Micro 2420 Ch 11

Select all of the statements that correctly describe the infectious dose.

-The infectious dose is the minimum number of organisms that must be present for an infection to proceed. -Microbes with low infectious doses are usually highly virulent. -Certain infections, like tuberculosis and giardiasis, may proceed even if only a small number of microbial cells are present.

Select the two major goals of the Human Microbiome Project

-To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable -To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease

.Move the correct terms and/or concepts into their corresponding empty boxes within the figure to complete the concept map.

-left to right Lack of growthLack of persistence,Lack of growth No illnessNo disease, No pathogenesis, No illness Disease, Illness, PathogenesisDisease, Illness, Pathogenesis

Select all of the sites where it was previously known that normal microbiota existed in large populations in/on the human body.

-mouth -throat -large intestine -skin -vagina

Order the four steps of Koch's postulates as they would normally be applied.

1 = Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a particular disease. 2 = Isolate the suspected microbe from an infected host and cultivate it in pure culture in the laboratory. 3 = Isolate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate of the potential pathogen and observe the resultant disease. 4 = Reisolate the disease agent from the test subject which now shows signs of disease.

Place the steps in the correct order to assess your knowledge of Koch's postulates.

1-Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a disease. 2-Isolate the microbe from an infected subject, and characterize the microbe through testing. 3-Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory specimen and observe the same disease. 4-Isolate the same agent from the test subject.

Label the image to examine how microbes cause tissue damage. Please use the pop-up hints to help you place the labels into the correct locations

Finding a portal of entry (given) -Respiratory tract -skin Attaching firmly (given) -viral spikes -capsules -surviving host defenses (top) -Avoiding phagocytosis -Causing damage (top) -excessive immune response Exiting host (given) - blood

Label the images to examine patterns of infectious disease occurrence.

top left-(green) Endemic Occurrence top right-(red) Epidemic Occurrence bottom left-(blue) Sporadic Occurrence bottom right-(purple) Pandemic Occurrence

All are important topics to teach an employee, except which of the following?

- A patient's infectious status must be known when reporting to employee health so immediate treatment may be initiated.

The RN advises the employee that she is at risk for which of the following diseases?

- All of these

The mother displays no evidence of active Hepatitis B disease as her carrier status was discovered with routine prenatal screening. What term best describes her carrier state?

- Asymptomatic carrier

Epidemiology is the study of disease in the __________.

- Community

In order to prevent the spread of disease to other patients, the RN observes all of the following precautions, except:

- Disinfection of needles following injections

Review the phases of infection and disease by completing each sentence. Then, arrange the sentences in chronological order.

(1) There are _____1_______ distinct phases of infection and disease. - (1) four (2) The _____1_______ period is the first phase, and is the time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms. -(1) Incubation (3) The earliest notable symptoms of most infections appear during a short period known as the ______1______ stage -(1) prodromal (4) During the period of _____1_______ , the infectious agent multiplies at high levels and becomes well established in its target tissue. -(1) invasion (5) As the symptoms of the infection decline, the patient enters a period of recovery called the ______1______ period - (1) Convalescent (6) One must note that _____1_______ of a microbe during these four stages varies for every pathogen -(1) Transmissibility

Move the correct terms and/or concepts into their corresponding empty boxes within the figure to complete the concept map.

(Left to Right) -Disease, Illness, Pathogenesis -No disease, No pathogenesis, No illness -Lack of persistence, Lack of growth

All of the following factors increase the patient's risk for Clostridium difficile infection, except:

- Genetic defect

The patient developed the infection since hospitalization. Which of the following terms best describes this type of infection?

- Healthcare-associated infection

The RN has administered a dose of antibiotics to the mother as ordered. Which of the following statements by the patient demonstrates understanding of the rationale for antibiotics?

- I need antibiotics because my child is at risk of infection due to premature rupture of membranes.

_______ pathogens, like Candida or Pseudomonas, are not usually pathogenic to healthy persons with normal immune system functions because these microbes do not have well-developed virulence factors.

- Opportunistic

Which of the following is the first exposure of the infant to environmental microbes?

- Passage through vaginal canal

Please choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. _________ is the ability of a microbe to cause disease, whereas _________ refers to the relative severity of a disease caused by a particular microorganism.

- Pathogencity; virulence

The patient is experiencing severe diarrhea every 6 hours. Which phase of infection is she most likely experiencing?

- Period of invasion

By law, certain _________ diseases must be recorded with the public health authorities in order to maintain proper surveillance at the local, state, national, and international levels.

- Reportable

Select the three basic ways in which microbes cause tissue damage.

-Microbes release toxins that cause tissue damage. -Microbes release enzymes that break down host tissue. -Microbes activate a host response that is itself destructive to host tissue.

Select those circumstances in which Koch's postulates cannot be readily applied or would be inappropriate to establish the cause of a disease.

- The suspected pathogen cannot be cultured in the laboratory. - There is not a suitable experimental host for the suspected pathogen. - The disease is polymicrobial, caused by more than one pathogen.

Which of the following statements is true regarding reportable diseases?

- There are over 75 reportable diseases caused by a large variety of microorganisms.

If an infant is exposed to Hepatitis B from breast milk, which term best describes the pattern of transmission?

- Vertical transmission

Choose the best definition of virulence factors.

- characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease

Select characteristics exhibited by endotoxins, but not exhibited by exotoxins.

- composed of lipopolysaccharide - heat stable - fever inducing

Select the patterns of indirect transmission of infectious disease.

- food, water - fomites - air

An infection that is acquired or develops during a person's stay in a hospital or other health facility is called a(n) _____________ or nosocomial infection.

- healthcare-associated

During 2007, there were 3.6 new cases of pertussis per 100,000 susceptible individuals in the United States, part of a steady increase that has been occurring since the 1980s.(http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html). Please select the term that is illustrated by this statistic.

- incidence

Select the patterns of direct transmission of infectious disease.

- kissing, touching -mother to fetus (vertical) -droplet

During a recent survey, 0.014% of the population showed evidence of a particular respiratory infection. Please select the term that is illustrated by this statistic.

- prevalence

Select characteristics exhibited by exotoxins, but not exhibited by endotoxins.

- require very small doses to cause toxic effects - secreted from a living cell - have very specific targets

Select the three most prevalent types of healthcare-associated infections.

- surgical site infections - urinary tract infections - respiratory infections

Match the outbreak type to its corresponding example to test your understanding of point-source, common-source, and propagated epidemics.

An outbreak of Staphylococcal food poisoning among individuals who attended a family reunion and ate the potato salad. - Point-source epidemic The persistent cholera epidemic studied by John Snow in London during the mid-1050s, during which he traced the source to a sewage-contaminated community pump. - Common-source epidemic An outbreak of chickenpox among unvaccinated children in a large Amish community - Propagated epidemic

Move the terms or statements to their correct category to review various types of microbial virulence factors.

Exoenzyme - Mucinase produced in amoebic dysentery - Hyaluronidase produced by streptococci and staphylococci - Coagulase produced by staphylococci - Kinases (streptokinase, staphylokinase) Endotoxin - lipopolysaccharide - systemic effect on many tissues and organs - fever-inducing Exotoxin - Hemolysins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes - action is specific to one cell type - Clostridium tetani tetanospasmin

Please complete these sentences by dragging the correct terms into the blanks to demonstrate your understanding of the use of fecal transplants.

Fecal transplants have been approved for use in patients with hard-to-treat ______1______ infection. -(1) Clostridium difficile This organism is a gram- _____1_______ bacterium and causes pseudomembranous colitis, infection of the ---2--- -(1) Positive -(2) Colon Typical treatments for this infection include the use of potent antibiotics such as _____1_______ ; however, the use of this drug only results in a ______2______ cure rate. -(1) Vancomycin -.(2) 31% Fecal transplants involve administration of an enema containing donor feces in an effort to replace the normal ______1______ of the gastrointestinal tract. -(1) Microbiota In 2013, a study was published that indicated a _____1_______ cure rate in patients treated with these transplants. -(1) 94%

Match the description of the epidemic curve to the type of epidemic. Epidemic curves are prepared by plotting the number of cases of disease on the Y-axis and dates on the X-axis.

Graph would show a single prominent spike, restricted to a few days. - Point-source epidemic Graph would show a sustained increase in cases over a period of time. - Common-source epidemic Graph would show a steady increase in number of cases over time, followed by a slow tapering. - Propagated epidemic

Move the terms to their correct description to review the types of carrier states

Health care workers who accidentally transfer pathogens to patients - passive carrier Infected, but shows no symptoms of disease - Asymptomatic carrier Recuperating patients without symptoms; may shed viable microbes - Convalescent carrier Shelters the infectious agent in a latent form for a long period after recovery - Chronic carrier Spreads the infectious agent before the appearance of the first symptoms - Incubating carrier

Move the terms to their correct descriptions to review the definitions of infection types.

Infection that persists over a long period of time (e.g., HIV) -Chronic infection An example is influenza complicated by pneumonia -Secondary infection Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, and may travel via nerves and CSF -Systemic infection Several microbes establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site -Mixed infection Microbes enter the body and remain confined to a specific tissue -Localized infection The infectious agent spreads to other tissues from a local site -Focal infection Infection comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects -Acute infection The initial infection -Primary infection

Drag the images to their corresponding statement to test your knowledge of statistical information related to healthcare-associated infections.

Percentage of healthcare-associated infections involving surgical sites - 19% Percentage of all healthcare-associated infections caused by gram-negative intestinal biota -50% Percentage of healthcare-associated infections involving the urinary tract -40% Average rate of healthcare-associated infections in all admitted patients -5%

Drag the images to their corresponding class to review how the frequency and distribution of disease are depicted graphically through epidemiological tools called epidemic curves.

Point-source epidemic, a type of common source outbreak in which the period of exposure is brief, and all cases occur within one incubation period bar graph Jan. 16th- the bar is at 60 cases Common-source epidemic, where people are exposed continuously or intermittently to a harmful source and the period of exposure may be brief or long bar graph Jan. 18th- the bar is at 40 cases Propagated epidemic, an outbreak where transmission occurs from person to person; can last longer than common source outbreaks and may have multiple waves bar graph Jan. 18th and 19th- the bar is at 90 cases

Match the term to the statement that most accurately describes it to test your understanding of colonization, infection, and disease.

Presence of organisms living in or on the body, but not causing any pathology. - Colonization Pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply. - Infection Disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products. - Infectious Disease

Order the four stages in the course of an infection.

Prodromal stage-2 incubation period-1 convalescent period-4 period invasion-3

If the patient is found to test positive for HIV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C, which of the following actions is legally required by the hospital facility?

Reporting the patient's positive test result to public health authorities

Move the microbes and statements to their correct category to review portals of entry and the organisms typically involved in these areas of the human body.

Skin -Microbes enter via insect bites, conjunctiva, or oral mucous membranes -Staphylococcus aureus, Herpes simplex (type 1), West Nile virus Gastrointestinal tract -Microbes enter via food, water or fomites -Salmonella, Shigella, Hepatitis A Respiratory tract -Microbes enter via inhalation -Influenza, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus Urogenital tract -Microbes enter through mucosa of penis or vagina -HIV, Candida albicans, Trichomonas

Label the image to review the major portals of exit.

Top to bottom (Left to right) R- Coughing, sneezing L- insect bite R- Skin cells and open lesions L-Removal of blood R- Urine L- Feces

A teacher walking through her first-grade classroom pauses to pick up a used tissue that had ended up on the floor instead of in the waste basket. Unfortunately, after discarding the tissue, she doesn't immediately wash her hands, and acquires a strain of rhinovirus. Several days later she begins to experience symptoms of a cold. Based upon this scenario, please select the mode of disease transmission demonstrated here.

fomite