mgmt ch2 study

Egyptians management

used management to construct pyramids

Sumerians management

used written rules and regulations for governance

what management perspectives did charles babbage's book cover?

classical and quantitive management

What was Charles Babbage's profession?

English mathematician

T OR F: Before the twentieth century, there was no significant practice of management.

F

What did the hawthorne studies focus on?

behavior in the work place

In recent years, popular best-selling books have not had significant influence in the practice of management. True/False?

false

Operations Management

generally concerned with helping the organization produce its products or services more efficiently

Systems perspective: systems have 4 basic elements:

inputs, transformation processes, outputs, and feedback

While Scientific Management is focused on individual employees, Administrative Management is about.....

managing and structuring an organization for more efficient operations.

Are scientific management and hawthorne finding similar?

no

Types of systems in the system perspective

open, closed, subsystem, synergy, and entropy

What did they do in the Hawthorne studies?

researchers manipulated workers lighting, created an incentive program, and an interview program

Theory X or Y? People prefer to be directed, to avoid responsibility, and to want security; they have little ambition

theory x

For each characteristic, select whether it is consistent with a Theory X or Theory Y approach to management. People are internally motivated to reach goals.

theory y

Theory X or Y? People are internally motivated to reach objectives to which they are committed

theory y

Theory X or Y? People do not naturally dislike work; work is a natural part of their lives

theory y

Theory X or Y? People have the capacity to be innovative in solving organizational problems.

theory y

Theory X or Y? People will both seek and accept responsibility under favorable conditions.

theory y

closed systems

systems that can sustain themselves without interacting with their environments

Theory X or Y? People are bright, but under most organizational conditions their potential is underutilized.

theory y

Theory X or Y? People are committed to goals to the degree that they receive personal rewards when they reach their objectives.

theory y

What is Charles Babbage famous for?

trailblazing contributions to the development of the computer

Which scientist was primarily associated with the development of scientific management?

Fredrick Taylor

Who introduced rest periods to reduce fatigue in workers?

Fredrick Taylor

______________ is the best-known proponent of Scientific Management

Fredrick Taylor

If you decide to give a presentation on ethics and social responsibility, which topics might you include? Check all that apply. a. Reducing the organization's carbon footprint to reduce climate change b. Making contributions to community groups c. Establishing controls so that the organization is not embarrassed by scandals d. Training employees in cultural sensitivity so they can work well with people in other countries

a,b,c,d

subsystems

a system within another system

Scientific management played a major role in the development of

mass-production assembly line

entropy

normal and natural process of a system declining without interference and intervention. Every organization must work to counteract entropy.

The quantitative management perspective relies on

mathematical models to guide decisions.

Open systems

systems that interact with their environment

What century was Charles Babbage alive in?

19th

Who articulated the four basic steps to scientific management?

Fredrick Taylor

Behavioral management focuses on

employee attitudes and group processes

What book did charles babbage write?

"On the economy of machinery and manufactures which was"

Hawthorne Conclusions

- Human element is very important - changes to environment (like lighting) did not have lasting effects - employees being paid attention to is important

Classical management remains relevant to contemporary managers. In which of the following current situations is the relevance of classical management apparent? A. Bureaucracies, like government organizations, utilize the bureaucratic procedures first proposed by Max Weber. B. Some companies cross-train employees to ensure that every employee can fulfill every job. C. Some organizations, such as storage and shipping companies, can staff tasks flexibly with either robots or people. D. Consulting companies, like IDEO, solve custom problems by providing unique solutions for every client.

A

Knowledge of the history of management is helpful and important to mangers because... A. It provides a sense of heritage and helps managers avoid repeating the mistakes of others B. It helps them connect management to other academic disciplines C. It is actually not helpful or important to managers D. It builds managers confidence and helps them speak more fluently about management

A

Theory X

A pessimistic and negative view of workers consistent with the views of scientific management

Theory Y

A positive view of workers; it represents the assumptions that human relations advocates make

Mark all of the following that are true about the classical management perspective. A. Many ideas from it are still used today, including the four basic management functions and Max Weber's ideas about bureaucratic methods B. Ideas from it may apply better in simpler more stable organizations rather than dynamic and complex ones C. One limitation was that it is too concerned for the individual welfare of employees and not enough with efficiency D. It was based on ideas from the classical era of Greek and Roman civilization

A, B

Check all of the following that describe the quantitative perspective on management. A. It is made up of two components: management science and operations management B. Creates models that do not directly apply to actual management problems C. It began to emerge during World War II D. It involves creating mathematical models and equations to represent reality E. Has become more prominent with increasing use of personal computers and integrated information networks

A,C,D,E

Systems perspective: Inputs

An organization gets inputs from its environment. (material, human, financial, informational)

The systems and contingency perspectives are... Check all that apply. A. Mutually exclusive; you can look through the lens of one or the other B. Complementary and create an integrative framework that connects all the different management perspectives Both universal perspectives C. Uniquely connected to the D. Quantitative Management Perspective

B

Theories of management are helpful and important to managers because... A. They are actually not helpful or important B. They serve as organizers of knowledge and road maps for action C. Knowledge of management theories gives authority and respectability to managers D. They provide material for interactions between managers

B

Step 4 of Fredrick Taylor's four basic steps to scientific management

Continue to plan the work, but use workers to get the work done.

The behavioral management perspective is best described as... A. Defined by the assumption that individual behavior is unimportant in relation to the functioning of an organization B. Growing out of past Organizational Behavior theories C. Theories rejecting the need for psychological understanding of employees D. Characterized by a concern for both individual and group behavior

D

All of the following are contemporary management issues and challenges except. A. Globalization B. Quality and its relationship to productivity C. An unpredictable economy D. The role of social media E. The service sector shrinking and becoming less important

E

Who conducted the Hawthorne studies?

Elton Mayo

T OR F: Operations management focuses on developing mathematical models and equations.

F

Which organizational resource is the focus of the behavioral management perspective? A. Physical B. Information C. Financial D. Human

Human

Systems perspective: outputs

Outputs can be of various kinds, depending on the organization. (products, services, profits, losses, employee behaviors, information)

In an experiment examining the effect of lighting on productivity, researchers in the Hawthorne Studies found that A. productivity decreased regardless of high or low lighting B. productivity was best when work space was well lit C. productivity increased regardless of lighting D. productivity was best when the work space was lit by only moonlight

Productivity increased for high and low lighting

Step 2 of Fredrick Taylor's four basic steps to scientific management

Scientifically select employees and then train them to do the job as described in step 1

Step 3 of Fredrick Taylor's four basic steps to scientific management

Supervise employees to make sure they follow the prescribed methods for performing their jobs.

Systems perspective: feedback

The environment reacts to the outputs and provides feedback to the system as inputs.

Babylonians management

Used an extensive set of laws and policies for governance

greeks management

Used different governing systems for cities and states

Chinese management

Used extensive organization structure for government agencies and the arts

venetians management

Used organization design and planning concepts to control the seas.

romans management

Used organized structure for communication and control

define theory

a conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action

Imagine that you are the manager of a restaurant that sells sandwiches. Match each item in the table below with the corresponding element of the systems perspective of management. input, transformative process, output, or feedback a. sandwiches b. veggie prep c. baking d. garbage

a. output b. transformative process c. transformative process d. output

Systems Perspective

an interrelated set of elements functioning as a whole

The most important reason for today's managers to study the history of management is so they can

avoid the mistakes of the past

United Airlines and Continental Airlines decided to merge, in part because the companies had little overlap in their domestic routes and hubs. This is an example of a. a closed system b. synergy c. management science d. return on investment

b

Eastman Kodak failed to make adequate adjustments when the digital camera and smartphone market developed. The company fell victim to the process of a. synergy b. contingency planning c. entropy

c

If a manager measures which location has the most traffic and includes that information in a model to predict store profits by location, which management perspective is she using? a. Financial management b. Behavioral management c. Quantitative management d. Scientific management

c

Which of the following statements is true? a. Frederick Taylor developed mathematical models to predict employee productivity. b. Henri Fayol is the father of management science. c. Management science is focused on developing mathematical models.

c

__________ was an originator of modern management theory and practice.

charles babbage

synergy

combination of different elements or units that produce more working together than independently

Scientific management

concerned with improving the performance of individual workers

Systems perspective: transformation

converts the inputs into outputs The processes are managerial and technological.

As an operations manager, you might use quantitative management techniques to a. assess financial returns on past decisions b. train new employees c. motivate employees d. manage inventory levels in your retail and warehouses

d

Imagine that you have been invited to speak at a management conference on a topic of emerging significance to managers. First, you need to choose a topic. Then, you need to decide what to say about it that will be interesting and useful to your audience. Your friend who is a human resources manager suggests that you give a presentation on changing employment practices. Some organizations examine job applicants' social media accounts before hiring them, and many have a policy that management can access all communications that flow across the organization's technology infrastructure. As a result, employees are increasingly concerned about a. workforce diversity b. social responsibility c. globalization d. workplace privacy

d

Step 1 of Fredrick Taylor's four basic steps to scientific management

develop a science for each element of the job to replace the old rule-of-thumb methods

Frank Gilbreth

developed bricklaying techniques, 18 separate physical movements to five and an increase in output of about 200 percent.

Scientific management emphasizes the

efficient design of jobs and performance of tasks

The Quantitative Management Perspective

focuses on decision making, economic effectiveness, mathematical models, and the use of computers.

The Human Relations Movement "grew from the Hawthorne studies and was a popular approach to management for many years, propos[ing] that workers respond primarily to the....

social context of the workplace

Frederick Taylor, one of the leading contributors to scientific management, observed employees engaged in ____________, meaning they performed at a pace much slower than their capabilities.

soldiering

Recognizes situational differences and particular characteristics

the contingency perspective

Piecework pay system

increasing the pay of each worker who met and exceeded the target level of output set for his or her job by Fredrick Taylor

Recognizes environmental influences and interdependence of subunits of an organization

the system perspective

Frederick Taylor's most efficient method identified......

the way workers should do their tasks with as little movement as possible

For each characteristic, select whether it is consistent with a Theory X or Theory Y approach to management. Managers must coerce employees.

theory x

For each characteristic, select whether it is consistent with a Theory X or Theory Y approach to management. People do not like to work.

theory x

Theory X or Y? People do not like work and try to avoid it.

theory x

Theory X or Y? People do not like work, so managers have to control, direct, coerce, and threaten employees to get them to work toward organizational goals.

theory x

The following table lists the four steps in Frederick Taylor's system of scientific management. Indicate the order in which the steps should be performed in order to optimize employee productivity, according to Taylor. A. Scientifically select employees and then train them to do the job as described. B. Supervise employees to make sure they follow the prescribed methods for performing their jobs. C. Continue to plan the work, but use workers to get the work done. D. Develop a science for each element of the job to replace old rule-of-thumb methods.

A. step 2 B. step 3 C. step 4 D. step 1

Charles babbage wrote about the division of _________, the application of ________________, and how "a harmonious relationship between ____________ and ________ could serve to benefit both.

labor, mathematics, management, labor

Which of the following describes scientific management best? A. It was dedicated to testing hypotheses about business by doing experiments B. It was concerned with improving efficiency and work methods for individual workers C. It was an instructional series where workers were taught about using the scientific method in their work D. It applied new scientific technology created by the government in World War 2

B

Check all of the following that describe administrative management. A. Was very concerned with psychological well being of employees B. Focused on managing the organization rather than the individual C. Was concerned with improving efficiency D. It was the first to identify the four basic management functions E. Frederick Taylor was an important theorist of administrative management

B,C,D

Mark the option that best describes the impact of the Behavioral Management Perspective today. A. Theories of Behavioral Management are still used extensively today, and have not been noticeably advanced B. Theories of Behavioral Management caused a significant counter reaction which led to a rejection of it and a return to practices rooted in the Classical Management Perspective C. Though many behavioral theorists had simplistic assumptions about human psychology, their ideas led to contemporary ideas of organizational behavior which is broader and more open to complexity

C

Select the choice that best describes what Elton Mayo and his associates concluded from the Hawthorne studies. A. Changing workers' environment in strategic ways always increased efficiency B. Increasing workers' compensation caused them to work more efficiently C. Environmental changes had little permanent effect, what did impact workers was the attention they were getting D. Efficiency only increased with putting continual pressure and giving constant direction to employees

C

Which best describes Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y that were part of the human relations movement? A. Theory X: Some people are naturally gifted while others are not Theory Y: All people have the same potential to develop ability B. Theory X: People are rational actors, maximizing utility Theory Y: People are irrational actors, acting in unpredictable ways C. Theory X: People do not like to work and prefer to be directed Theory Y: People are often internally motivated and will accept responsibility D. Theory X: People act in groups and networks Theory Y: People act and are motivated individually

C