Micro Exam 2
40.An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is a(n) A. aerobe. B. obligate aerobe. C. facultative anaerobe. D. microaerophile. E. obligate anaerobe.
A. aerobe
80. After the Harters leave for the hospital, you recall the challenges and limitations researching animal viruses such as RSV. Which of the following is not utilized in the cultivation of animal viruses? A. bacterial cells B. embryonated chicken eggs C. cultured animal cells D. live animals such as mice
A. bacterial cells
3. Viruses A. cannot be seen in a light microscope. B. are prokaryotic. C. contain 70S ribosomes. D. undergo binary fission. E. All of the choices are correct.
A. cannot be seen in a light microscope
30. Persistent viruses that can reactivate periodically are A. chronic latent viruses. B. oncoviruses. C. syncytia. D. inclusion bodies. E. cytopathic.
A. chronic latent viruses
12. Which of the following is not associated with every virus? A. envelope B. capsomeres C. capsid D. nucleic acid E. genome
A. envelope
6. An important mineral ion of the cytochrome pigments of cellular respiration is A. iron. B. zinc. C. calcium. D. magnesium. E. potassium
A. iron
87. The period of growth between inoculation and when the cells finally adjust to their new environment and begin growth at their maximum rate is called the A. lag phase. B. exponential growth phase. C. stationary growth phase. D. death phase.
A. lag phase
37. Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called A. latent. B. oncogenic. C. prions. D. viroids. E. delta agents.
A. latent
32. New, nonenveloped virus release occurs by A. lysis. B. budding. C. exocytosis. D. both lysis and budding. E. both budding and exocytosis.
A. lysis
47. Cells grown in culture form a(n) A. monolayer. B. bilayer. C. aggregate. D. plaque. E. None of the choices is correct.
A. monolayer
15. In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____, while most RNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _____. A. nucleus, cytoplasm B. cytoplasm, cell membrane C. cell membrane, cytoplasm D. cytoplasm, nucleus E. nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum
A. nucleus, cytoplasm
36. All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable for growth except A. psychrophiles. B. anaerobes. C. facultative anaerobes. D. mesophiles E. capnophiles.
A. psychrophiles
14. Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called A. saprobes. B. parasites. C. autotrophs. D. lithoautotrophs. E. phototrophs.
A. saprobes
74. Even though it is a bacterium, Clostridium botulinum can be made more pathogenic once infected with a(n) A. temperate phage. B. oncogene. C. plaque. D. retrovirus.
A. temperate phage
8. Which of the following is not a typical capsid shape? A. tetrahedral B. complex C. helical D. icosahedron E. All of the choices are capsid shapes.
A. tetrahedral
76. Which of the following best explains how a bacterial prophage can negatively impact human health? A. Toxins or enzymes are produced by the infected bacterial pathogen that cause pathology in humans. B. The entry of the prophage causes cessation of protein synthesis in human cells. C. The lysis of infected human cells results in the release of numerous phage particles. D. The entry of the prophage shuts down DNA replication in human cells.
A. toxins or enzymes are produced by the infected bacterial pathogen that cause pathology in humans
8. The term autotroph refers to an organism that A. uses CO2 for its carbon source. B. must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs. C. gets energy from sunlight. D. gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds. E. does not need a carbon source.
A. uses CO2 for its carbon source
50. Infectious naked strands of RNA that affect plants are called A. viroids. B. phages. C. prions. D. oncogenic viruses. E. spikes.
A. viroids
54. The development of antiviral drug therapy is difficult because A. viruses are obligate intracellular parasites so the host cell can be harmed by the drug. B.viruses do not have specific replication cycles that can be targeted. C. viruses do not contain genetic material. D. their life cycles do not have distinctive stages.
A. viruses are obligate intracellular parasites so the host cell can be harmed drug
1. Viruses have all the following except A. definite shape. B. metabolism. C. genes. D. the ability to infect host cells. E. ultramicroscopic size.
B. Metabolism
79. Mrs. Harter questions which antibiotic will be given to treat her daughter's infection. You inform her that A. antibiotics target eukaryotic cells and do not work on viruses. B. antibiotics target bacterial cells and do not work on viruses. C. her daughter will be tested for antibiotic sensitivity before they are given for treatment. D. her daughter can be treated with any antibiotic to inactivate the virus causing RSV disease.
B. antibiotics target bacterial cells and do not work on viruses
11. An organism that uses CO2 for its carbon needs would be called a(n) A. heterotroph. B. autotroph. C. chemoheterotroph. D. saprobe. E. halotroph.
B. autotroph
6. A(n) _____ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus. A. capsomere B. capsid C. spike D. envelope E. monolayer
B. capsid
71. Viruses contain the necessary tools to invade and control a host cell. These tools may consist of a A. nucleus, nucleic acid strands of DNA and RNA, and enzymes. B. capsid or envelope, nucleic acid strands of DNA or RNA, and enzymes. C. nucleus, nucleic acid strands of RNA, capsid, and enzymes. D. capsid or envelope, nucleic acid strands of DNA, and enzymes.
B. capsid or envelope, nucleic acid strand of DNA or RNA, and enzymes
48. A common method for cultivating viruses in the lab is to use in vitro systems called _____ cultures. A. embryo B. cell C. plaque D. bacteriophage E. egg
B. cell
31. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a transformed cell? A. viral nucleic acid integrated into host DNA B. decreased growth rate C. alterations in chromosomes D. changes in cell surface molecules E. capacity to divide indefinitely
B. decreased growth rate
18. The term obligate refers to A. the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions. B. existing in a very narrow niche. C. using chemicals for energy production. D. using light for energy production. E. using oxygen for metabolism.
B. existing in a very narrow niche
54. The phase of the bacterial growth curve that shows the maximum rate of cell division is the A. lag phase. B. exponential (log) phase. C. stationary phase. D. death phase. E. prophase.
B. exponential (log) phase
89. The most rapid increase in bacterial growth occurs during which of the following stages? A. lag phase B. exponential growth phase C. stationary growth phase D. death phase
B. exponential growth phase
90. Antimicrobial agents are often most effective when given during which period of bacterial growth? A. lag phase B. exponential growth phase C. stationary growth phase D. death phase
B. exponential growth phase
91. During which stages of bacterial growth is an infected patient most at risk of spreading the organism to others? A. lag phase and exponential growth phase B. exponential growth phase and stationary growth phase C. stationary growth phase and death phase D. exponential growth phase, stationary growth phase, and death phase
B. exponential growth phase and stationary growth phase
56. When it is important to count the number of cells, determine cell size, and differentiate between dead and live cells, a ___ is used. A. Coulter counter B. flow cytometer C. SEM D. methylene dye indicator
B. flow cytometer
36. The event that occurs in bacteriophage multiplication that does not occur in animal virus replication is A. adsorption to the host cells. B. injection of only the viral nucleic acid into the host cell. C. host cell synthesis of viral enzymes and capsid proteins. D. assembly of nucleocapsids. E. replication of viral nucleic acid.
B. injection of only the viral nucleic acid into the host cell
44. When a bacterium acquires a trait from its temperate phage, it is called A. transformation. B. lysogenic conversion. C. viral persistence. D. transcription. E. translation.
B. lysogenic conversion
1. Microorganisms require large quantities of this nutrient for use in cell structure and metabolism: A. element. B. macronutrient. C. water. D. growth factor. E. trace element.
B. macronutrient
17. Oncoviruses include all the following except A. hepatitis B virus. B. measles virus. C. papillomavirus. D. HTLV I. E. Epstein-Barr virus.
B. measles virus
43.An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is a(n) A. aerobe. B. obligate aerobe. C. facultative anaerobe. D. microaerophile. E. obligate anaerobe.
B. obligate aerobe
29. Mammalian viruses capable of starting tumors are A. chronic latent viruses. B. oncoviruses. C. syncytia. D. inclusion bodies. E. cytopathic.
B. oncoviruses
37.A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with A. carbon dioxide. B. oxygen. C. high salt. D.temperatures above 37C. E. high acidity.
B. oxygen
29. When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell, this endocytosis is specifically termed A. pinocytosis. B. phagocytosis. C. facilitated transport. D. facilitated diffusion. E. exocytosis.
B. phagocytosis
10. Viral spikes A. are always present on enveloped viruses. B. protrude from the envelope. C. block attachment between virus and host. D. are derived from host proteins. E. All of the choices are correct.
B. protrude from the envelope
2. The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is A. disinfection. B. sterilization. C. antisepsis. D. sanitization. E. degermation.
B. sterilization
33. What structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors? A. sheath B. tail fibers C. nucleic acid D. capsid head E. None of the choices is correct.
B. tail fibers
88. Which of the following is a characteristic of the death phase of bacterial growth? A. The patient is experiencing the most severe stage of infection. B. The cells are not metabolically active. C. The population of cells is rapidly increasing. D. The population of cells is slowly increasing.
B. the cells are not metabolically active
46. A barophile would grow best in A. acid pools. B. the deep oceans. C. hot geyser springs. D. arid, desert soil. E. salt lakes.
B. the deep oceans
73. The bacteriophage multiplication cycle is similar to that of an animal virus with the exception of uncoating. Uncoating does not occur because A. they utilize specific receptors on the bacterial surface to adsorb. B. the viral nucleic acid penetrates the host after being injected through a rigid tube inserted through the bacterial cell membrane and wall. C. the viral nucleic acid enters the host cell through transformation. D. the virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole via endocytosis.
B. the viral nucleic acid penetrates the host after being injected through a rigid inserted through the bacterial cell membrane and wall
34.An organism with a temperature growth range of 45C to 60C would be called a(n) A. extremophile. B. thermophile. C. psychrophile. D.psychrotroph. E. thermoduric.
B. thermophile
48. The production of antibodies is a form of antagonism called A. symbiosis. B. satellitism. C. antibiosis. D. mutualism. E. synergism.
C. antibiosis
40. Viruses that infect bacteria are specifically called A. viroids. B. prions. C. bacteriophages. D. satellite viruses. E. All of the choices infect bacteria.
C. bacteriophages
4. Virus capsids are made from subunits called A. envelopes. B. spikes. C. capsomeres. D. prophages. E. peplomers.
C. capsomeres
55. In the viable plate count method, a measured sample of a culture is evenly spread across an agar surface and incubated. Each _____ represents one _____ from the sample. A. cell, cell B. cell, colony C. colony, cell D. species, colony E. generation, cell
C. colony, cell
50. When microbes are in a close nutritional relationship, and one benefits but the other is not harmed, it is called A. symbiosis. B. satellitism. C. commensalism. D. mutualism. E. synergism.
C. commensalism
26. Which of the following require the cell to use ATP? A. facilitated diffusion B. diffusion C. endocytosis D. osmosis E. None of the choices is correct.
C. endocytosis
51. The time interval from parent cell to two new daughter cells is called the A. binary fission. B. growth curve. C. generation time. D. death phase. E. culture time.
C. generation time
12. The term photoautotroph refers to an organism that A. is a decomposer. B. must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs. C. gets energy from sunlight. D. gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds. E. does not need a carbon source.
C. gets energy from sunlight
9. The term photoheterotroph refers to an organism that A. uses CO2 for its carbon source. B. utilizes inorganic compounds for its carbon needs. C. gets energy from sunlight. D. gets energy by metabolizing organic matter of dead organisms. E. does not need a carbon source.
C. gets energy from sunlight
75. A bacterium acquiring a new trait from a bacteriophage is a phenomenon called A. the cytopathic effect. B. lytic conversion. C. lysogenic conversion. D. in vitro cultivation.
C. lysogenic conversion
15. Archaea, as a group, are not pathogens. This is because A. they evolved without mammals. B. mammals evolved special defenses against them. C. mammalian hosts do not meet their environmental requirements. D.they are outcompeted by natural flora.
C. mammalian hosts do not meet their environmental requirements
7. A naked virus only has a(n) A. capsid. B. capsomere. C. nucleocapsid. D. envelope. E. antigenic surface
C. nucleocapsid
46. Visible, clear, well-defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are called A. lysogeny. B. budding. C. plaques. D. cytopathic effects. E. pocks.
C. plaques
49. Infectious protein particles are called A. viroids. B. phages. C. prions. D. oncogenic viruses. E. spikes.
C. prions
52. The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the A. lag phase. B. log phase. C. stationary phase. D. death phase. E. telophase.
C. stationary phase
39. The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes, A. catalase and hydrogen peroxidases. B. superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxidases. C.superoxide dismutase and catalase. D. catalase and oxidase. E.superoxide dismutase and oxidase.
C. superoxide dismutase and catalase
42. What type of phage enters an inactive prophage stage? A. primary B. secondary C. temperate D. temporary E. transformed
C. temperate
16. Host range is limited by A. type of nucleic acid in the virus. B. age of the host cell. C. type of host cell receptors on cell membrane. D. size of the host cell. E. All of the choices are correct.
C. type of host cell receptors on cell membrane
20. The process of dissolving the envelope and capsid to release the viral nucleic acid is A. adsorption. B. penetration. C. uncoating. D. synthesis. E. assembly.
C. uncoating
13. Reverse transcriptase synthesizes A. the positive RNA strand from a negative RNA strand. B. a negative RNA strand from a positive RNA strand. C. RNA from DNA. D. DNA from RNA. E. None of the choices is correct
D. DNA from RNA
28. Which of the following occurs during assembly? A. Nucleocapsid is formed. B. New viral nucleic acid is formed. C. Viral spikes insert in host cell membrane. D. A nucleocapsid is formed and viral spikes insert in host cell membrane. E. All of the choices occur.
D. a nucleocapsid is formed and viral spikes insert in host cell membrane
51. Creutzfeld-Jacob disease is A. caused by a chronic latent virus. B. initiated by an oncogenic virus. C. caused by a viroid. D. a spongiform encephalopathy of humans. E. also called "mad cow disease."
D. a spongiform encephalopathy of humans
55. The primary purpose of viral cultivation is A. to isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens. B. to prepare viruses for vaccines. C. to do detailed research on viral structure, lifestyle, genetics, and effects on host cells. D. All of the choices are correct.
D. all of the choices are correct
1. Which of the following microbial forms have the highest resistance to physical and chemical controls? A. naked viruses B. protozoan cysts C. fungal spores D. bacterial endospores E. yeast
D. bacterial endospores
5. Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus A. spike. B. capsomere. C. envelope. D. capsid. E. core.
D. capsid
34. Which of the following is incorrect about prophages? A. present when the virus is in lysogeny B. formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial chromosome C. replicated with host DNA and passed on to progeny D. cause lysis of host cells E. occur when temperate phages enter host cells
D. cause lysis. of host cells
27. Nutrient absorption is mediated by the A. cell wall. B. peptidoglycan layer. C. proteins in the periplasmic space. D. cell membrane. E. nuclear membrane.
D. cell membrane
16. Aerobic respiration is an example of A. photosynthesis. B. methanoheterophy. C. photoheterotrophy. D. chemoheterotrophy. E. photoautotrophy.
D. chemoheterotrophy
13. The term chemoheterotroph refers to an organism that A. uses CO2 for its carbon source. B. must obtain inorganic compounds for its energy source. C. gets energy from sunlight. D. gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds. E. does not need a carbon source.
D. gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds
70. Mr. Hammond inquires how his wife contracted this viral infection, since she has not come in contact with anyone who has shingles. You recall from microbiology that varicella zoster virus can remain in a chronic latent state in a host by A. integrating into a bacteriophage. B. turning on oncogenes. C. attacking T cells. D. hiding from the immune system within nerve cells.
D. hiding from the immune system within nerve cells
41. During lysogeny, an inactive prophage state occurs when the viral DNA is inserted into the A. host cytoplasm. B. host nucleus. C. host nucleolus. D. host DNA. E. host cell membrane.
D. host DNA
43. The activation of a prophage is called A. activation. B. lysogeny. C. transformation. D. induction. E. adsorption.
D. induction
19. The envelope of enveloped viruses is A. identical to the host plasma membrane. B. only composed of host endomembrane. C. always includes spikes. D. is obtained by viral budding or exocytosis. E. None of the choices is correct.
D. is obtained by viral budding or exocytosis
35. Human pathogens fall into the group A. psychrophiles. B. thermophiles. C. halophiles. D. mesophiles. E. acidophiles.
D. mesophiles
47. The E. coli that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K for the body to use would best be termed a _____ relationship. A. parasitic B. saprobic C. commensal D. mutualistic E. None of the choices is correct.
D. mutualistic
17. Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host and cause some degree of harm. A. mesophiles B. thermophiles C. commensals D. parasites E. halophiles
D. parasites
31. Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator, out on a lab bench top, on the shelf of a 37C incubator, and on the shelf of a 50C incubator. After incubation, there was no growth at 37C and 50C, very slight growth out on the bench top, and abundant growth at refrigeration. What term could be used for this species? A. halophile B. mesophile C. anaerobe D. psychrophile E. capnophile
D. psychrophile
33. An organism that grows slowly in the cold but has an optimum growth temperature of 25 C is called a(n) A. extremophile. B. thermophile C. psychrophile. D.psychrotroph. E. thermoduric.
D. psychrotroph
14. Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during A. replication. B. assembly. C. adsorption. D. release. E. penetration.
D. release
3. The process of using a cleansing technique to mechanically remove and reduce microorganisms and debris to safe levels is A. disinfection. B. sterilization. C. antisepsis. D. sanitization. E. degermation.
D. sanitization
39. Lysogeny refers to A. altering the host range of a virus. B. latent state of herpes infections. C. virion exiting host cell. D. viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome. E. None of the choices is correct.
D. viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome
18. Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect? A. inclusions in the nucleus B. multinucleated giant cells C. inclusions in the cytoplasm D. cells change shape E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct
2. Host cells of viruses include A. humans and other animals. B. plants and fungi. C. bacteria. D. protozoa and algae. E. All of the choices are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct
38. Uncoating of viral nucleic acid A. does not occur in bacteriophage multiplication. B. involves enzymatic destruction of the capsid. C. releases viral nucleic acid into the cell. D. occurs before replication. E. All of the choices are correct.
E. all of the choices are correct
45. Which of the following will not support viral cultivation? A. live lab animals B. embryonated bird eggs C. primary cell cultures D. continuous cell cultures E. All of the choices will support viral cultivation.
E. all of the choices will support viral cultivation
9. All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except A. gained as a virus leaves the host cell membrane. B. are comprised primarily of lipids. C. contain special virus proteins. D. help the virus particle attach to host cells. E. are located between the capsid and nucleic acid.
E. are located between the capsid and nucleic acid
11. The core of every virus particle always contains A. DNA. B. capsomeres. C. enzymes. D. DNA and RNA. E. either DNA or RNA.
E. either DNA or RNA
24. The use of energy by a cell to enclose a substance in its membrane by forming a vacuole and engulfing it is called A. facilitated diffusion. B. diffusion. C. active transport. D. osmosis. E. endocytosis.
E. endocytosis
42. An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a(n) A. aerobe. B. obligate aerobe. C. facultative anaerobe. D. microaerophile. E. obligate anaerobe.
E. obligate anaerobe
53. Two noncellular agents, smaller than viruses, are the infectious proteins called _____ and the infectious RNA strands called _____. A. prions, capsomeres B. virions, prions C. viroids, phages D. prions, phages E. prions, viroids
E. prions, viroids
45. A halophile would grow best in A. acid pools. B. freshwater ponds. C. hot geyser springs. D. arid, desert soil. E. salt lakes.
E. salt lakes
49. When microbes live independently but cooperate and share nutrients, it is called A. symbiosis. B. satellitism. C. antibiosis. D. mutualism. E. synergism.
E. synergism
2. Microorganisms require small quantities of this nutrient for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure: A. element. B. macronutrient. C. water. D. growth factors. E. trace element.
E. trace element