MICRO EXAM 1 Q's
*Activation of macrophages is best achieved by which cytokine? (A) Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (B) Granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (C) Interleukin-1 (D) Macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP) (E) Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
(A) Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)
*Which one of the following cytokines plays the most important role in protection against intracellular growth (reactivation) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis? (A) Interferon-γ (B) Interleukin-2 (C) Interleukin-5 (D) Interleukin-10 (E) Tumor necrosis factor
(A) Interferon-γ
**T cells stimulated by peptide-MHC complexes, displayed on antigen presenting cells, in the absence of costimulation undergo which one of the following processes? (A) Activation (B) Anergy (C) Apoptosis (D) Differentiation (E) Proliferation
(B) Anergy
*In order for class switching from IgM to IgG to occur, B cells must receive two signals, one generated following binding to T helper cells and the other secreted by helper T cells. What are these two T helper cell derived molecules? (A) Antigen and IL-2 (B) CD40 ligand and interferon-γ (C) CTLA-4 and IL-4 (D) B7 and IL-7 (E) CD20 and IL-13
(B) CD40 ligand and interferon-γ
*Which one of the following cells is the major source of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1, and interleukin-12? (A) B cells (B) Macrophages (C) Mast cells (D) Th1 cells (E) Th2 cells
(B) Macrophages
**Thymocytes interacting with self-peptides undergo negative selection. The self-peptides in this reaction act as: (A) Allergens (B) Tolerogens (C) Haptens (D) Immunogens (E) Antigens
(B) Tolerogens
**A 36-year-old woman with severe allergy to yellow jackets was stung multiple times at a soccer game. Within minutes she developed respiratory distress and became unconscious. Which mediator is primarily responsible for this reaction? (A) Complement (B) IgG (C) Histamine (D) TNF (E) Norepinephrin
(C) Histamine
**Which of the following cytokines supports proliferation and differentiation of developing lymphocytes in the primary lymphoid tissue? (A) Interleukin-1 (B) Interleukin-4 (C) Interleukin-7 (D) Interleukin-12 (E) Interleukin-18
(C) Interleukin-7
*Which cells utilize reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and lysosomal enzymes to kill pathogens? (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Natural killer T (NKT) cells (C) Macrophages (D) Natural killer (NK) cells (E) Th1 cells
(C) Macrophages
**A 4-year-old child has atopic dermatitis due to severe allergies to dust, animal dander, and many kinds of pollens. Mediators released from which cell type are responsible for the clinical manifestations immediately following exposure to these substances? (A) B cells (B) Macrophages (C) Mast cells (D) Th1 cells (E) Th2 cells
(C) Mast cells
1.Which cytokines are involved in the Th1 response?
1.IFN-gamma, IL-2 Think "Gamma 2" "Th1 To Gamma 2, do you read me?"
1.Which immunoglobulin is present in a mother's breast milk?
1.IgA mAmA
1.What is the hallmark of acute inflammation?
1.Infiltration by neutrophils
1.Which secondary lymphatic organs don't filter antigens?
1.MALT "MALT" is Mean = says screw you (wont filter)
1.What type of cell must be hybridized with a Ag-specific lymphocyte from the spleen of a mouse to produce mabs?
1.Multiple myeloma cell "Mouse" "Mabs" Myeloma"
Which leukocyte is most prevalent?
1.Neutrophils
1.What is histamine?
1.Vasoactive amine (inflammatory mediator) Think Vasoactive--Vasodilate
5.What proportion of thymocytes mature?
10%--90% die in thymus!
1.Where do B cells mature?
Bone marrow
**Dendritic cells, macrophages, and what other cell types are considered "professional antigen presenting cells," capable of antigen presentation to T helper cells? (A) B cells (B) Basophils (C) Eosinophils (D) Mast cells (E) Neutrophils
(A) B cells dont moan bit**
**The intracellular signal initiated by antigen binding to the T-cell receptor is generated by which set of molecules expressed on the T cell membrane? (A) CD3 (B) CD4 (C) CD28 (D) CD45 (E) CD152
(A) CD3 "T" = "3"
**If a person had a genetic defect affecting perforin production, which cells and immune function would be affected? (A) Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells/cell killing (B) Dendritic cells/antigen presentation (C) Eosinophils and basophils/granule production (D) Macrophages and neutrophils/phagocytosis (E) Mast cells/fusion of granules to cell membrane
(A) Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells/cell killing
**Which one of the following represents the major role of negative selection in the thymus? (A) Elimination of self-reactive T cells (B) Expansion of nonself-reactive T cells (C) Maturation of professional antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (D) Expression of T-cell receptors on mature T cells (E) Differentiation of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells
(A) Elimination of self-reactive T cells
**Which cytokine is essential for T-cell proliferation and is also necessary for the production of CD25-positive regulatory T cells? (A) IL-2 (B) IL-3 (C) IL-4 (D) IL-5 (E) IL-6
(A) IL-2
*The viral infection in the previous question began in the respiratory tract. Which antibody class would best protect respiratory epithelial cells from viral infection? (A) IgA (B) IgD (C) IgE (D) IgG (E) IgM
(A) IgA "mucosa"
Vaccination operates to generate a humoral immune response to the immunogen(s). Which one of the following represents the critical function of the resultant humoral response in protecting vaccinated patients from future infections by targeted pathogenic agents? (A) Opsonization (B) Extravasation (C) Neutralization (D) Complement activation (E) Antibody-dependent cell cytoxicity (ADCC)
(C) Neutralization
**A person develops a viral infection and both T and B cells become activated to fight the infection. In which way is antigen recognition by B cells different from antigen recognition by T cells? (A) B cells home to the paracortex of lymph nodes where they recognize the antigens trapped by helper T cells (B) B cells recognize the antigens that have been processed and presented by follicular dendritic cells (C) B cells undergo receptor editing to change receptors that fail to bind to an antigen (D) B cells utilize membrane immunoglobulin molecules to bind to antigen in its natural state (E) The antigen receptors on a single B cell have a broad specifi city, and are able to recognize several chemically unrelated antigens
(D) B cells utilize membrane immunoglobulin molecules to bind to antigen in its natural state
T helper cells interacting with antigen-presenting dendritic cells require signals generated by the molecular interactions of the T-cell receptor with the MHC-peptide complex. Additionally, costimulation is required to amplify the initial TCR signals provided through the T cell CD28 molecule interaction with which one of the following dendritic cell molecule(s)? (A) CD4 (B) CD8 (C) CD45 (D) CD80/86 (E) CD152
(D) CD80/86
*What response of T cells plays a role in the pathogenesis of shock following the binding of TSST-1 and similar molecules? (A) Anergy (B) Apoptosis (C) Cell cytotoxicity (D) Cytokine secretion (E) Memory cell differentiation
(D) Cytokine secretion
The interaction of which molecule on the membrane of cells with its ligand signals apoptosis? (A) B7 (CD80/86) (B) CD40 (C) CTLA-4 (CD152) (D) Fas (CD95) (E) Fc receptor (CD16)
(D) Fas (CD95)
**A 14-year-old girl presented with an itchy, erythematous rash following exposure to poison ivy. Which term describes the role of poison ivy oils in this response? (A) Allergen (B) Carrier (C) Cytokine (D) Hapten (E) Immunogen
(D) Hapten
**The virus in the previous question spreads from the respiratory tract and causes viremia. Which antibody class would be most important in fighting the virus as it spreads through the body? (A) IgA (B) IgD (C) IgE (D) IgG (E) IgM
(D) IgG
*Antigens from which one of the following microbes would be presented on MHC class I molecules by macrophages? (A) Ascaris lumbricoides (B) Candida albicans (C) Haemophilus influenzae (D) Influenza virus (E) Streptococcus pneumoniae
(D) Influenza virus
**A blood sample from an individual with systemic lupus erythematosus was studied in a research project mapping T-cell receptor specifi cities. Many T cells were discovered to express receptors specifi c for autologous antigens. Failure of which process in the thymus leads to the large number of autoreactive T cells in the patient's blood? (A) Affi nity maturation (B) Antigen processing (C) Hematopoiesis (D) Negative selection (E) Receptor editing
(D) Negative selection
Which type of hypersensitivity is associated with reactions to poison ivy oil? (A) Type I (B) Type II (C) Type III (D) Type IV
(D) Type IV
Downregulation of T-cell activation is achieved by the binding of which molecule on the T cell with CD80/86 on the dendritic cell? (A) CD4 (B) CD8 (C) CD45 (D) CD28 (E) CD152
(E) CD152
**The person in the previous question is experiencing a primary infection with the virus. B cells activated in a primary infection secrete which class of antibody first? (A) IgA (B) IgD (C) IgE (D) IgG (E) IgM
(E) IgM
**Macrophages recognize microorganisms through the interaction of microbial substances with what type of receptors on macrophages? (A) Antigen receptors (B) Complement receptors (C) Fc receptors (D) Membrane immunoglobulin (E) Pattern recognition receptors
(E) Pattern recognition receptors
A workup on an ill child revealed low levels of complement C3 in her blood. Which one of the following presentations did this child most likely manifest? (A) Chronic eczema (B) Immune hemolytic anemia (C) Incomplete recovery from viral infections (D) Poor response to vaccination (E) Recurrent infections with extracellular bacteria
(E) Recurrent infections with extracellular bacteria
**What structural feature is uniquely found on IgA in breast milk and not found on serum IgM? (A) Fab (B) FcR (C) Hinge region (D) J chain (E) Secretory piece
(E) Secretory piece
**Positive selection in the thymus occurs when thymocytes express functional versions of which critical molecule? (A) CD28 (B) Fc receptor (C) MHC class I (D) MHC class II (E) T-cell receptor (TCR)
(E) T-cell receptor (TCR)
*Which cell type is primarily responsible for the inflammation seen in poison ivy rash? (A) B cells (B) Cytotoxic T cells (C) Eosinophils (D) Natural killer cells (E) Th1 cells
(E) Th1 cells
*Which immune system cell is primarily responsible for the formation of granuloma in the lungs of tuberculosis patients? (A) Cytotoxic T cells (B) Dendritic cells (C) Eosinophils (D) Natural killer cells (E) Th1 cells
(E) Th1 cells
Which cells are the source of interleukin-4, −5, −10, and −13? (A) B cells (B) Macrophages (C) Mast cells (D) Th1 cells (E) Th2 cells
(E) Th2 cells
A 47-year-old woman developed toxic shock following an infection with a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that produced toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST)-1. This toxin binds directly to MHC Class II molecules on macrophages and which molecule on T cells? (A) CD3 (B) CD40 ligand (C) Fas ligand (D) The gamma chain of the IL-2 receptor (E) The variable beta portion of the T-cell receptor
(E) The variable beta portion of the T-cell receptor
**Antigen receptors on T and B cells share which similar feature? (A) Affinity maturation occurs following antigen recognition for both receptor types (B) Interaction with MHC molecules is required for antigen recognition by both receptor types (C) The constant regions of both receptor types are identical (D) The specificity of both receptor types is determined following exposure of mature cells to antigen (E) The variable portions of both receptor types are generated by random recombination of genes
(E) The variable portions of both receptor types are generated by random recombination of genes
4.To get T cell help, what must be present on a B cell?
--CD40 --MHCII --B7 "Call My Boy" for help
6.How many different types of epitopes can mabs recognize?
1 "Epi" = above = God is above = Only 1 God?
1.What are the 3 most important pro-inflammatory cytokines?
1. IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha. "Alpha 1,6"
2.Which cytokines causes an increase in body temperature during acute inflammation?
2. Mainly TNF-alpha; IL-1, IL-6 also help to cause fever Alpha 1,6
2.Which cells normally express MHC class II? (DMB)
2.APCs - dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells "yea, we're stuck in class 2, DONT MOAN BIT**
2.Where do b cells proliferate/differentiate in secondary lymphatic organs?
2.Germinal centers "B" = bacteria = Disgusting = Germ
2.Which immunoglobulin is a pentaMer in the serum?
2.IgM
What are bands? When are they present?
2.Immature neutrophils, acute infection
2.What are monocytes?
2.Precursor to macrophages (before they enter tissue)
2.Where do T cells mature?
2.Thymus
2.The release of what causes vasodilation and capillary permeability during inflammation?
2.Vasoactive amines—histamine
2.What is caused by the release of histamine?
2.Vasodilation and edema caused by increased vascular permeability
3.What is the hallmark of chronic inflammation?
3.Accumulation of macrophages Chronic = Long Macro = Big Long--Big
3.What cells bind and recognize MHC class II?
3.CD4 T cells
3.What is the purpose of TLRs on APCs?
3.Identification of PAMPs
3.Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in the blood?
3.IgG G for "Grand"--largest--numerous
3.What type of cell would destroy a self cell that lacks MHC class I?
3.NK cell "where's your class 1 ticket?" "I don't have one." "Kill this guy!" .....NK
3.What are the 4 stages of neutrophil migration? RAAD
3.Rolling, adhesion, arrest, diapedesis
3.Regarding T cell differentiation, what is negative selection?
3.Thymocytes that react too strongly to MHC die --That sounds pretty negative
What type of infections do eosinophils react to?
3.parasites
4. What are the 2 hallmarks of chronic inflammation? "Chronic+ = Grand + Big
4. granuloma + macrophages
4.Where in the body are large amounts of neutrophils reserved?
4.Bone marrow
4.Which immunoglobulin is necessary for clonal selection of B cells?
4.IgD
4.What initiates the lectin pathway in complement?
4.Mannose binding to lectin "Man likes lec"
4.Which cells would not be present in a granuloma?
4.Neutrophils
4.In which secondary lymphoid organ would an immune response against blood borne pathogens be initiated?
4.Spleen
4.What type of antigens are presented on MHC class II?
4.extracellular
5.Which complement proteins binds the surface of microbial cells?
5. C3b
5.Which immunoglobulin is present in the GALT?
5.IgA
5.What class of immunoglobulins do not require class switching/T cell help?
5.IgM (need T cell help and class switching to get others) IgM = Mean = Says screw you
5.Where are inactive C3 and C5 complement proteins produced?
5.Liver "Liver = Lord" Tree =3 Fire = 5 The "lord makes trees and fire"
5.What component of tears provides protection against microbes (breaks down bacterial cell wall?
5.Lysozyme "Lyso" = Lisa = "Lisa cries" = Tears
5.Which enzymes are required for TCR production?
5.Rag 1 and rag 2
.What are PAMPs? What recognizes them? PP=Pathogen-Phag
5.Repeated patterns on pathogens, phagocytes
5.Which cells normally express MHC class I?
5.all
6.When does IgG peak during the primary immune response?
6.About 1 month The Girl's "Peak"--Period--Month
6.Name the two direct killing mechanisms of cytotoxic t cells.
6.Granule release and Fas/TNF
6.What type of antigens are presented on MHC class I?
6.Intracellular
7.When does IgG peak during the secondary immune response?
7.About 15 days
7.MHC class I presents Ag to what type of cell?
7.CD8+ T cell
5.What complement molecule acts as an opsonin? Leukocyte activator?
C3b (Com.B) C3a and C5a
6.Which complement components trigger inflammation?
C5a + C3a "5" = Five = "Fire" = Inflammation "3" = Tree = Trees on fire = Inflammation
**3.In order for costimulation to occur between a T helper cell and an APC, what must the T helper cell have?
CD28
2.Which cytokines are involved in the Th2 response?
IL-4 IL-5
1.What granules are released?
Perforins + Granzyme "Granule is Perfectly Grand" Perfectly = Perforin Grand = Granzyme
4.Where are prothymocytes found? Thymocytes?
Prothymocytes = Cortex of thymus ThyMocytes = Medulla Pro = Pro player is MVP = MVP is the CORE of the team = Cortex
3.What helps form the TCR complex?
TCR CD3 Related proteins TCR forms the TCR TCR CD3 Related proteins
2.What happens when Fas-L binds to Fas on target?
TNF is released 🡪 binds to target receptor 🡪 apoptosis "Live fast, die young"
4.What are the 3 major inflammatory cytokines?
TNFalpha----IL1----IL6 Think "Alpha 1,6"
How does lactoferrin compete with bacteria?
Takes up iron LactoFE Fe = Iron
1.Which cells are granulocytes? BEN
basophils eosinophils neutrophils