Micro- ch 12 answers

Which of the following is part of the body's third line of defense?

B cells

What is the major mechanism of action for interferon?

Binds to neighboring cells to turn on genes for antimicrobial compounds

Choose the statement that describes the first stage of phagocytosis.

Choose the statement that describes the first stage of phagocytosis.

Interferon only works against viral infections.

False

Which of the following are second line defenses? Check all that apply.

Fever, complement, inflammation, interferon

elect all of the nonspecific processes below to test your understanding of the various categories of nonspecific immunity.

Inflammatory, complement, phagocytosis, interferon

Which drug treatment exhibited the least effect on patients at three weeks and beyond?

R and P

Which drug treatment exhibited the greatest reduction in the number of infections?

R and Q

Which of the following is a valid explanation for the cases of infection increasing at week five of treatment in the rifampin group?

The bacteria causing the initial infection became resistant to the drug and reestablished an infection

The nurse examines the child and finds that the lymph nodes along of her neck are warm, tender, and slightly enlarged. Her other lymph nodes are nonpalpable or small, nontender, rubbery, and less than 2 mm in size. What is the most accurate interpretation of this finding?

This examination is consistent with a localized infection.

What is the most likely cause of the patient's swollen tonsils?

Tonsils consist of lymphatic tissue, and became swollen by filtering out microbes and their toxic products.

What is the function of the tonsils?

Trapping invading organisms and killing invading organisms

Fever and inflammation are normal body responses to injury or infection, and it may be best to withhold treatment in some cases.

True

Margination occurs when neutrophils stick to the lining of the endothelium.

True

Some hosts are genetically immune to the diseases of other hosts.

True

The cell that produces interferon is protected from the infectious agent.

True

Which of the following are physiological functions of inflammation in the body?

all choices

basophils

allergic reactions

Nonspecific chemical defenses of the human host include all of the following EXCEPT

antibodies

Nonspecific chemical defenses of the human host include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

antibodies

Which of the following cells are lymphocytes?

b cells

The results show an elevated white blood cell count, as well as a high neutrophil count. What does this indicate?

bacterial infection

c3b

binds to both surfaces of microorg and receptors on the surfaces of phagocytes

classic component pathway is activated when

c1 binds

Both the classical and alternative complement pathways create _

c3 convertase

c3 convertase cleaves c3 into

c3a and c3b

membrane attack complex is made from

c5b, 6, 7, 8, 9

What is the most concerning possible cause of the patient's persistent fever and other symptoms?

cancer

Which event occurs in the early stages of inflammation?

chemical mediators and cytokines are released

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following EXCEPT _______

chills

the patient asks the nurse to explain what cilia are. All of the following statements are correct except ________.

cilia are chemical-excreting natural killer cells

The membrane attack complex is a part of the _______ system.

complement

the membrane attack complex kills cells by

creating holes in plasma cell membranes

similar to macrophages, ________ are products of the monocytic cell line that reside throughout the tissues and present antigen tolymphocytes.

dendritic cells

NK cells

display no antigen specificity

The three primary functions that complement carries out are ________.

enhancing phagocytosis, causing inflammation, and killing target cells

Interferon is produced by an animal cell that is infected by a bacterium.

false

In this case, the stinger of the bee broke which line of defense in the patient?

first

normal microbiota is part of the _______ line of dense

first

if the patient's cilia are unable to clear his lungs of mucus, which line of host defense is breached?

first line of defense

tonsils line of defense

first, second, and third

injury

immediate vasoconstriction

the complement components react

in a cascade

Innate, nonspecific physical barriers of host defenses ________. (Check all that apply.)

include the mucous membranes, include skin,

The RN collects a complete blood count with differential to assess the patient's response to infection. Which of the following results in the differential is most indicative of bacterial infection and initiation of the inflammatory response?

increased neutrophils

edema

infiltration of site by neutrophils, resulting in pus

Which of the following presents the steps of inflammation in the proper sequence?

injury, vascular reaction, edema/pus, scar formation

Select the examples of nonspecific host defense mechanisms in order to test your understanding of host defenses.

innate anatomical and phys barriers, innate cellular and chemical defenses, phagocytosis and inflammation

The initial reaction to the presence of viruses in a human cell is the production of __________ by that cell.

interferon

When a cell is infected by a virus, __________ is produced and is secreted from the infected cell to protect nearby uninfected cells by binding to surface receptors and initiating synthesis of antiviral proteins.

interferon

first line of defense

involves barriers at portals of entry, involves lysozomes/lactic acid, examples include...

What element is essential for microbes and can restrict the growth of pathogens when bound by antimicrobial proteins?

iron

interferon

is produced by one cell and used to warn nearby cells of the same type

Choose the statement that best describes the characteristics of lymph.

it is formed by fluid that leaves circulation into surrounding extracellular spaces

Which role does histamine play during inflammation?

leads to vasodilation

Examples of PAMPS

lipoopolysaccharides peptidoglycans

Based upon the patient's report, the RN infers that the tender, palpable lump under the right arm is most likely which of the following?

lymph node

In providing education to the patient and family, the RN explains that the tonsils are part of what body system?

lymphatic system

The patient is noted to have lines of red streaking from the affected hand, proximally toward the armpit. The patient asks the RN what the streaks represent. The most appropriate response by the RN indicates the involvement of which body system?

lymphatic system

cytokines are secreted by which cells

macrophages, t, b

neutrophils

main phagocytes

Select all of the characteristics of B lymphocytes, which are involved in specific immunity.

mature in bone marrow, move freely, form specialized plasma cells that produce antibodies

select all of the characteristics of T lymphocytes, which are involved in specific immunity.

mature in thymus, move freely, responsible for cell mediated immunity

Extravasation, also known as diapedesis or transmigration, occurs when _______

neutrophils squeeze

Extravasation, also known as diapedesis or transmigration, occurs when ________.

neutrophils squeeze

evaluate the statements below, and select those that correctly apply to the role of PAMPs and PRRs in microbe recognition and phagocytosis.

pamps are molecules present only on microorg, present at all times, peptidoglycan, LPS....

monocytes

phagocytic cells that leave circulation and become macrophages

Which of the following is part of the body's second line of defense?

phagocytosis

Complement is part of a group of "second-line" host defenses which are nonspecific or mainly nonspecific. Which of these is NOT part of that group?

plasma cells

fx of selectins

promote sticking of neutrophils

what is the function of selectins?

promote sticking of neutrophils

Complement is a group of ________ found in the bloodstream.

proteins

fever is initiated when a substance in circulation, called a(n) _________, acts on the hypothalamus causing itto reset body temperature to a higher setting.

pyrogen

All of the following procedural risks should be presented prior to consent for the tonsillectomy, EXCEPT

recurrent tonsilitis

resolution

repair of tissues

complement proteins are found in

serum

When interferon from one cell attaches to a second cell, ________.

the recipient cell makes enzymes that degrade mRNA and prevent viral protein synthesis

Select all of the components of the mononuclear phagocyte system to test your understanding of the components of this system.

thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, GALT, macrophages

Interferon degrades mRNA and prevents synthesis of viral protein.

true

Margination occurs when neutrophils stick to the lining of the endothelium.

true

the second and third lines of host defenses determine whether cells are self or nonself by examining cell surfaces for identifying molecular markers.

true

After a thorough medical work up, the patient is diagnosed with breast cancer. Which of the following is the source of the patient's persistent fever?

tumor toxins

symptoms of inflammation are mostly due to

vasodilation

vascular reactions

vasodilation with increased blood flow

when interferon attaches to a cell, _____

virus can enter but cannot replicate

Which of the following is a symptom of the inflammatory response?

warmth at site of reaction

Which of the following symptoms exhibited by the patient include all the classic signs and symptoms of inflammation?

warmth, redness, swelling, pain, loss of fx

A white pustule coating is noted to be covering the tonsils. What is this pus composed of?

white blood cells and debris from phagocytosis

Following teaching by the medical team, the patient asks "can I just do my airway clearance exercises when I am not feeling well and on the weekends, even though the doctor tells me I have to do them every day?" What is a correct response by the nurse?

your body does not have the ability to protect itself because of its damaged immunity so you must do airway clearance regularly

The patient asks the nurse to explain to him why he keeps getting sick from the same bacteria. Which of the following statements is the most appropriate response?

your mucus traps and harbors the microorg and when they cant be cleared, they begin to breach your second and third lines of defense