MGT300 Final Exam: Chapter 8

As a team leader for LS Industries, Amine needs to choose the best possible candidate to head up a sensitive project. The client had worked with another manufacturing firm whose inexperience resulted in several product defects that need to be corrected, and now it has brought the project to Amine's firm. The client wants someone who can get up to speed on the project quickly and make sound decisions on the job. With little room for error, Amine's best choice for project manager would be

Adam, who experienced a number of failures early in his career but went back to school and set out to learn his trade from the bottom up, taking on new and different projects along the way.

Which of the following answer options is an example of explicit knowledge?

After completing a difficult project, Brian and Tina produced a thorough report to help any of their colleagues through similar situations.

operant conditioning components

Antecedent (condition that precedes behavior) --> Behavior (action performed by employee) --> Consequence (result that occurs after behavior)

heuristics

simple, efficient rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily.

As Taryn likes to say, she may not love her job, but she loves getting paid every two weeks. Her paycheck is an example of

a fixed interval schedule

reinforcement

also known as operant conditioning, we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow

punishment

an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior

negative reinforcement

an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior

The first step in the behavioral modeling process involves _________ processes.

attentional

programmed decisions

automatic because knowledge allows employees to recognize a situation and the needed course of action

projection bias

belief that others think, feel, and act the same way they do

learning orientation

building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence

satisficing

choosing the first acceptable alternative

Groups of employees, or _________, work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time.

communities of practice

One model of attribution processes suggests that people with a level of familiarity with the person being judged will use a more detailed decision framework and consider:

consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency

bounded rationality

do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives

explicit knowledge

easy to communicate and teach

intuition

emotionally charged judgment arising through quick, nonconscious, and holistic associations

The knowledge and skills that distinguish specialists from novices are referred to as

expertise

The leadership at Morgan Industrial Chemicals has been confronted with a crisis: someone incorrectly filed a purchase order from a key client, thus resulting in a shipment of the wrong materials. Not knowing this, the client proceeded to make use of the chemicals—with disastrous results. This has never happened to the company before, and although it has procedures for addressing various contingencies, the situation at hand requires quick thinking. The task of addressing the problem has fallen to Beth, who is an experienced manager, and she readily comes up with a solution. However, at first glance, her idea sounds counterintuitive, and she needs the immediate support of her entire team to get behind her idea quickly. Therefore, she should

explain the situation, present her solution and reasoning, point out what the team should be on the lookout for, and invite feedback from team members.

_________ is the removal of positive consequences following an unwanted behavior.

extinction

The _________ schedule reinforces behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited.

fixed ratio

performance-prove orientation

focus is on demonstrating competence so that others think favorably of them

performance-avoid orientation

focus is on demonstrating competence so that others will not think poorly of them

Relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience are reflected in that person's

learning

Learning has a _________ effect on commitment.

moderate positive effect on performance and a weak positive

how does learning affect organizational behavior?

moderately correlated with task performance; weakly related to org commitment

tacit knowledge

more difficult to communicate, gained with experience

nonprogrammed decisions

new, complex, or unrecognized problem

social learning theory argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the ________ of others

observation

behavioral modeling involves

observing and learning from others then repeating the action

rational decision-making model

offers a step by step approach to making decisions; is designed to maximize outcomes by examining all available alternatives

positive reinforcement

positive outcome follows a desired behavior

Beverly is the night manager at a motel near an interstate highway. In the early hours of the morning, a tour bus breaks down nearby, and she is inundated with more than 50 unexpected guests. Rather than go into panic mode, however, she marshals the help of one other person on duty and speeds the tour group through check-in, placing them all in rooms in less than an hour's time. Although it took some effort, the whole process went relatively smoothly for Beverly because she has checked in countless guests over the years. Handling the unexpected influx of guests involved a series of _________ decisions for her.

programmed

Decisions that become somewhat automatic because people's knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken are known as _________ decisions.

programmed

learning reflects ______

relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge of skill that result from experience

Tobias is widely acknowledged as one of the best sales trainers in the insurance industry. He has often been described as having an intuitive grasp not only of insurance sales techniques but also of the methods for teaching them. One day after a seminar, a trainee named Lena approaches him and asks him to teach her how to do what he does. Dropping the friendly persona that was typical of his on-stage presence, he simply said, "I can't" and walked out. Tobias was

right, because what he does is based on experience and his personal qualities and is probably not something he could teach someone else how to do, even if he wanted to.

The dean of the college of arts and sciences held a mixer last night but was dismayed to see that, rather than mixing, the students tended to split off into groups by major: arts and humanities students there, students majoring in the natural sciences there, and social-science majors over there. This is an example of _________ in action.

social identity theory

Preston Productions, a large international production company, has just transferred Omar to Brazil. His supervisor has informed him that he will be involved in a knowledge transfer, which most likely means that

someone with experience living in Brazil will help him learn how to operate and live in his new environment.

availability bias

tendency to base judgments on information that is easier to recall

decision making refers to _______

the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem

Although Hal did not win the drawing for the statewide lottery, which sells thousands of tickets, he is much more confident of winning the drawing for the nationwide lottery, which sells millions of tickets. The reason is that, whereas he bought just one ticket for the statewide game, he bought ten tickets for the nationwide one. Hal's reasoning is an example of

the ratio bias effect

extinction

the removal of a consequence follows an unwanted behavior

Which of the following is a systematic effort by organizations to facilitate the learning of job-related knowledge and behavior?

training

crisis situation

urgent problem that must be addressed immediately

Escalation of commitment describes which of the following situations?

when a person decides to continue to follow a failing course of action