MGT Exam 3

According to a 1970s study, which of the following are experienced by work groups that experience too little conflict? (Select all that apply.)

- Apathy - Lack of creativity

Which strategies stimulate constructive conflict among team members?

- Bring in outsiders. - Spur competition among employees.

Which of the following are characteristics of a Type A behavior pattern? - Competitive - Patient - Deadline-focused - Hurried

- Competitive - Deadline-focused - Hurried

What are supertrends that are currently affecting the future of business?

- Competitive advantage is coming increasingly from knowledge, not information. - The way we work is being impacted by offshore suppliers.

What are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model?

- Meaningfulness of work - Responsibility for work outcomes - Knowledge of actual results of the work

What are common reasons that employees resist change?

-loss of status or job security-peer pressure-fear of the unknown

Place the steps in the perceptual process in the correct order, with the first step listed at the top and the last step listed at the bottom.

1. selective attention 2. Interpretation and evaluation 3. Storing in memory 4. Retrieving from memory to make judgements and decisions

People who are involved in a chronic, determined struggle to accomplish more in less time have a Type _____ behavior pattern.

A

What legislation prohibits discrimination against the disabled and requires organizations to provide reasonable accommodation for an individual's disabilities?

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

When the conversation with her coworker started to get tense, Mariah announced, "I don't want to talk about it" and left the room. Which conflict-handling style does this demonstrate?

Avoiding

What are two factors that contribute to resistance to change?

Change agent characteristics and Employee characteristics

What is likely to result in employee resistance to change?

Changes that are introduced in an insensitive manner

Which statement about the need for faster speed-to-market is true? Multiple choice question. Achieving faster speed-to-market requires skipping consumer trials. Pop-up stores are an ineffective way to increase speed-to-market. Competitors may be in and out of the market within days. Faster speed-to-market is only possible for small companies.

Competitors may be in and out of the market within days.

Which of the following are among the seven methods of fostering innovation? Multiple select question. Establish a firm hierarchy, with mechanisms of control at all levels Create a climate of employee complacency Create an innovation strategy Establish the required structure and processes Institute the necessary human resource policies, practices, and procedures Get commitment from top managers

Create an innovation strategy Establish the required structure and processes Institute the necessary human resource policies, practices, and procedures Get commitment from top managers

An agreement among team members about how they will work together to make binding decisions and share accountability

Creating a team charter

Sudden occasions of terror, such as a tornado or fire

Crises

What is a common cause of employee resistance to change? Reinforcing reward systems Disruption of group relationships A climate of trust Good timing

Disruption of group relationships

Negative stress that can cause anxiety and illness

Distress

A manager with a "my way or the highway" approach to a conflict is demonstrating which conflict-handling style?

Dominating

What type of conflict is defined by the fact that it hinders the organization's performance or threatens its interests?

Dysfunctional

Which of the following is a demographic characteristic that is a force for change outside the organization?

Education

Trying to experience the other person's feelings and point of view

Empathy

_____ is defined as an individual's involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm for work.

Employee engagement

The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?

Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.

A process whereby team members evaluate the team's objectives, strategies, and processes

Engaging in team reflexivity

Evaluating all ideas fairly without regard to ownership

Equality

_____ is the belief that one's native country, culture, language, abilities, and/or behavior are superior to those of another culture.

Ethnocentrism

Positive stress that can stimulate better coping and adaptation

Eustress

What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation? Multiple choice question.

Expectancy

T/F: Someone who is ethnocentric believes that his or her native country, culture, language, abilities, or behavior is inferior to those of another culture.

False

There is one main theory as to what motivates people, and this theory is accepted by most people.

False

True or false: Money is the best motivator.

False

True or false: Reactive change is planned.

False

True or false: The term "diversity" is synonymous with differences.

False

The potential for loss of status

Fears about job security

What is the modern way of designing jobs?

Fitting jobs to people

At Hudson Food Company, managers permit experimentation, risk taking, and tolerate failure. Which step of supporting innovation does this represent?

Fostering an innovative culture and climate

The freedom team members feel to express their constructive opinions, concerns, or ideas about work-related issues

Giving team members a voice

Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?

Goal-setting theory

Simple irritants, such as misplacing things or being overworked

Hassles

Which of the following are among the seven methods of fostering innovation? Multiple select question. Establish a firm hierarchy, with mechanisms of control at all levels Institute the necessary human resource policies, practices, and procedures Get commitment from top managers Establish the required structure and processes Create an innovation strategy Create a climate of employee complacency

Institute the necessary human resource policies, practices, and procedures Get commitment from top managers Establish the required structure and processes Create an innovation strategy

Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?

Job characteristics model

Demand for organic foods has increased dramatically as Americans become aware of the effects of pesticides and other harmful chemicals in food. This exemplifies which force for change outside the organization?

Market changes

What makes a self-managed team unique?

Members of the team are given administrative oversight for their task area.

According to the Pew Research Center, which statement is accurate regarding predicted trends in the United States during the next few decades?

More women will continue to be hired for top leadership jobs.

What general guidelines or rules of acceptable behavior are followed by most members of a group or team, even though they are often unwritten and seldom discussed?

Norms

Stating your views honestly and concentrating on finding a solution to the problem

Openness

What type of structure is best suited to innovation? Mechanistic Nonexistent Organic External

Organic

What is a common cause of employee resistance to change?

Peer pressure

Sam and Eric don't get along well because Sam is very rigid and goes "by the book," while Eric is much more likely to bend the rules. This is an example of which type of conflict?

Personality

What is a common cause of employee resistance to change? Preservation of group relationships Good timing A climate of trust Personality conflicts

Personality conflicts

Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?

Piece rate

Being upbeat and expressing your willingness to work with the other person to find a resolution to the problem

Positiveness

The self-fulfilling prophecy is also known as the ______________ effect.

Pygmalion

Which statements about rewards and innovation goals are true?

Reward systems should be aligned with innovation goals. Extrinsic reward receipt needs to be tied to creativity and innovation.

Which of the following BEST describes "demassification"? - Offshoring jobs to countries with cheaper labor and production costs - Eliminating bottlenecks in distribution - Segmenting customer groups into smaller, more specialized groups - Offering mainstream products to a broad marketplace

Segmenting customer groups into smaller, more specialized groups

Situations that can dramatically strain a person's ability to adapt, such as frequent migraine headaches

Strong stressors matches

Letting the other person know you want to find a resolution that will benefit both of you.

Supportiveness

Tameka's company is introducing a new invoicing and billing system. As Tameka is presenting the new system to the accounting team, she is careful to explain why the changes are important. By the time she is done, the accounting team has shown their acceptance of the new procedures. This is likely because ______.

Tameka has used tact

What is organizational commitment?

The extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals

Why is it important to manage employees as individuals who have different personalities and circumstances?

To influence the way employees behave

True or false: Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises and other rewards.

True

What are companies doing to respond effectively to increasing segmentation of the marketplace?

Using more narrowly targeted marketing messages

Which assumption about the U.S. workforce is true?

Young college graduates are earning less than they used to.

Employee engagement is defined as

a mental state in which a person performing a work activity is fully immersed in the activity, feeling full of energy and enthusiasm for the work.

Laila loves her immediate supervisor, her co-workers, and her job, but she does not like her supervisor's boss, Hamid. When he decides to institute some new policies that impact Laila, she is automatically resistant. This is most likely due to ______.

a personality conflict

The Americans with Disabilities Act requires organizations to provide a reasonable _____ for individuals with disabilities in the workplace.

accommodation

Collaboration is defined as the

act of sharing information and coordinating efforts to achieve a collective outcome

To promote innovation, organizational structure and internal process should foster ______.

agility cross-functional communication collaboration

An innovative culture is a place where failures are ______ the organization's culture.

an accepted part of

Implicit bias is characterized by the

attitudes and beliefs that we unconsciously hold about groups of people

Dysfunctional conflict is ______ for the organization.

bad

Managers can reduce mistrust and resistance to change by ______.

being open and honest about changes

Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ______.

bonus program

Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called ______.

bonuses

Administrative changes that managers can make to reduce the stressors that lead to employee burnout are called _____.

buffers

The person who is a catalyst in helping an organization change is the ______.

change agent

Leadership style, personality, tactfulness, and sense of timing are all _____ characteristics that can contribute to employee resistance to change.

change-agent

Sharing information and coordinating efforts among individuals to achieve a common objective is known as ______.

collaboration

______ is a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party.

conflict

Self-efficacy, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability are traits that make up an individual's ______.

core self-evaluation

Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job ______.

design

Inessa has worked as part of a four-person development team for several years. Recently, however, one of her coworkers transferred to a different office and a replacement was hired. Inessa and her other long-term teammates are having a hard time accepting the new employee. This is most likely due to ______.

disruption of the group relationship

The introduction of the DVD-by-mail business model by Netflix changed the video rental business and caused the demise of Blockbuster Video. This is an example of ______.

disruptive innovation

The process through which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then moves up, eventually displacing established companies, is referred to as ______.

disruptive innovation

_____ represents all the ways people are unlike and alike - the differences and similarities in age, gender, race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, capabilities, and socioeconomic background.

diversity

The ability to monitor your own feelings and those of others and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions is referred to as _____.

emotional intelligence

Sometimes changes on the job are intimidating and lead to self-doubt. In this case, employees are most likely to resist change due to _______.

fear of failure

Ted's company has recently reorganized. He has been reassigned into a new role for which he feels unprepared, and he is not sure that he can handle his new responsibilities. Which of the following best describes the reason why Ted is resisting the change?

fear of failure

The halo effect exists when we

form an impression of an individual based on a single trait.

A group established by an organization to accomplish specific goals is called a(n) ______ group.

formal

A ______ is defined as two or more freely interacting individuals who share collective norms and goals and have a common identity.

group

Simple irritants, such as misplacing your keys or a phone number, are referred to as ______.

hassles

Miriam's mother was in the army, so as a child, Miriam moved a lot. It was rare for her to spend more than a year in any location, which meant she was always the new girl in school and had a hard time making friends. She was often lonely and unhappy as a result. Recently, Miriam's company decided to move into a new building and reorganize the different departments. Miriam is likely to be resistant to this change because ______.

her childhood predisposed her to dislike change

People's reaction to change depends largely on ______.

how they were taught to handle change as children

The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.

human capital

What is the term for the attitudes or beliefs that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner?

implicit bias

The process of creating something new that can be applied profitably is referred to as ______.

innovation

A plan for being innovative that requires a company to integrate its innovation activities and business strategies is a(n) ______.

innovation strategy

A set of interdependent processes and structures that dictate how a company seeks out problems and solutions, synthesizes ideas into a business concept and product design, and chooses projects for funding is a(n) ______.

innovation system

A team that relies heavily on interpersonal interactions to complete tasks is said to have a high degree of ______ among team members.

interdependence

Andre's company is restructuring, and he is unhappy about it. As a result of the restructuring, Andre will be managing four employees instead of nine. He is most likely resistant to the change because it ______.

is resulting in a loss of status

Employees are more likely to resist change if ______.

it is a surprise

Scientific ______ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.

management

To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ______.

measurable

Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.

merit

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.

motivation

Innovations must be ______.

novel

Min's company is implementing a new product approval system that is far more complex and restrictive than the old system. This will not affect Min directly because she is in the marketing department, but it will affect her friend Tyler, who is in the Research and Design department. As a result, Min speaks out against the new system. This is an example of resistance to change due to ______.

peer pressure

The process of interpreting and understanding one's environment is called ______.

perception

Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ______.

personal and psychological development

Matt is one of those consistently upbeat, optimistic people. He always looks on the bright side of things and sees the glass as half-full rather than half-empty. These characteristics describe Matt's _____.

personality

A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as ______.

piece rate

Making carefully thought-out changes in anticipation of possible or expected problems or opportunities is known as ______ change.

proactive

Interdependent actions taken by team members that turn inputs into collective outcomes are known as team ______.

processes

Changing the appearance or the performance of a product or a service, or the creation of a new one, is called ______ innovation.

product

When a change is made to a product or service that changes its appearance or performance, this is known as a(n) ______ innovation.

product

Jonathan manages a team that has to decide whether to pursue a new business opportunity in Japan. He splits the team into opposing sides and has them engage in role-playing to help them consider the decision from multiple perspectives. This is an example of ______ conflict.

programmed

Making changes in response to problems or opportunities as they arise, rather than attempting to foresee them, is referred to as ______ change.

reactive

Trust is defined as

reciprocal faith in others' intentions and behaviors

For organizational development efforts to succeed, human resource policies, procedures, and packages should ______ the other six parts of the innovation system.

reinforce

If employees feel fairly treated by their managers during an organizational change, they are less likely to _______ the change.

resist

An emotional/behavioral response to real or imagined threats to an established work routine is known as ______.

resistance to change

Reactive change is change that ______.

responds to problems or opportunities as they arise

A ______ is a set of behaviors that people expect of individuals in a certain position.

role

Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a ______.

sales commission

The extent to which you feel positive or negative about the various aspects of your work is called job ______.

satisfaction

The "can do" aspect of our personality can best be described as ______.

self-efficacy

The belief in one's ability to complete a task is called __. Multiple choice question.

self-efficacy

Teams with administrative oversight of their task domains are known as ______ teams.

self-managed

Although commitment from all members of an organization is important, if ______ in particular are not committed to achievement of the organization's innovation goals, the goals are unlikely to be achieved.

senior leaders

B-corporations (benefit corporations) are an example of one way ___________ have begun to be more active in pressing for organizational change. Multiple select question. managers shareholders stakeholders

shareholders

As more and more companies become proficient at bringing products and services to market, ______ is emerging as a necessary and powerful competitive weapon.

speed

Personality is defined as the

stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity.

The tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics you believe are typical of the group to which that individual belongs is known as _____.

stereotyping

_________ is the tension people feel when they are facing or enduring extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities and are uncertain about their ability to handle them effectively.

stress

Stress is the feeling of tension and pressure; the source of that stress is known as a(n) _____.

stressor

Increasing segmentation of the marketplace and the need to get products to market faster in light of competitors' specialized solutions are examples of ______ currently influencing the future of business.

supertrends

Within a team, individuals tend to assume either a ______ role based on the expectations of the team, the organization, or themselves.

task or maintenance

Manufacturing automation and office automation are examples of ______ that are forces for change outside the organization.

technological advancements

Any machine or process that enables an organization to gain a competitive advantage in changing materials used to produce a finished product qualifies as ______.

technology

Stereotyping is defined as the

tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which that individual belongs.

The personality dimensions of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience are referred to as _____.

the Big Five personality dimensions

Forming a positive impression of an individual based on a single trait is called _____.

the halo effect

Achievement of strategic goals through organization development is likely to fail if ______.

top managers are not committed

Reciprocal faith in others' intentions and behaviors is known as ______.

trust

Team performance improves when members demonstrate a high tolerance for ______ during the forming and storming stages.

uncertainty

A ______ team consists of members who collaborate over time and distance via electronic media.

virtual

One survey found that about half of U.S. adults would be willing to take a 10% pay cut if it meant ______.

working at a job they found meaningful

Which are principal examples of conflict triggers?

- Cultural differences - Personality differences - Group differences

The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas?

- Employees are underutilized. - Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety.

What is achieved by integration of innovation activities into business strategies? Multiple select question. Innovation by the competition becomes irrelevant. Employees feel committed to innovation in the organization. Human capital resources are drastically increased. Management is encouraged to dedicate resources to innovation.

- Employees feel committed to innovation in the organization. - Management is encouraged to dedicate resources to innovation.

The Big Five personality dimension with its description.

- Extroversion: The extent to which a person is outgoing, sociable and assertive - Agreeableness: The extent to which a person is trusting, cooperative, and good-natured - Conscientiousness: The extent to which a person is dependable, reliable and responsible - Emotional stability: The extent to which a person is relaxed, secure and unworried - Openness to experience: The extent to which a person is imaginative, curious and broad-minded

Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following? - Fairness - Justice - Motivation - Dissonance

- Fairness - Justice

Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives? - Goal-setting theory - Expectancy theory - Hierarchy of needs theory - Equity theory

- Goal-setting theory - Expectancy theory - Equity theory

What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people? - Job enrichment - Job elimination - Job enlargement - Job equalization

- Job enrichment - Job enlargement

Which of the following are common ways that employees express burnout?

- Missed deadlines - Showing indifference to performance - Taking longer lunch breaks

Which statements about motivation are true? - Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior. - Motivation is easy to see in another person. - Because motivation comes from within, it cannot be understood. - Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation.

- Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior. - Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation.

What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?

- Performance to outcomes - Effort to performance

Which groups are often incorrectly perceived as having low organizational commitment?

- Pregnant women - Mothers

What does the technique called scientific management seek to do? - Design jobs to be less repetitive - Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs - Increase employee efficiency - Raise employee productivity

- Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs - Increase employee efficiency - Raise employee productivity

Which of the following are common ways that employees express burnout? - Showing indifference to performance - Increased productivity - Taking longer lunch breaks - Missed deadlines

- Showing indifference to performance - Taking longer lunch breaks - Missed deadlines

What are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory?

- Specific - Challenging - Achievable

Which statements about norms are true? - They are usually discussed openly among members. - They are typically unwritten. - They exert a powerful influence on group behavior. - They are general rules of behavior.

- They are typically unwritten. - They exert a powerful influence on group behavior. - They are general rules of behavior.

What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans?

- They link rewards to performance. - They are agreed on by both employees and managers.

What are characteristics of virtual teams?

- They work together over time. - They work together over distance. - They communicate electronically.

What are three types of learning opportunities?

- Tuition reimbursement - Learning and development - Studying co-workers

What are the types of employee behavior that managers can influence? - Performance and productivity - Organizational citizenship behavior - Self-esteem and locus of control - Counterproductive work behaviors - Turnover and absenteeism

- Turnover and absenteeism - Performance and productivity - Organizational citizenship behavior - Counterproductive work behaviors

What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model?

- Work outcomes - Core job characteristics - Psychological states

Which conditions support teamwork?

- Work that is considered meaningful - Mutual accountability among team members

Which are principal perspectives on motivation? - content - job design - reinforcement - competition - process

- content - job design - reinforcement - process

Select the basic behaviors that will enable you to better handle conflict at work:

- empathy - supportiveness - equality - openness - positiveness

People who feel greater job satisfaction are also likely to experience greater ______.

- life satisfaction - commitment to the organization - motivation

A group exists when which of the following are present?

- two or more freely interacting individuals - shared goals - a common identity - shared norms

Emotional intelligence reflects the ability to: (select all that apply) Multiple select question. - use emotions and emotional knowledge to enhance thought - carry out accurate reasoning about emotions - believe that you can accomplish most things in your job successfully - monitor your and others' feelings and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions

- use emotions and emotional knowledge to enhance thought - carry out accurate reasoning about emotions - monitor your and others' feelings and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions

Factors such as the increasing number of women in the workforce and the growing number of older workers exemplify which force for change outside the organization?

Demographic characteristics

Which type of conflict is best described as interpersonal opposition based on dislike or disagreement among individuals?

Personality

Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?

Process perspectives

What type of conflict is designed to elicit different opinions without inciting people's personal feelings?

Programmed

Which traits are elements of an individual's core self-evaluation? - Openness to experience - Locus of control - Emotional stability - Self-efficacy - Self-esteem

Self-esteem Self-efficacy Locus of control Emotional stability

_____ occurs when people's expectations of themselves lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A formal group is

assigned by organizations or their managers to accomplish specific goals

Managers can use introduce ________ to help reduce employees' work stress and improve their well-being.

buffers

When an individual reaches a state of emotional, mental, or even physical exhaustion, it is called _____.

burnout

Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales ______ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.

commission

Team ______ reflects the collection of jobs, personalities, values, knowledge, experience, and skills of team members.

composition

Connie's team members criticize her for being outspoken and for not keeping them informed of her progress as often as they think she should. The criticism she receives is an example of _____. Multiple choice question.

conflict

One management responsibility is to identify when to create ______, not simply when to mitigate it.

conflict

Sources of conflict, such as differences between personalities, groups, or cultures, are called ______.

conflict triggers

The ability to monitor your own feelings and those of others and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions is referred to as _____. Multiple choice question.

emotional intelligence

Studies have shown that a conflict-free work group tends to be a(n) _____ work group.

inactive