MGMT Ch18

Punishment.

Act of presenting an aversive stimulus in response to an undesired behavior

Negative reinforcement.

Act of removing an aversive condition in response to a desired behavior

Positive reinforcement.

Act of rewarding a desired behavior

Intrinsic rewards.

Associated with "doing the job," include interesting and challenging work, self-direction and responsibility, variety, opportunities to use one's skills and abilities, and sufficient feedback regarding one's efforts

Theory of operant conditioning.

Both positive and negative reinforcement increase behavior while punishment and extinction decrease behavior

Theory Y

Employees are motivated to do their best and to work to their potential

Expectancy Theory.

Employees expect that high effort should lead to good performance and that good performance, in turn, should lead to reward

Theory X.

Employees inherently dislike work and need to be constantly monitored and evaluated to ensure that they do what is expected

Effort to performance expectancy.

Evaluation of whether putting in effort will lead to high performance

Performance to outcome expectancy.

Evaluation of whether successful performance will lead to a desired reward

Valance.

Evaluation of whether the available outcomes are attractive

Reinforcement theory.

Explains that both positive and negative reinforcements can induce certain behaviors

Extrinsic rewards.

Facilitate or motivate task performance that include pay, promotions, fringe benefits, and job security

Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory.

Hygiene factors: Comprise the makeup of the work environment and are a potential source of dissatisfaction & Motivators: Direct consequences of doing the job and the primary cause of satisfaction on the job

Extinction.

Idea that a behavior stops because it has ceased to be rewarded or punished

Which of the following statements is true of Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y?

Managers who conform to Theory X believe that employees are principally motivated by extrinsic rewards

Acquired Needs Theory.

Need for achievement, Need for affiliation, Need for power

Equity Theory.

People will compare their circumstances with those of similar others and that this behavior motivates them to seek fairness in the way they are rewarded for performance

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory.

Physiological needs, Safety needs, Belongingness needs, Esteem Needs, Self-Actualization

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?

Recognition

Self-Efficacy.

The belief that one has the capabilities to accomplish organizational goals

Which of the following theories is a variant on Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory?

The theory suggesting that individuals are motivated by three primary needs: existence, relatedness, and growth

Which of the following statements is true of intrinsic rewards?

The value of intrinsic rewards is based on individuals' conception of their worth

According to the expectancy theory, the variable that includes the evaluation of whether available outcomes are attractive to an employee is called.

Valence

Kevin, a top manager in an organization, often socializes and maintains warm relationships with his employees. He tends to be more concerned about his team members rather than their performance. He tries to avoid confrontations and negative feedbacks in an attempt to be liked by everyone. Based on David McClelland's acquired needs theory, it can be inferred that Kevin is an example of a (n).

affiliation-oriented manager

Theory holds that people will compare their circumstances with those of similar others and that this behavior motivates them to seek fairness in the way they are rewarded for performance.

equity

To fulfill employees' drive to acquire, managers should.

provide competitive salary and benefits

Four-Drive Theory.

the drive to acquire, the drive to bond, the drive to comprehend, and the drive to defend—underlies motivation, and that the degree to which these are satisfied directly affects employees' emotions and behaviors.

The theory that both positive and negative reinforcement increase behavior while punishment and extinction decrease behavior is called the.

theory of operant conditioning