MGT 300 Chapter 10

What is an example of political pressure creating an external force for change?

A tobacco tax

What are matters that can be addressed by organizational development?

Adapting to mergers Managing conflict Revitalizing organizations

Which type of change implementation makes employees feel the least threatened?

Adaptive change

What are two practices managers can utilize in order to implement "refreezing," the third stage of Lewin's change model?

Begin to provide employees with role models, mentors, and training Reinforce desired change in the employees Encourage employees to exhibit the new change

How do organizational consultants carry out a diagnosis?

By attending meetings and performing direct observation By using surveys and questionnaires By consulting company records

Which statement about human capital and innovation is true?

Certain employee characteristics, such as intrinsic motivation and creativity, are positively associated with innovation.

During which phase of Lewin's model of change is it most important for managers to act as role models and mentors and provide benchmarking results?

Changing

Employees are introduced to new information, new perspectives, and new models of behavior during the ______ stage of Lewin's change model.

Changing

Which statement about the need for faster speed-to-market is true?

Competitors may be in and out of the market within days.

Factors such as the increasing number of women in the workforce and the growing number of older workers exemplify which force for change outside the organization?

Demographic characteristics

Match each step in the organization development process with the type of question that it answers. Diagnosis Intervention Evaluation Feedback

Diagnosis - What is the problem? Intervention - What should we do about it? Evaluation - How well has the intervention worked? Feedback - How can the diagnosis be further refined?

During the past several months, Diah has lost trust in her manager, Casey, due to some of his decisions regarding his employees. He is now trying to change the way employees report their time and are paid. What is the most likely reaction Diah will have to this change?

Diah will be resistant to the changes Casey is implementing.

The process through which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then moves up, eventually displacing established companies, is referred to as ______.

Disruptive innovation

Which of the following is a demographic characteristic that is a force for change outside the organization?

Education

What are two factors that contribute to resistance to change?

Employee characteristics Change agent characteristics

What is achieved by integration of innovation activities into business strategies?

Employees feel committed to innovation in the organization. Management is encouraged to dedicate resources to innovation.

What are two practices managers can utilize in order to implement "refreezing," the third stage of Lewin's change model?

Encourage employees to exhibit the new change Reinforce desired change in the employees

What are three things that can help you achieve more self-compassion?

Engage in mindfulness meditation. Practice self-kindness. Remember you are not alone.

True or false: Management support has little effect on the success of organizational development.

False

True or false: Organizational development is used to hire new executives.

False

True or false: Reactive change is planned.

False

Ted's company has recently reorganized. He has been reassigned into a new role for which he feels unprepared, and he is not sure that he can handle his new responsibilities. Which of the following best describes the reason why Ted is resisting the change?

Fear of failure

What are likely to cause resistance to change?

Fears about job security The potential for loss of status Peer pressure

What are resources necessary for innovation?

Focus Money Time

At Hudson Food Company, managers permit experimentation, risk taking, and tolerate failure. Which step of supporting innovation does this represent?

Fostering an innovative culture and climate

The desired goals of a change achieved through organizational development may occur at which levels?

Group Organizational Individual

How ready an organization is for change depends in part on which of the following?

How much top managers support the change How employees regard the consequences of the change How capable employees are of handling the change

Job dissatisfaction and high absenteeism are examples of which force for change inside the organization?

Human resources concerns

Place the steps of force-field analysis in order, with the first step at the top.

Identify the thruster and the counterthrust Remove negative forces Increase the positive forces if necessary

What is the first step in force-field analysis?

Identifying the thrusters and counterthrusters

Which of the following are among the seven methods of fostering innovation?

Institute the necessary human resource policies, practices, and procedures Establish the required structure and processes Get commitment from top managers Create an innovation strategy

Carol is in charge of a meeting to decide what the company should do about the new sales people who don't know how to follow-up with former clients. Which stage of the organizational development process is Carol participating in?

Intervention

Which of the following are true about a self-affirmation?

It is a way of getting rid of negative thoughts It is a positive statement that helps you focus on goals

How is organizational development used in conjunction with mergers?

It is used to help integrate the varying cultures, procedures, and products of the two firms.

Which of these tasks is analytic and involves problem solving and abstract reasoning?

Knowledge work

Demand for organic foods has increased dramatically as Americans become aware of the effects of pesticides and other harmful chemicals in food. This exemplifies which force for change outside the organization?

Market changes

iTunes revolutionized the way that people purchase music and created a brand-new market, thus characterizing it as a(n) _______ innovation.

New-direction

What type of innovation focuses on creating breakthrough products or services that do not yet exist and are aimed at creating brand new markets and customers?

New-direction innovation

Which statements are true about how offshore suppliers impact how we work?

Offshore suppliers have resulted in the loss of some U.S. jobs. Offshore suppliers have enabled some U.S. jobs to become more productive.

What type of structure is best suited to innovation?

Organic

What are the four target elements of change?

People Methods Organizational arrangements Social factors

Which type of change is the most complex and costly and is the most threatening to employees and managers?

Radically innovative change

During which stage of Lewin's change model are new employee attitudes and behaviors integrated into their normal way of doing things?

Refreezing

During which stage of Lewin's change model should managers encourage employees to exhibit the new behaviors and then reinforce employees making the desired change?

Refreezing

Which of the following is an adaptive change in an organization?

Reintroduction of a practice familiar to the organization

Even though the entire team felt it was important to purchase all of the supplies immediately for the new product line, upper management was concerned about outlaying that much money so early in the development cycle. Which factor of innovation is this company failing to provide?

Resources

Which statements about rewards and innovation goals are true?

Reward systems should be aligned with innovation goals. Extrinsic reward receipt needs to be tied to creativity and innovation.

Which of the following BEST describes "demassification"?

Segmenting customer groups into smaller, more specialized groups

Which statement about organizational development is true?

Successful organization development usually involves multiple interventions.

Tameka's company is introducing a new invoicing and billing system. As Tameka is presenting the new system to the accounting team, she is careful to explain why the changes are important. By the time she is done, the accounting team has shown their acceptance of the new procedures. This is likely because ______.

Tameka has used tact

What are the three parts of a systems model of change?

Target elements of change Inputs Outputs

What happens during the last step of the organizational development process?

The diagnosis and intervention are further refined if the problem was not solved.

True or false: Multiple organizational development interventions have been found to work better than single interventions.

True

True or false: The pressure exerted by internal forces for change may be subtle or very dramatic.

True

According to Lewin's Change Model, during the first stage, referred to as the ______ stage, managers need to instill in employees the motivation to change by encouraging them to let go of attitudes and behaviors that are resistant to motivation.

Unfreezing

The public library in Emily's town wants patrons to scan their own books to check them out instead of having library employees do it. At first, the employees felt that this approach would create an impersonal way to check out books, but management has encouraged the employees to let go of the old way of doing things by explaining to them that they will be more useful working as information specialists in another area of the library. Which stage of Lewin's change model does this represent?

Unfreezing

Match the stage of Lewin's Change Model with its description. Unfreezing Changing Refreezing

Unfreezing - Creating the motivation to change Changing - Introducing new information, perspectives, and models of behavior Refreezing - Supporting and reinforcing the new behavior

What are companies doing to respond effectively to increasing segmentation of the marketplace?

Using more narrowly targeted marketing messages

When is organizational development most likely to be successful?

When goals are tied to both short-term and long-term results

When is organizational development most likely to succeed?

When it is supported by top managers

Tonya sees her company eliminating jobs in order to reduce costs, but the CEO was recently given a bonus of several million dollars. The likely cause of her resistance to the current organizational change is ______.

a climate of mistrust

An innovative culture is a place where failures are ______ the organization's culture.

an accepted part of

Tom's company is very successful, even though they expect most new ideas to fail. This is likely due to an organizational culture that ______.

celebrates failure as vital toward fostering innovation

A consultant with a background in behavioral sciences who works as a catalyst in helping organizations deal with old problems in new ways is called a(n) ______.

change agent

Xenod Capital just enlisted the help of Alejandra, a consultant with a background in behavioral science. She is going to help them apply new methods to dealing with old problems. Alejandra is an example of a(n) ______.

change agent

Leadership style, personality, tactfulness, and sense of timing are all _____ characteristics that can contribute to employee resistance to change.

change-agent

To promote innovation, organizational structure and internal process should foster ______.

collaboration cross-functional communication agility

Organizational development can be used to manage ______ within an organization.

conflict

One assumption of a systems approach to change is that change ______.

creates a ripple effect through an organization

In some parts of the United States, guns are sold at Walmart stores. Some people refuse to shop at those stores. At the extreme, everyone would refuse to shop at those stores. In that hypothetical situation, ______ are acting as an external force for change.

customers

The common term used to describe the techniques for implementing planned change to make people and companies more effective is called organizational ______.

development

Managers use the four levers of targeting elements of change to ______.

diagnose problems

The introduction of the DVD-by-mail business model by Netflix changed the video rental business and caused the demise of Blockbuster Video. This is an example of ______.

disruptive innovation

Organizational development can be used to help ______.

ease the stress related to mergers and acquisitions

A manager would refer to results, such as data about absenteeism or grievances, during the ______ stage of the OD process.

evaluation

True or false: Offshore suppliers have resulted in labor savings for companies, but they have only hurt U.S. jobs.

false

The technique used to determine which forces could act for a proposed change and which forces could act against it is referred to as ______.

force-field analysis

Miriam's mother was in the army, so as a child, Miriam moved a lot. It was rare for her to spend more than a year in any location, which meant she was always the new girl in school and had a hard time making friends. She was often lonely and unhappy as a result. Recently, Miriam's company decided to move into a new building and reorganize the different departments. Miriam is likely to be resistant to this change because ______.

her childhood predisposed her to dislike change

People's reaction to change depends largely on ______.

how they were taught to handle change as children

The productive potential of a company's employees' knowledge, experience, and actions is known as its ______ capital.

human

The process of creating something new that can be applied profitably is referred to as ______.

innovation

A plan for being innovative that requires a company to integrate its innovation activities and business strategies is a(n) ______.

innovation strategy

A set of interdependent processes and structures that dictate how a company seeks out problems and solutions, synthesizes ideas into a business concept and product design, and chooses projects for funding is a(n) ______.

innovation system

A technical support call center recently decided to extend its hours of operations to include weekends, requiring employees to work different shifts to accommodate the schedule. This change would likely be characterized as ______ change.

innovative

The introduction of a practice that is new to a group or organization and involves moderate complexity and cost is called a(n) ______.

innovative change

In the organizational development process, an attempt to correct a problem is called ______.

intervention

Employees are more likely to resist change if ______.

it is a surprise

Unlike middle-skill jobs, ______-work jobs are rapidly growing.

knowledge

Organizational development is more successful when it involves ______.

long-term goals. short-term goals.

An organizational development intervention that works in one country ______.

may not work in another country

Innovations must be ______.

novel

The desired goals of a change in a company are referred to as ______.

outputs

Min's company is implementing a new product approval system that is far more complex and restrictive than the old system. This will not affect Min directly because she is in the marketing department, but it will affect her friend Tyler, who is in the Research and Design department. As a result, Min speaks out against the new system. This is an example of resistance to change due to ______.

peer pressure

In anticipation of the upcoming holiday sales season, Sarah ordered the production manager to increase the supply of teddy bears and dolls in the warehouse. Sarah is demonstrating ______ change.

proactive

Rather than worry about introducing a new sports recovery product, Gabriel told his staff that they should repackage the existing products and promote them to professional basketball teams throughout the country. Gabriel is demonstrating ______ innovation.

process

When a company alters the way a product is manufactured, conceived, or distributed it is referred to as ______ innovation.

process

Changing the appearance or the performance of a product or a service, or the creation of a new one, is called ______ innovation.

product

Implementing a practice that is completely new to an entire industry, not just to one organization, is called ______ change.

radically innovative

Carson always feels like he is "putting out fires" at work and does not get an opportunity to figure out where problems might arise before they occur. Carson is dealing with ______ change.

reactive

Making changes in response to problems or opportunities as they arise, rather than attempting to foresee them, is referred to as ______ change.

reactive

The beliefs, attitudes, and intentions of an organization's staff regarding the extent of the changes needed and how willing and able they are to implement them is called ______.

readiness for change

For organizational development efforts to succeed, human resource policies, procedures, and packages should ______ the other six parts of the innovation system.

reinforce

An emotional/behavioral response to real or imagined threats to an established work routine is known as ______.

resistance to change

Carlos's company has been making and selling the same products for years. Recently, though, sales have fallen, so the company has decided to focus on creating an environment that promotes communication and fosters innovation in the hopes that this will inspire new ideas for products. Carlos's company is using organization to ______.

revitalize the company

Positive statements that help you focus on goals, program your subconscious mind, and eliminate negative beliefs are referred to as ______.

self-affirmations

Although commitment from all members of an organization is important, if ______ in particular are not committed to achievement of the organization's innovation goals, the goals are unlikely to be achieved.

senior leaders

Concerns about the environment and pressure to reduce the amount of waste produced has led several cities to enact laws banning plastic bags, which has in turn promoted a rise in the production and availability of reusable canvas bags. This is an example of ______ acting as an external force for change.

social and political pressures

As more and more companies become proficient at bringing products and services to market, ______ is emerging as a necessary and powerful competitive weapon.

speed

Increasing segmentation of the marketplace and the need to get products to market faster in light of competitors' specialized solutions are examples of ______ currently influencing the future of business.

supertrends

Manufacturing automation and office automation are examples of ______ that are forces for change outside the organization.

technological advancements

Any machine or process that enables an organization to gain a competitive advantage in changing materials used to produce a finished product qualifies as ______.

technology

Achievement of strategic goals through organization development is likely to fail if ______.

top managers are not committed

Organizational development efforts are more likely to fail if they ______.

use the same intervention across cultures