MGMT Test 2

_________ focuses on the link between rewards and behaviors and emphasizes anticipated rewards.

Expectancy theory

Performance ______ is the means through which managers ensure that employees' activities and outputs are congruent with the organization's goals.

Management

The theory that there is a purposeful if-then link between a target behavior and a consequence is:

Skinner's Operant Theory

Which of the following are the first two steps in the performance managment process?

1. identify a company's goals and objectives 2. identify and develop performance measures for key performance decisions

The ____ technique consists of obtaining performance feedback for a manager from his or her boss, direct reports, and internal and external customers.

360 degree appraisal

When a performance measure does not measure all aspects of performance, it is considered

deficient

Skinner concluded that behavior is:

respondent and operant

Ignoring an undesirable behavior until it disappears is known as __

extinction

A performance measure is said to be contaminated when

it evaluates irrelevant aspects of performance

Undesirable behavior can be reduced by

presenting a positive reward

Performance management appraisals are sometimes not particularly useful because managers

tend to fear evaluating employees negatively

Whose theory states that contingent consequences, such as positive reinforcement and punishment, control behavior?

B.F. Skinner

According to________ high performance followed by a reward will motivate employees to repeat the performance and make it recur more often in the future.

E.L. Thorndike's Law of Effect

______states that motivation is a function of five basic needs that are met sequentially

Maslow's need hierarchy theory

The _____ is the average compensation-including wages, salaries, and bonuses of jobs in an organization

Pay level

Which of the following statements is true about approaches to measuring performance?

There is no one best approach to measuring performance but all should measure what is accomplished and how it is accomplished.

Which of the following statements about the process of performance management is true?

To be effective, performance management should not be an event but a process.

Donaldo just went through his performance evaluation. His manager gave him timely and complete feedback about areas needing improvement and training available to help him. Donaldo disagreed with his manager's assessment and decided not to make any changes to his work performance. Which criterion of performance measure is exemplified by Donaldo's reaction?

acceptability

The performance management system at the Proton Corporation has been carefully designed to assess all of the relevant dimensions of performance for jobs in the company. Based on this, it can be said that this performance management system possesses

acceptability

Which is the most likely reason many managers doubt the effectiveness of performance appraisal systems?

appraisal systems are rarely modified

The acceptability of a performance measure is determined, in part, by the extent to which the employees

believe the performance management system is fair

The top strategic purpose of a performance management system is establishing a link between______.

employee activity and organizational goals

Specificity is relevant to which of the following aspects of performance management? (Select all that apply.)

employee development and achieving strategic goals

The initial steps of the performance management cycle involve

identifying what the company is trying to accomplish (goals or objectives), creating a set of key performance dimensions, and develop performance measures

A colleague receives a significant reward for work you accomplished together, but you do not receive a similar reward. What impact might that have on you?

inconsistent future performance and loss of motivation

Reinforcement theory states that you can:

increase desired behaviors by providing pleasing consequences and strengthen desired behaviors by withdrawing a displeasing consequence

What are two common means for timing the administration of positive reinforcers?

intermittent and continuous

If two individuals give a person's job performance approximately the same evaluation, the performance measure has

interrater reliability

Which of the following statements is true about the developmental purpose of performance management?

it is designed to develop employees and improve performance

Which of the following administrative decisions are typically made with the aid of performance management information? (Select all that apply.)

layoffs, promotions, pay raises

Communication, documentation, and organization maintenance are several of the basic purposes of an organization's performance ______ system

management

When implementing a performance management strategy, organizations develop which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

measurement systems, definitions of the expected results, feedback systems

Jaime is on time for work every day now because her manager yelled at her when she was late. Now that she is on time, her manager doesn't yell at her. This is an example of

negative reinforcement

The levels of organizational culture are

observable artifacts, espoused values, basic underlying assumptions

Skinner labeled behavior that is learned when one acts on the environment to produce desired consequences ______ behavior.

operant

Which of the following statements about organizational culture is true?

organizations tend to have one dominant type of culture

Thorndike's observations that led to the law of effect were that behavior with ____________ consequences tends to be repeated.

positive

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement/

probational periods for new hires

Which of the following are examples of comparative approaches? (Select all that apply.)

ranking and paired comparison

Consistency in performance and being free from random error is a measure of______.

reliability

Consistency in performance and being free from random error is a measure of____________.

reliability

Which of the following are important criteria for evaluating a performance management system?

reliability, acceptability, specificity

A performance measure that does a good job of telling employees what is expected of them and how to meet those expectations is said to have a high level of_________.

specificity

Job performance management systems that bring out job performance that is in line with the strategies, goals, and culture of the organization is said to have

strategic congruence

Job performance management systems that bring out job performance that is in line with the strategies, goals, and culture of the organization is said to have ________.

strategic congruence

Which of the following are purposes of an organization's performance management system? (Select all that apply.)

strategic, developmental, administrative

In McClelland's acquired needs theory

there are five basic needs: power, affiliation, achievement, esteem, and self-actualization

What is a developmental purpose of performance management?

to identify employee weaknesses for managers to use in providing feedback and coaching

Thorndike's observations that led to the law of effect were that behavior with ______ consequences tends to disappear.

unfavorable

When a performance measure assesses all relevant aspects of performance, and only the relevant aspects of performance, that measure test is considered

valid

After a company has decided the kind of performance it expects from employees, it must develop ______.

ways to measure performance

Which of the following is true about pay?

Employees attach great importance to pay decisions when they evaluate their relationship with the organization.

Which of the following can be influenced by promotions and pay raises? (Check all that apply.)

Employees' perception of fairness, Employees' emotional well-being, Employees' intentions of quitting