maintenance of a regular supply of raw materials.

c. Unlike nonprogrammed decisions, programmed decisions are made in response to recurring organizational problems.

Joos-Up is an old food products company that produces fruit juices, jellies, jams, and other such products. It has recently decided to move into the electrical and power fixtures manufacturing sector. In the context of strategy formulation, which of the following does Joos-Up's move illustrate? a. Harmonization b. Utilization management c. Unrelated diversification d. Mixed model production

c. Unrelated diversification

When faced with a problem, Emmanuel likes to gather all the data possible so he can come up with the best possible decision. If a subordinate brings a problem to him, he considers all possible alternatives and makes a decision based on rational data. In the context of personal decision styles, Emmanuel uses the: a. behavioral style. b. conceptual style. c. analytical style. d. directive style.

c. analytical style.

Flare, an electronics company, created a low-cost, handheld washer that could run on solar-powered battery. The product was also portable and could clean clothes with minimal water usage. This product was initially not seen as a threat by washing machine manufacturers, but it slowly attracted their customers and gained a dominant share in the market. As a result, the traditional washing machine manufacturing companies underwent huge losses and most of them went out of business. In this scenario, the handheld washer is an example of _____. a. evolutionary innovation b. sustaining innovation c. disruptive innovation d. incremental innovation

c. disruptive innovation

Hamza runs a small restaurant in the city. For the last few months, Hamza has been noticing a dip in the number of diners at the restaurant. Hamza decides to renovate the place and make it more appealing to attract a larger crowd. However, the number of diners remains low. Additionally, the number of take-outs begin to diminish as well. In the context of the BCG matrix (named for the Boston Consulting Group that developed it), Hamza's restaurant can be classified as a(n) _____. a. island b. question mark c. dog d. haystack

c. dog

While developing alternatives during decision making, managers: a. analyze underlying causal factors associated with the decision situation. b. gather information that tells them how well the decision was implemented and whether it was effective in achieving its goals. c. generate other possible solutions that will respond to the needs of the situation and correct the underlying causes. d. survey the internal and external environment for issues that merit executive attention.

c. generate other possible solutions that will respond to the needs of the situation and correct the underlying causes.

In the context of change implementation tactics, the participation approach: a. involves advising resisters to accept the change or lose rewards or even their jobs. b. is used when the change involves new technical knowledge. c. helps managers understand the differences in perceptions of change among employees. d. uses formal bargaining to win acceptance and approval of a desired change.

c. helps managers understand the differences in perceptions of change among employees.

In the context of change implementation tactics, the coercion approach is used: a. when users have the power to resist. b. when users need to feel involved. c. in crisis situations when a rapid response is necessary. d. in situations where design requires information from others.

c. in crisis situations when a rapid response is necessary.

A global burger chain has tailored its logo, menu, ingredients, and advertisements to the tastes and preferences of the people in the various locations of its outlets. This customization means that the burger chain has adopted a(n) _____. a. export strategy b. globalization strategy c. multidomestic strategy d. cost leadership strategy

c. multidomestic strategy

In the context of change implementation tactics, __________ uses formal bargaining to win acceptance and approval of a desired change. a. extortion b. coercion c. negotiation d. appeasement

c. negotiation

A small company that manufactures pet food and toys is planning to start a new line of products that is related to pet health care. The company's top managers meet with potential venture capitalists to discuss the investments for a research and development (R&D) setup. In this case, the company is making a: a. routine decision. b. tactical decision. c. nonprogrammed decision. d. wicked decision.

c. nonprogrammed decision.

Scientists have discovered that the influenza virus often modifies its genetic material and protein structure. In order to tackle the seasonal changes in the influenza virus, vaccine manufacturers have decided to produce a new influenza vaccine every six months. This is an example of a(n): a. single-use goal. b. project goal. c. operational goal. d. strategic goal.

c. operational goal.

Reed is a division head at a multinational corporation (MNC) that specializes in ergonomical chairs and fitness training equipment. Recently, the top management at the MNC has decided to contribute to better employee health and the fitness of at least 10 million people around the world. To realize this goal, Reed breaks down the top management's goals into smaller units and defines specific goals for his division. In this case, Reed is defining a _____. a. leadership goal b. strategic goal c. tactical goal d. standing goal

c. tactical goal

In the context of the BCG matrix, which is named for the Boston Consulting Group that developed it, which of the following dimensions are associated with the cash cow? a. Low market share and high growth rate b. High market share and high growth rate c. Low market share and low growth rate d. High market share and low growth rate

d. High market share and low growth rate

Rosa was promoted to a management position from her specialist role. During her previous role, she gained firsthand experience of the pros and cons of division of labor. Which action could Rosa take as a manager to overcome the biggest disadvantage of specialization for those reporting to her? a. Promote well-performing specialists to managerial positions b. Remove physical barriers between her subordinates c. Recognize and reward the contributions of her subordinates d. Implement teams to provide greater challenges for employees

d. Implement teams to provide greater challenges for employees

Which of the following is true of brainstorming? a. It means a commitment to make more informed and intelligent decisions. b. It refers to the tendency of people to suppress contrary opinions. c. It minimizes people's tendencies to value favored beliefs and viewpoints. d. It is highly effective for quickly generating a wide range of alternatives.

d. It is highly effective for quickly generating a wide range of alternatives.

Which of the following illustrates a limitation of planning? a. Alan allocates four additional resources to work as substitutes on a new project. b. Jean becomes demotivated when she cannot meet her work goals. c. Pam overestimates the amount of resources for a project, resulting in overspending. d. Jake follows through on his work plan but is hindered but an unforeseen event.

d. Jake follows through on his work plan but is hindered but an unforeseen event.

A solar energy manufacturing company is expecting new innovations to change its equipment and processes over the next few years. To achieve this goal, the company provides rigorous training to all its employees that is specific to the new technology. Which of the following actions illustrates that the company's managers know how to keep employees on track toward accomplishing their final goal? a. Regularly comparing competitors' equipment and processes with theirs b. Discussing how the existing equipment and processes work c. Putting up poster reminders about the final goal d. Meeting biannually for evaluating employee progress

d. Meeting biannually for evaluating employee progress

Marcia is the top leader of the matrix structure for an international company manufacturing environmental compliance equipment. Which action could she take to resolve conflicts between people in charge of product line goals and country goals? a. Appointing a liaison in the human resources department to handle conflicts b. Transferring employees who have conflicts to other departments c. Letting conflicts be resolved by those concerned as it stimulates innovation on both sides of the matrix d. Meeting with matrix bosses and two-boss employees to work out differences

d. Meeting with matrix bosses and two-boss employees to work out differences

The CEO of a company has decided to increase collaboration among employees to increase efficiency and quality. Besides removing physical barriers between employees, which of the following will help the CEO in promoting employee coordination? a. Introducing rules regarding the time and place for interaction at the workplace b. Laying emphasis on the goals of the separate departments c. Eliminating front-line and middle management positions to promote horizontal coordination d. Providing training to develop interaction and conflict resolution skills

d. Providing training to develop interaction and conflict resolution skills

What can simultaneously be considered the best feature and, from some employees' viewpoint, the worst characteristic of stretch goals? a. Stretch goals are frequently changed by the top management. b. Stretch goals are more likely to be met with gradual, incremental improvements. c. Stretch goals are not always set with matching rewards for achievement. d. Stretch goals are beyond the current levels of organizational capability.

d. Stretch goals are beyond the current levels of organizational capability.

Which of the following statements is true of managers of creative organizations? a. They embrace success and discourage risk, experimentation, and failure. b. They involve employees in a specific type of projects so that people get used to the rhythm of routine jobs. c. They use a top-down approach and encourage the flow of ideas from top executives to lower levels. d. They drive out the fear of making mistakes that can inhibit creative thinking.

d. They drive out the fear of making mistakes that can inhibit creative thinking.

Managers with an analytical style of decision making like to: a. talk to people one on one and consider the effect of a given decision on them. b. make decisions quickly because they do not like to deal with a lot of information. c. consider many broad alternatives and solve problems creatively. d. consider complex solutions based on as much data as they can gather.

d. consider complex solutions based on as much data as they can gather.

Sheree oversees the creation of books at a publishing company. She has to coordinate the efforts of designers, editors, typesetters, proofreaders, the marketing department, and several members of other departments. Sheree is a: a. matrix boss. b. line manager. c. production head. d. project manager.

d. project manager.

Which of the following is not a reason to set goals? A. Goal-setting takes too much discipline. B. Goal setting is necessary in order to assess results. C. Goal setting will enhance your influence on the job. D. Goal-setting helps a manager review a subordinate's progress.

A. Goal-setting takes too much discipline.

Bonnie has set the goal of completing a four-year college degree. This goal should be helpful to her because of all the following reasons except A. She doesn't want to work under a deadline. B. She can seek the help of a tutor because she is having difficulty in her math course. C. She can adjust her study habits to be sure that she completes her assignments. D. She wants to be a teacher.

A. She doesn't want to work under a deadline.

How would you describe the best type of goal? A. General B. Clear and specific C. Vague D. Easily reached

B. Clear and specific