Micro 261 Chapter 28 Microbiology Place

The rapid increase in adaptive immunity after a second antigen exposure is called a. tolerance b. immune memory c. specificity d. immune memory, specificity or tolerance

specificity

The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine? a. DNA vaccine b. conjugated vaccine c. subunit vaccine d. inactivated killed vacinne

subunit vacine

All the following can cause contact dermatitis EXCEPT poision ivy latex gloves jewelry superantigens

superanitgens

protein that can stimulate production of an abnormally large number of T cells and cause host damage is termed __________. supertoxin superantigen autoantigen tcell activator

superantigen

Superantigens produce a harmful immune response because a. they activate too many T cells, causing excessive inflammation and cell damage. b.they initiate a type I allergic response resulting in excessive inflammation. c. too many phagocytes are activated and destroy host tissue.

they activate too many T cells, causing excessive inflammation and cell damage.

A diagnostic test for M. tuberculosis exposure a. utilizes an inflammatory reaction that occurs if there has been previous exposure to M. tuberculosis antigens. b. relies on previous tuberculin vaccination. c. relies on an innate immune response that occurs only if there has been previous exposure to M. tuberculosis antigens. d. uses an antiserum to detect antibodies in the blood that are only formed if there has been previous exposure to M. tuberculosis antigens.

utilizes an inflammatory reaction that occurs if there has been previous exposure to M. tuberculosis antigens.

Which of these is often used as a prophylactic measure to protect a person against future attack by a pathogen? a. vaccination b. artificial passive immunity c. antiserum injection d. none of these

vacination

The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n) a. DNA vaccine b. conjugated vaccine c. toxoid vaccine d. inactivated killed vacinne

inactivated killed vacinne

The first defense cells that interact with a pathogen in the body are a. mast cells b. B cells c. macrophages d. T cells

macrophages

When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later? Memory cytotoxic T cells Bacterial pathogens Memory B cells Helper T cells

memory cytotoxic T cells

The transfer of antibodies through the placenta from mother to fetus is an example of a natural active immunity b.natural passive immunity c.artifical active immunity d.innate immunity

natural passive immunity

The process by which antibodies block interactions between pathogens or their products and host cells is termed a. neutralization b. interference c. attenuation d. complement

neutralization

Enhanced phagocytosis of antibody-sensitized cells is known as a. tolerance b. complementation c. immunization d. opsonization

opsonization

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen of humans. After being ingested by a macrophage, it prevents formation of the ___________ by preventing fusion of the phagosome with the ___________________. a. opsonins, lysosome b. phagolysosome, lysosome c. lysosome, opsonins d. lysosome, phagolysosome

phagolysosome, lysosome

After the first exposure to an antigen, a ________ stimulates growth and multiplication of antigen-reaction cells. a. secondary innate immune response b. phagocytic immune response c. hyperactive cytotoxic response d. primary adaptive immune response

primary adaptive immune response

Blood lymph have the following in common EXCEPT a. proteins b. nucleated cells c. red blood cells d. none of these

red blood cells

Adaptive immune responses are directed at pathogen molecules called a. PAMP b. antigens c. antibodies d. T-cell receptors

Antigens

The unique antigen-reactive proteins of T cells are a. antibodies b. T cell receptors c. immunoglobulins d. none of these

T cell receptors

DiGeorge's syndrome is a developmental defect that prevents the maturation of the thymus. What cell type would be reduced by this condition? a. macrophages b. B cells c. Lymphocytes d. T cells

T cells

T cells interact with the peptide-MHC complex using a. the antibodies present on the surface of the cell b. T-cell receptors c. granzyme and perforin d. cytokines

T-cell receptors

When an individual previously sensitized to ragweed pollen encounters this allergen, what are the steps that lead to typical allergy symptoms? a. The pollen binds to mast cells and causes the production of IgE antibodies causing allergy symptoms. b. The pollen causes IgE production, which attacks the nasal mucosa causing allergy symptoms. c. The pollen binds to IgE molecules, causing degranulation of mast cells, which release mediators that cause the allergy symptoms. d. The pollen binds to B cells and causes the production of IgE antibodies, which cause the allergy symptoms.

The pollen binds to IgE molecules, causing degranulation of mast cells, which release mediators that cause the allergy symptoms.

T/F All gram-negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharides in their outer membranes.

True

T/F Immunity results from the actions of cells that circulate throughout the body, primarily through the blood and lymph.

True

T/F The T cell, with its T cell receptor, can recognize antigens only when the antigens are complexed with self proteins known as major histocompatibility complex found on host cell surfaces.

True

Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? systemic lupus erythematosus juvenile diabetes anaphylaxis multiple sclerosis

anaphylaxis

Complement-coated pathogens will end up __________. a. being destroyed by lysing of the cell membrane b. being destroyed by neutralization c. being destroyed by opsonization d. either lying or opsonizing, depending on the cell type

either lying or opsonizing, depending on the cell type

Which of the following cell types has NO nucleus? a. lymphocytes b. phagocyte c. erythrocytes d. all of these cells lack a nucleus

erythrocytes

An attenuated strain of a pathogen a. is an extracellular pathogen that will be cleared by innate immunity. b. has lost its virulence, but may be used to create a vaccine. c. has changed its antigens to avoid an adaptive immune response.

has lost its virulence, but may be used to create a vaccine.

What are the primary chemical mediators released from mast cells during a type I hypersensitivity reaction? a.cytokines b.histamine and serotonin c.antibodies

histamine and serotonin

The ability of humans to resist a disease is called susceptibility dormancy resistance immunity

immunity

The purposeful artificial stimulation of active immunity to a particular infectious disease is known as a.immunization b.immunodeficiency c.opsonization d.hypersensitivity

immunization

Antibodies are proteins that are made by a. antigens b. phagocytes c. T cells d. B cells

B cells

IgG, IgM, and IgA are examples of ________ found in blood. a. anitens b. bacteria c. antibodies d. pathogens

antibodies

Stem cells are produced and developed in the stem of plants brain bone marrow liver

bone marrow

Which of the treatments listed below would be MOST effective for a patient with a genetic defect that causes severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)? a. repeated doses of antisera b. intravenous antibiotics c. multiple immunizations d. bone marrow transplant

bone marrow transplant

New vaccine strategies resulting from progress in biochemistry and molecular biology include the production of a. DNA vaccines b. recombinant vector vaccines c. DNA, recombinant vector, and synthetic peptide vaccines.

DNA, recombinant vector, and synthetic peptide vaccines.

Which of the following are molecular mediators of inflammation? a. cytokines b.chemokines c.erythrocytes d.both chemokines and cytokines

both chemokines and cytokines

Which of the following can be used in creating a vaccine? a. attenuated bacteria b. recombinant proteins c. inactivated viruses d. attenuated bacteria, inactivated viruses, or recombinant proteins

attenuated bacteria, inactivated viruses, or recombinant proteins

Which of the following diseases is/are associated with organ-specific autoimmune disease? a.systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) b.autoimmune hypothyroidism and juvenile (type I) diabetes c.juvenile (type I) diabetes

autoimmune hypothyroidism and juvenile (type I) diabetes

Which of the following is another term for antibodies? a. antigens b. immunoglobulins c. pathogens d. APCs

b. immunoglobins

Which of the following can be used as components of a vaccine? a.bacterial proteins b. live, pathogenic viruses c.live, pathogenic bacterial cells d.none of the listed

bacterial proteins

The change in response time and concentration of antibody response after the primary immune response is due to __________. a. memory b. innate memory c. antigen-presenting cells d. tolerance

c. Antigen- presenting cells

Which of the following tissues is myeloid? a. the thymus b. the lymph nodes c. bone marrow d. nervous tissue

c. bone marrow

In which intracellular compartment would you expect most of the digestive enzymes involved in pathogen destruction to be found? a. macrophage b. phagosome c. lysosome

c. lysosome

Which of the following cell types is involved in innate immunity? a. plasma cells b. IgM c. macrophages d. B cells

c. macrophages

Which of the following is an example of humoral immunity? a. the stimulation of fever by a pyrogen b. dendritic cells presenting antigens to leukocytes. c.the production of antibodies by B cells d. the production of antibodies by T cells

c. the production of antibodies by B cells

What are the four main characteristics of inflammation? a. heat, pain, redness, sepsis b. redness, heat, swelling, antibody production c.redness, heat, swelling, pain

c.redness, heat, swelling, pain

Cells that can engulf foreign particles, and can ingest, kill, and digest most bacterial pathogens are called a. reticulocytes b. red blood cells c. resistant cells d. phagocytes

d. phagocytes

Adaptive immunity occurs when a. death results from pathogen infection b. virulent pathogen infections persist in the body after the initial innate defense response c. the innate immune response fails to eliminate pathogens in the body d. the innate immune response fails to eliminate pathogens in the body and virulent infections persist after the initial innate defense response

d. the innate immune response fails to eliminate pathogens in the body and virulent infections persist after the initial innate defense response.

What does a vaccine contain? a. weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen b. B cells against a pathogen c. T cells against a pathogen d. Live active pathogens

weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen

Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease? a. Inactivated killed vaccine b. Attenuated live vaccine c. Toxoid vaccine and inactivated killed toxin d. Toxoid vaccine

Attenuated live vaccine

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an example of a disease caused by type ________ hypersensitivity. a. I b. II c. III d. IV

III

Type I hypersensitivity is caused by the release of vasoactive products from mast cells coated with IgG IgA IgE IgM

IgE

Paul had chicken pox when he was 5 years old. Nicholas received the chicken pox vaccines. Which type of immunity does each man have? a.Paul has artificial active immunity while Nicholas has natural active immunity. b.Paul has natural active immunity while Nicholas has artificial active immunity. c.Paul has natural active immunity while Nicholas has artificial passive immunity. d.Paul has natural active immunity while Nicholas has natural passive immunity.

Paul has natural active immunity while Nicholas has artificial active immunity.

Why are secondary or "booster" reimmunizations given? a.Secondary immunizations are necessary for an innate immune response. b.Frequent secondary reimmunizations are needed because the immune system doesn't remember antigens for more than a few years. c.Secondary reimmunizations produce a phagocytic immune response that is longer lasting than the primary immune response. d.Secondary reimmunizations produce a secondary immune response and boost antibody titers.

Secondary reimmunizations produce a secondary immune response and boost antibody titers.

Which of the following is an example of artificially acquired passive immunity? a. An infant acquires immunity to some diseases from his mother through breast milk. b.A young child is given an influenza vaccination prior to the start of flu season. c.A college student develops immunity after becoming ill with chicken pox for the first time. d.Someone suspected of exposure to Clostridium tetani is given an injection of antibodies (antiserum).

Someone suspected of exposure to Clostridium tetani is given an injection of antibodies (antiserum).

An individual has a child who is immunocompromised while undergoing medical treatment. As a result, the child's pediatrician recommends that no one in the family get a particular vaccine. Which of the following most likely describes the vaccine in question? a.The vaccine contains killed virus. b. The vaccine contains viable virus. c.The vaccine contains an attenuated virus.

The vaccine contains an attenuated virus.

Which of the following is TRUE about cytokines? a. they play an important role in immunity b. they play a role in the growth of stem cells c. they are proteins d. they are proteins that play an important role in immunity and the growth of stem cells

They are proteins that play an important role in immunity and the growth of stem cells.

What is the drawback of live attenuated vaccines? a.They are not effective in adults. b.They do NOT provide a long-lasting secondary immune response. c.They can cause disease in some immunocompromised individuals.

They can cause disease in some immunocompromised individuals.

How can sepsis lead to hypotensive shock? a.Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability occur on a large scale, resulting in a drop in blood volume and therefore a drop in blood pressure. b.To regulate the body temperature, vasodilation occurs near the surface of the skin in response to fever. c.Proinflammatory cytokines are absorbed, meaning that they are present in insufficient quantities in the blood. d.During sepsis, endogenous pyrogens may be produced. This can lead to a drop in blood pressure.

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability occur on a large scale, resulting in a drop in blood volume and therefore a drop in blood pressure.

Which is an example of acquisition of natural passive immunity? a.a person who received his or her yearly influenza vaccine b.a person who acquired the chickenpox c.a person who received tetanus antiserum after stepping on a rusty nail d.a fetus protected from disease by its mother's antibodies

a fetus protected from disease by its mother's antibodies

The life-threatening condition that may develop during a type I hypersensitivity reaction is called a.anaphylaxis b.septic shock c.toxic shock d.stroke

anaphylaxis

The body's non-inducible, preexisting ability to recognize and destroy pathogens or their products is called a. innate immunity b. cytotoxic response c. adaptive immunity d. phagocytosis

a. innate immunity

The cells active in both innate and adaptive immunity develop from common pluripotent precursors in the bone marrow called a. stem cells b. killer cells c. B cells d. leukocytes

a. stem cells