MICRO- EXAM 4

Streptococcus pyogenes

Source: it can be an uncommon part of the flora of the skin...highly contagious...spread through the air Symptoms: throat pain, difficultly swallowing, red/swollen tonsils sometimes with streaks of pus, swollen lymph nodes, fever, headache, rash, stomachache and possible vomiting in young kids, fatigue Diseases: Strep throat

Epstein-Barr virus

-Sources: spreads through bodily fluids (especially saliva)...once the virus is in your body, it stays there -Symptoms: fatigue, fever, inflamed throat, swollen lymph nodes n neck, enlarged spleen, swollen liver, rash -Disease: Mononucleosis (Mono)

Streptococcus agalactiae

Source: Symptoms: Disease:

Hepatitis A, B, and C viruses

SEE BOOK PAGE 699

Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus

SEE NOTES

HTLV-1 and HTLV-2

SEE SLIDES

Hemorrhagic fever viruses (Marburg, Ebola, dengue, Lassa)

SEE SLIDES

Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale, and P. malariae

SEE SLIDES

Candida albicans

-Source: Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by yeasts that belong to the genus Candida. There are over 20 species of Candida yeasts that can cause infection in humans, the most common of which is Candida albicans. Candida yeasts normally live on the skin and mucous membranes without causing infection; however, overgrowth of these organisms can cause symptoms to develop. Symptoms of candidiasis vary depending on the area of the body that is infected. Candidiasis that develops in the mouth or throat is called "thrush" or oropharyngeal candidiasis. Candidiasis in the vagina is commonly referred to as a "yeast infection." invasive candidiasis occurs when Candida species enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body. -Symptoms • Itching and irritation in the vagina and the tissues at the vaginal opening (vulva) •A burning sensation, especially during intercourse or while urinating • Redness and swelling of the vulva • Vaginal pain and soreness • Vaginal rash • Watery vaginal discharge • Thick vaginal discharge -Diseases: yeast infections

Parvovirus (Fifth disease)

-Source: Fifth disease is caused by a virus, called parvovirus B19, which tends to spread among children in elementary school. It is most prevalent in the winter and spring, but it can spread at any time and among people of any age. -Symptoms: headache, fatigue, low grade fever, sore throat, nausea, joint pain (mostly in adults), red rash that develops on cheeks and spreads to arms, legs and trunk (by the time this happens, the disease is usually no longer present) -Disease: Fifth disease

Helicobacter pylori

-Source: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped bacterium that is found in the gastric mucous layer or adherent to the epithelial lining of the stomach. H. pylori causes more than 90% of duodenal ulcers and up to 80% of gastric ulcers. -Symptoms: The most common ulcer symptom is gnawing or burning pain in the epigastrium. This pain typically occurs when the stomach is empty, between meals and in the early morning hours, but it can also occur at other times. It may last from minutes to hours and may be relieved by eating or by taking antacids. Less common ulcer symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Bleeding can also occur; prolonged bleeding may cause anemia leading to weakness and fatigue. If bleeding is heavy, hematemesis, hematochezia, or melena may occur. -Disease: Ulcers

Leishmania

-Source: Leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania parasites which are transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. The disease affects some of the poorest people on the planet, and is associated with malnutrition, population displacement, poor housing, a weak immune system and lack of resources. -Symptoms: difficulty breathing, skin sores that become ulcers, stuffy/runny nose and nosebleeds, difficulty swallowing, ulcers in the mouth, tongue, lips, gums, and nose, cough, diarrhea, fever, vomiting (these last 4 are common in systemic visceral infections) -Diseases: Leishmaniasis (cutaneous and visceral)

Measles virus

-Source: Measles is caused by a virus in the paramyxovirus family and it is normally passed through direct contact and through the air. -Symptoms: fever, dry cough, runny nose, sore throat, inflamed eyes (conjuctivitus), ttiny white spots o=with blueish-white centers on a red background found inside the mouth on the inner lining of the cheek (Koplik's spots), skin rash made up of large, flat blotches that often flow into one another -Diseases: Measles

SARS virus

-Source: SARS is caused by a member of the coronavirus family of viruses (the same family that can cause the common cold). It is believed the 2003 epidemic started when the virus spread from small mammals in China. When someone with SARS coughs or sneezes, infected droplets spray into the air.The main way that SARS seems to spread is by close person-to-person contact. The virus that causes SARS is thought to be transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets (droplet spread) produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Droplet spread can happen when droplets from the cough or sneeze of an infected person are propelled a short distance (generally up to 3 feet) through the air and deposited on the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or eyes of persons who are nearby. The virus also can spread when a person touches a surface or object contaminated with infectious droplets and then touches his or her mouth, nose, or eye(s). In addition, it is possible that the SARS virus might spread more broadly through the air (airborne spread) or by other ways that are not now known. -Symptoms: In general, SARS begins with a high fever (temperature greater than 100.4°F [>38.0°C]). Other symptoms may include headache, an overall feeling of discomfort, and body aches. Some people also have mild respiratory symptoms at the outset. About 10 percent to 20 percent of patients have diarrhea. After 2 to 7 days, SARS patients may develop a dry cough. Most patients develop pneumonia. -Diseases: Sever Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Proprionibacterium acnes

-Source: Skin (part of normal flora), also found in the GI tract of humans and many other animals -Symptoms: Inflammation, mild to severe acne -Diseases: Acne

Smallpox

-Source: Smallpox is caused by the variola virus that emerged in human populations thousands of years ago. Except for laboratory stockpiles, the variola virus has been eliminated. -Symptoms: Fever, overall discomfort, headache, severe fatigue, severe back pain, vomiting, flat red spots that appear over your body...they fill with pus, scab and leave deep scars. -Disease: Smallpox

Clostridium perfringens

-Source: The majority of outbreaks are associated with undercooked meats, often in large quantities of food prepared for a large group of people and left to sit out for long periods of time. Because of this, it is sometimes referred to as the "food service germ." Meat products such as stews, casseroles, and gravy are the most common sources of illness from C. perfringens. Most outbreaks come from food whose temperature is poorly controlled. If food is kept between 70 and 140 F, it is likely to grow Clostridium perfringens bacteria. -Symptoms: People generally experience symptoms of Clostridium perfringens infection 6 to 24 hours after consuming the bacteria or toxins. Clostridium perfringens toxins cause abdominal pain and stomach cramps, followed by diarrhea. Nausea is also a common symptom. Fever and vomiting are not normally symptoms of poisoning by Clostridium perfringens toxins. Illness from Clostridium perferingens generally lasts around 24 hours, and is rarely fatal. -Diseases: Food poisoning

Group B strep

-Source: The source of infection for adults is unknown. Since group B strep is a common organism in the gastrointestinal tract of men and women, this may be a source of some infection. -Symptoms: fever, difficulty breathing, lethargy, irritability (babies)...UTI (adults) -Diseases: UTI

Bacillus anthracis (cutaneous)

-Source: When anthrax spores get into the skin, usually through a cut or scrape, a person can develop cutaneous anthrax. This can happen when a person handles infected animals or contaminated animal products like wool, hides, or hair. Cutaneous anthrax is most common on the head, neck, forearms, and hands. It affects the skin and tissue around the site of infection. -Symptoms: a group of small blisters that may itch, swelling can occur around the sore, a painless sore (ulcer) with a black center that appears after the small blisters or bumps. Most often the sore will be on the face, neck, arms or hands -Diseases: Anthrax

Staphylococcus aureus

-Source: While MRSA bacteria are usually carried on the human skin and in the nose, recent studies have shown that livestock also carry MRSA, and that it can be transmitted from these animals to farmers and veterinarians, who can then pass it on to other humans. MRSA bacteria have also been shown to be present in retail foods, including pork, beef, and dairy products, although MRSA outbreaks from food contamination are rare. -Symptoms: MRSA infections usually appear as skin or soft tissue infections, such as boils or abscesses. Some people report them looking like a spider bite: red and swollen. However, MRSA skin infections are also painful and can pus or drain. Symptoms of a MRSA infection from food generally resemble other food poisoning symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. -Diseases: It is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections such as abscesses (boils), furuncles, and cellulitis. Although most staph infections are not serious, S. aureus can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia, or bone and joint infections.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

-Source: You can get gonorrhea by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has gonorrhea. A pregnant woman with gonorrhea can give the infection to her baby during childbirth. -Symptoms: Men- burning sensation when urinating, while/yellow/green discharge, swollen testes...Women: burning sensation when urinating, vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding between periods -Diseases: Gonorrhea

Rabies Virus

-Source: bite of an infected animal -Symptoms: insomnia, anxiety, confusion, partial paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, agitation, hypersalivation, difficulty swallowing, hydrophobia -Diseases: rabies

Rhinovirus

-Source: common viral infectious agents that cause the common cold...transmitted by aerosols of respiratory droplets from contaminated surfaces, including person to person contact -Symptoms: sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, cough, fatigue, muscle aches, headache, muscle weakness, loss of appetite -Diseases: common cold

Yersinia pestis

-Source: infected fleas that infect rats that infect humans -Symptoms: Buboes, sudden onset of fever and chills, headache, fatigue, muscle aches (Pneumonic- cough with bloody sputum, difficultly breathing, high fever, nausea and vomiting, weakness) (Septicemic- fever and chills, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding from mouth, rectum, nose, or under skin, shock, blackening or death of tissue on extremities) -Diseases: Bubonic plague, septicemic and pneumonic plagues

Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus

-Source: mouth...cause dental caries -Symptoms: cavities, -Diseases: Gingivitis, periodontis, cavities

Clostridium botulinum

-Source: rare toxin that grows in soil...often transmitted through improper canning methods -Symptoms: difficultly swallowing or speaking, dry mouth, facial weakness, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, difficult breathing, nausea/vomiting, paralysis -Diseases: Botulism

Chlamydia trachomatis

-Source: sexual intercourse with infected individual -Symptoms: Women- abnormal vaginal discharge, burning sensation when urinating...Men- discharge, burning sensation when urinating, pain and swelling in testicles -Diseases: Chlamydia

Clostridium tetani

-Source: spores in the soil, GI tracts of the animals -Symptoms: chills, difficulty swallowing, headache, irritability, jaw and neck stiffness, low fever, restlessness, sore throat, stiff arms and legs, lockjaw, muscle spasms -Diseases: tetanus

Polio Virus

-Source: usually enters via the feces of someone who is infected (poor sanitation...), fecal-oral route -Symptoms: (Non-paralytic)- fever, sore throat, headache, vomiting, fatigue, back pain or stiffness, neck pain or stiffness, leg and arm pain or stiffness, muscle weakness or tenderness, meningitis---(Paralytic)- loss of reflexes, severe muscle aches and weakness, loose and floppy limbs -Disease: Polio

Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenza

-Sources (streptococcus pyogenes): the cause of strep throat is bacteria known as Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus. Streptococcal bacteria are highly contagious. They can spread through airborne droplets when someone with the infection coughs or sneezes, or through shared food or drinks. You can also pick up the bacteria from a doorknob or other surface and transfer them to your nose, mouth or eyes. -Symptoms: throat pain, difficultly swallowing, red and swollen tonsils sometimes with streaks of pus, swollen and tender lymph nodes, fever, headache, rash, stomachache and sometimes vomiting, fatigue -Diseases: Strep throat

Mycoplasma pneumonia

-Sources: A person who is sick with M. pneumoniae infection has these bacteria in their nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs. M. pneumoniae is transmitted (spread) from person-to-person through airborne droplets. People who are sick with M. pneumoniae infection usually spread the disease by coughing or sneezing while in close contact with others, who then breathe in the bacteria. -Symptoms: Sore throat, fatigue, fever, slowly worsening cough that can last weeks or months, headache...children don't typically run a fever (present with more cold-like symptoms) -Diseases: walking pneumonia

Entamoeba histolytica

-Sources: Amebiasis is a disease caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. It can affect anyone, although it is more common in people who live in tropical areas with poor sanitary condition. -Symptoms: Only about 10% to 20% of people who are infected with E. histolytica become sick from the infection. The symptoms are often quite mild and can include loose feces (poop), stomach pain, and stomach cramping. Amebic dysentery is a severe form of amebiasis associated with stomach pain, bloody stools (poop), and fever. Rarely, E. histolytica invades the liver and forms an abscess (a collection of pus). In a small number of instances, it has been shown to spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or brain, but this is very uncommon. -Diseases: Entamoeba

Staphylococcus aureus

-Sources: Any food can potentially harbor Staphylococcus aureus if certain criteria are met. For instance, eating food prepared by someone with a skin infection can lead to contaminated food, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Eating food kept at room temperature or food that was improperly handled in the cooking process can lead to an infection, as well. Some common foods associated with this bacterium are desserts containing custards and creams, tuna salad, chicken salad, potato salad, any type of poultry, foods containing mayonnaise, egg products and casseroles. ALSO IMPORTANT TO NOTE: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus or "staph") facts, including how S. aureus is spread, common symptoms and complications. S. aureus has long been recognized as one of the most important bacteria that cause disease in humans. It is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections such as abscesses (boils), furuncles, and cellulitis. Although most staph infections are not serious, S. aureus can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia, or bone and joint infections. Symptoms: Abscess • Pocket of infection that forms at the site of injury. • Usually filled with pus. • Area surrounding the abscess is usually red, painful and swollen and the skin • Surrounding the abscess can feel warm to the touch. Cellulitis • An infection of the underlying layers of the skin. • Usually results from a scrape or cut in the skin which allows bacteria to enter, although no injury may be apparent. • Cellulitis can occur anywhere in the body, but most often occurs on the legs or arms. -Symptoms include redness, swelling, and pain at the site of infection. -Symptoms: If you become infected with the Staphylococcus aureus toxin, you might exhibit symptoms that are mistaken for the stomach flu. Symptoms include nausea, 24 hours of vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping and distention, loss of appetite and fever. The only way to know for sure that you have Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning is through a stool culture. Treatment includes supportive measures such as keeping hydrated with proper fluids and electrolytes. Sports drinks are usually recommended to help prevent dehydration. -Diseases: Staph infection

Ascaris lumbricoides

-Sources: Ascaris infection is one of the most common intestinal worm infections. It is found in association with poor personal hygiene, poor sanitation, and in places where human feces are used as fertilizer. -Symptoms: vomiting, shortness of breath, abdominal distension, severe stomach pain, intestinal blockage, liver and gallbladder blockage -Diseases: Ascaris

Bacillus cereus

-Sources: Bacillus cereus or B. cereus is a type of bacteria that produces toxins. These toxins can cause two types of illness: one type characterized by diarrhea and the other, called emetic toxin, by nausea and vomiting. These bacteria are present in foods and can multiply quickly at room temperature. -Symptoms: watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting -Diseases: Bacillus cereus v. Trichuris trichiura w. Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale x. Trichinella y. Opisthorchis sinensis and Clonorchis sinesnsis z. Schistosoma

Francisella tularensis

-Sources: Bacterium francisella tularensis...rabbits, hares, and rodents are very susceptible and often die in large numbers. Humans can become infected in several ways: tick and deer fly bites, skin contact with infected animals, ingestion of contaminated water, inhalation of contaminated aerosols or agricultural dusts, lab exposure -Symptoms: Ulceroglandular This is the most common form of tularemia and usually occurs following a tick or deer fly bite or after handing of an infected animal. A skin ulcer appears at the site where the bacteria entered the body. The ulcer is accompanied by swelling of regional lymph glands, usually in the armpit or groin. • Glandular Similar to ulceroglandular tularemia but without an ulcer. Also generally acquired through the bite of an infected tick or deer fly or from handling sick or dead animals. • Oculoglandular This form occurs when the bacteria enter through the eye. This can occur when a person is butchering an infected animal and touches his or her eyes. Symptoms include irritation and inflammation of the eye and swelling of lymph glands in front of the ear. • Oropharyngeal This form results from eating or drinking contaminated food or water. Patients with orophyangeal tularemia may have sore throat, mouth ulcers, tonsillitis, and swelling of lymph glands in the neck. • Pneumonic This is the most serious form of tularemia. Symptoms include cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. This form results from breathing dusts or aerosols containing the organism. It can also occur when other forms of tularemia (e.g. ulceroglandular) are left untreated and the bacteria spread through the bloodstream to the lungs. Typhoidal This form is characterized by any combination of the general symptoms (without the localizing symptoms of other syndromes) -Diseases: Tularemia (different kinds listed above)

Clostridium perfringens

-Sources: Beef, poultry, gravies, and dried or pre-cooked foods are common sources of C. perfringens infections. C. perfringens infection often occurs when foods are prepared in large quantities and kept warm for a long time before serving. Outbreaks often happen in institutions, such as hospitals, school cafeterias, prisons, and nursing homes, or at events with catered food. -Symptoms: lostridium perfringens toxins cause abdominal pain and stomach cramps, followed by diarrhea. Nausea is also a common symptom. Fever and vomiting are not normally symptoms of poisoning by Clostridium perfringens toxins. Illness from Clostridium perferingens generally lasts around 24 hours, and is rarely fatal. -Diseases: Clostridium

Clostridium difficile

-Sources: C. difficile bacteria are found throughout the environment — in soil, air, water, human and animal feces, and food products, such as processed meats. A small number of healthy people naturally carry the bacteria in their large intestine and don't have ill effects from the infection. Once established, C. difficile can produce toxins that attack the lining of the intestine. The toxins destroy cells and produce patches (plaques) of inflammatory cells and decaying cellular debris inside the colon and cause watery diarrhea. -Symptoms: (Mild)- watery diarrhea, mild abdominal cramping and tenderness. (Severe)- watery diarrhea 10-15 times a day, severe abdominal cramping, fever, blood/pus in stool, nausea, dehydration, loss of appitite, weight loss, swollen abdomen, kidney failure, increased WBC count -Diseases: C. diff infection

Campylobacter jejuni

-Sources: Campylobacteriosis usually occurs in single, sporadic cases, but it can also occur in outbreaks, when two or more people become ill from the same source. Most cases of campylobacteriosis are associated with eating raw or undercooked poultry meat or from cross-contamination of other foods by these items. Outbreaks of Campylobacter have most often been associated with unpasteurized dairy products, contaminated water, poultry, and produce. Animals can also be infected, and some people get infected from contact with the stool of an ill dog or cat. The organism is not usually spread from one person to another, but this can happen if the infected person is producing a large volume of diarrhea. It only takes a very few Campylobacter organisms (fewer than 500) to make a person sick. Even one drop of juice from raw chicken meat can have enough Campylobacter in it to infect a person! One way to become infected is to cut poultry meat on a cutting board, and then use the unwashed cutting board or utensil to prepare vegetables or other raw or lightly cooked foods. The Campylobacter organisms from the raw meat can get onto the other foods. -Symptoms: diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain, fever within 2 to 5 days of exposure, nausea and vomiting...some infected persons don't have symptoms...occasionally the infection can spread to the blood stream and cause life-threatening infection -Diseases: campylobacteriosis, Guillian-Barre Syndrome (GBS) (often preceded with a campylobacteriosis infection)

Escherichia coli

-Sources: Contaminated food, contaminated water, animals in their environment, feces of infected people -Symptoms: severe diarrhea that is often bloody, severe abdominal pain, vomiting...if hemolytic uremic syndrome develops (severe complication), urine production will decrease, urine that is produced is dark and facial pallor develops. -Diseases: E. coli

Cryptosporidium parvum

-Sources: Crypto lives in the intestine of infected humans or animals. An infected person or animal sheds Cryptosporidium parasites in the stool. Millions of Crypto parasites can be released in a bowel movement from an infected human or animal. Shedding begins when the symptoms begin and can last for weeks after the symptoms (e.g., diarrhea) stop. You can become infected after accidentally swallowing the parasite. Crypto may be found in soil, food, water, or surfaces that have been contaminated with the feces from infected humans or animals. Crypto is not spread by contact with blood. Crypto can be spread by: -Symptoms: watery diarrhea, stomach cramps or pain, dehydration, nausea, vomiting, fever, weight loss -Diseases: crypto

Cytomegalovirus

-Sources: Ctyomegaloviris is related to the virus that causes chickenpox, herpes simplex and mono. It is spread by touching your eyes/inside of nose and mouth after coming in contact with the body fluids of an infect person, through sexual contact with an infected person, through the breast milk on an infected mother, through organ transplant or blood transfusions, through the placenta of an infected mother to her unborn child or during birth -Symptoms: In adults they are mono-like---fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, aches, loss of appetite, fatigue...In people with a suppressed immune system---blurred vision and blindness, pneumonia, diarrhea, inflammation of the liver, swelling of the brain, behavior changes, seizures or coma...in babies---jaundice, skin rash, low birth weight, pneumonia, enlarged liver and spleen, seizures -Diseases: CMV

Corynebacterium diphtheria

-Sources: Diphtheria is a infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria. Diphtheria is spread (transmitted) from person to person, usually through respiratory droplets, from coughing or sneezing. Rarely, spreading may occur from skin lesions (like an abnormal sore) or clothes that are contaminated with discharges from lesions (like a sore) of an infected person. A person also can get infected with diphtheria by coming in contact with an object, like a toy, that has been contaminated with the bacteria that cause diphtheria. -Symptoms: thick gray coating that attaches over the nasal tissues, tonsils, or voice box, or throat is the main symptom -Diseases: Diphtheria

influenza virus

-Sources: Flu viruses travel through the air in droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes or talks. You can inhale the droplets directly, or you can pick up the germs from an object — such as a telephone or computer keyboard — and then transfer them to your eyes, nose or mouth. -Symptoms: fever over 100, aching muscles in the back, arms and legs, chills and sweats, headache, dry, persistant cough, fatigue, nasal congestion, sore throat -Diseases: Flu

Giardia intestinalis (lamblia)

-Sources: Giardia is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal illness known as giardiasis. Giardia (also known as Giardia intestinalis, Giardia lamblia, or Giardia duodenalis) is found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces (poop) from infected humans or animals. Giardia is protected by an outer shell that allows it to survive outside the body for long periods of time and makes it tolerant to chlorine disinfection. While the parasite can be spread in different ways, water (drinking water and recreational water) is the most common mode of transmission. -Symptoms: diarrhea, gas, greasy stools that tend to float, stomach/abdominal cramps, upset stomach/nausea/vomiting, dehydration -Diseases: Giardia (lamblia)

Papillomavirus

-Sources: HPV infection occurs when the virus enters your body through a cut, abrasion or small tear in the outer layer of your skin. The virus is transferred primarily by skin-to-skin contact. Genital HPV infections are contracted through sexual intercourse, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact in the genital region. Some HPV infections that result in oral or upper respiratory lesions are contracted through oral sex. It's possible for a mother with an HPV infection to transmit the virus to her infant during delivery. This exposure may cause HPV infection in the baby's genitals or upper respiratory system. -Symptoms: most of the time, the body clears up an HPV infection, but genital warts, common warts, plantar warts, and flat warts are common side effects as well as cervical cancer -Diseases: Cervical cancer, warts

Papillomavirus

-Sources: HPV is transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact. You can get HPV by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus. It is most commonly spread during vaginal or anal sex. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). Anyone who is sexually active can get HPV, even if you have had sex with only one person. HPV is so common that nearly all sexually active men and women get it at some point in their lives. HPV can be passed even when an infected person has no signs or symptoms. You can develop symptoms years after you have sex with someone who is infected, making it hard to know when you first became infected. -Symptoms: genital warts and cervical cancer -Diseases: HPV

Haemophilus ducreyi

-Sources: Haemophilus ducreyi is an opportunistic microorganism that infects its host by way of breaks in the skin or epidermis. Inflammation then takes place as the area of infection is inundated with lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes. This pyrogenic inflammation causes regional lymphadenitis in the sexually transmitted bacillus chancroid.[1] The bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi causes chancroid. It attacks the tissue and produces an open sore (sometimes referred to as a chancroid or ulcer) on or near the external reproductive organs of men and women. The ulcer may bleed or produce a contagious fluid that can spread bacteria during oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse. Chancroid may also spread from skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. -Symptoms: ulcers on the gentitals that may burst and form an open sore...women may experience a burning sensation when urination -Diseases: Chancriod

Haemphilus influenza

-Sources: Haemophilus influenzae (including Hib) is a bacterium that can cause a severe infection, occurring mostly in infants and children younger than five years of age. It can cause lifelong disability and be deadly. In spite of its name, Haemophilus influenzae bacteria do not cause influenza (the "flu"). -Symptoms: pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis -Diseases: Hib

Haemophilus influenza

-Sources: Haemophilus influenzae bacteria, including Hib, are spread person-to-person by direct contact or through respiratory droplets like by coughing and sneezing. Usually the bacteria remain in the nose and throat — causing no harm. Sometimes the bacteria can enter the blood and spread, causing serious infection in the individual. Most of the time, Haemophilus influenzae bacteria are spread by people who have the bacteria in their noses and throats but who are not ill (asymptomatic). -Symptoms: pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis -Diseases: Haemphilus influenza type b = Hib

Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2

-Sources: Herpes simplex type 1, which is transmitted through oral secretions or sores on the skin, can be spread through kissing or sharing objects such as toothbrushes or eating utensils. In general, a person can only get herpes type 2 infection during sexual contact with someone who has a genital HSV-2 infection. It is important to know that both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can be spread even if sores are not present. -Symptoms: Symptoms of herpes simplex virus typically appear as a blister or as multiple blisters on or around affected areas -- usually the mouth, genitals, or rectum. The blisters break, leaving tender sores. -Diseases: Herpes

Histoplasma capsulatum

-Sources: Histoplasma, the fungus that causes histoplasmosis, lives throughout the world, but it's most common in North America and Central America. In the United States, Histoplasma mainly lives in soil in the central and eastern states, particularly areas around the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, but it can likely live in other parts of the U.S. as well. The fungus also lives in parts of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Histoplasma grows best in soil that contains bird or bat droppings. Bats can get histoplasmosis and spread the fungus in their droppings.7 -Symptoms: chest pains, chills, cough, fever, joint pain/stiffness, muscles aches and stiffness, rash, shortness of breath -Diseases: Histoplasmosis

Listeria monocytogenes

-Sources: It is a bacteria found in soil and water and some animals, including poultry and cattle. It can also be present in raw milk and foods made from raw milk. It can also live in processing plants and contaminate a variety of processed meats. -Symptoms: fever, stiff neck, confusion, weakness, vomiting (sometimes preceded by diarrhea) -Diseases: Listeriosis

Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeb

-Sources: It is a free living microscopic amoeba living in the water..enters through nose and migrates to brain...doesn't come from drinking infested water -Symptoms: very similar to bacterial meningitis...Stage one- severe frontal headache, fever, nausea, vomiting...Stage 2- stiff neck, seizures, altered mental status, hallucinations, coma, death (almost always...only 3/133 have survived) -Diseases: Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) Look up other amoeba!!!

Cryptococcus neoformans

-Sources: It lives in the environment throughout the world...the fungus is typically found in the soil, on decaying wood, in tree hollows, or in bird droppings -Symptoms: Usually infects the CNS...starts in the lungs, then spreads to the brain...Symptoms in the lungs: pneumonia like infection, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever...Symptoms in the brain: In the brain it is called cryptococcal meningitis—headache, fever, neck pain, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light, confusion or changes in behavior -Diseases: C. neoformans infection, cryptococcal meningitis, cryptococcosis

Legionella pneumophila

-Sources: Legionella is a type of bacterium found naturally in fresh water. When people are exposed to the bacterium, it can cause illness (Legionnaires' disease and Pontiac fever). This bacterium grows best in warm water, like the kind found in hot tubs, cooling towers (AC units for large buildings), hot water tanks, large plumbing systems, or decorative fountains. People are exposed to this bacteria when they breathe in a mist or vapor containing the bacteria. -Symptoms: Very similar to pneumonia...specific tests are needed to determine if it is Legionnaire's disease...most common symptoms are: cough, shortness of breath, high fever, muscle aches, headaches -Diseases: Legionnaire's disease, Pontiac Fever (similar symptoms...those with Pontiac fever don't have pneumonia)

Neisseria meningitides

-Sources: Meningococcal disease is spread from person to person. The bacteria are spread by exchanging respiratory and throat secretions (saliva or spit) during close (for example, coughing or kissing) or lengthy contact, especially if living in the same household. Fortunately, these bacteria are not as contagious as germs that cause the common cold or the flu. The bacteria are not spread by casual contact or by simply breathing the air where a person with meningococcal disease has been. Sometimes Neisseria meningitidis bacteria spread to people who have had close or lengthy contact with a patient with meningococcal disease. People in the same household, roommates, or anyone with direct contact with a patient's oral secretions, such as a boyfriend or girlfriend, would be considered at increased risk of getting the infection. -Symptoms: Swelling of brain and spinal cord, fever, stiff neck, headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia (sensitivity to light), altered mental status (confusion) -Disease: Meningitis

Rickettsia rickettsia

-Sources: Most rickettsial pathogens are transmitted by ectoparasites such as fleas, lice, mites, and ticks. Organisms can be transmitted by bites from these ectoparasites or by the inoculation of infectious fluids or feces from the ectoparasites into the skin. Inhaling or inoculating conjunctiva with infectious material may also cause infection for some of these organisms. -Symptoms: fever, rash, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, muscle pain, lack of appetite, conjunctival infection (eye infection) -Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)

Mumps virus

-Sources: Mumps is a contagious disease caused by a virus. It spreads through saliva or mucus from the mouth, nose, or throat. An infected person can spread the virus by • coughing, sneezing, or talking, • sharing items, such as cups or eating utensils, with others, and touching objects or surfaces with unwashed hands that are then touched by others. -Symptoms: swollen, painful salivary glands, fever headache, muscle aches, weakness and fatigue, loss of appetite, pain while chewing or swallowing -Diseases: Mumps

Noroviruses

-Sources: Norovirus is a very contagious virus. You can get norovirus from an infected person, contaminated food or water, or by touching contaminated surfaces. The virus causes your stomach or intestines or both to get inflamed (acute gastroenteritis). -Symptoms: diarrhea, throwing up, nausea, stomach pain, fever, headache, body aches, dehydration -Diseases: food poisoning, "stomach flu"

Bartonella henselae, B. quintana

-Sources: People can get CSD from the scratches of domestic or feral cats, particularly kittens. The disease occurs most frequently in children under 15. Cats can harbor infected fleas that carry Bartonella bacteria. These bacteria can be transmitted from a cat to a person during a scratch. Some evidence suggests that CSD may be transmitted directly to humans by the bite of infected cat fleas, although this has not been proven. -Symptoms: Cat Scratch Disease Symptoms- fever, enlarged lymph nodes, papule/pustule at inoculation site....Trench fever symptoms (Bartonella Quintana)- Fever, headache, rash, bone pain in shins, neck and back -Diseases: Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) and Trench Fever

Bordetella pertussis

-Sources: Pertussis, a respiratory illness commonly known as whooping cough, is a very contagious disease caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. These bacteria attach to the cilia (tiny, hair-like extensions) that line part of the upper respiratory system. The bacteria release toxins (poisons), which damage the cilia and cause airways to swell...it is spread by person to person contact (coughing or sneezing) -Symptoms: coughing fits, runny nose, low grade fever, apnea (pause in breathing in babies) -Diseases: Whooping cough (pertussis)

Enterobius vermicularis

-Sources: Pinworm infections are more common within families with school-aged children, in primary caregivers of infected children, and in institutionalized children. A person is infected with pinworms by ingesting pinworm eggs either directly or indirectly. These eggs are deposited around the anus by the worm and can be carried to common surfaces such as hands, toys, bedding, clothing, and toilet seats. By putting anyone's contaminated hands (including one's own) around the mouth area or putting one's mouth on common contaminated surfaces, a person can ingest pinworm eggs and become infected with the pinworm parasite. Since pinworm eggs are so small, it is possible to ingest them while breathing. -Symptoms: frequent and strong itch of the anal region, presense of pinworms in the anus, pain, rash or other skin irritation around the anus, restless sleep and discomfort due to itching -Diseases: pinworms

Streptococcus pneumonia

-Sources: Pneumococcal disease is an infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria ("pneumococcus"). These bacteria can cause many types of illnesses, including: pneumonia (infection of the lungs), ear infections, sinus infections, meningitis (infection of the covering around the brain and spinal cord), and bacteremia (blood stream infection). Pneumococcus bacteria are spread through coughing, sneezing, and close contact with an infected person. -Symptoms: Depend on the part of the body that is infected...they include fever, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, stiff neck, confusion and disorientation, sensitivity to light, joint pain, chills, ear pain, sleeplessness and irritability. In serious cases, hearing loss, brain damage and death can occur. -Diseases: pneumoncoccal disease

Streptococcus pneumonia

-Sources: Pneumococcal disease is an infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria ("pneumococcus"). These bacteria can cause many types of illnesses, including: pneumonia (infection of the lungs), ear infections, sinus infections, meningitis (infection of the covering around the brain and spinal cord), and bacteremia (blood stream infection). Pneumococcus bacteria are spread through coughing, sneezing, and close contact with an infected person. -Symptoms: fever, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, stiff neck, confusion and disorientation, sensitivity to light, joint pain, chills, ear pain, sleeplessness, and irritability. In severe cases, pneumococcal disease can cause hearing loss, brain damage, and death. -Disease: pneumococcal disease

Q fever

-Sources: Q fever is a worldwide disease with acute and chronic stages caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. Cattle, sheep, and goats are the primary reservoirs although a variety of species may be infected. Organisms are excreted in milk, urine, and feces of infected animals. During birthing the organisms are shed in high numbers within the amniotic fluids and the placenta. The organism is extremely hardy and resistant to heat, drying, and many common disinfectants which enable the bacteria to survive for long periods in the environment. Infection of humans usually occurs by inhalation of these organisms from air that contains airborne barnyard dust contaminated by dried placental material, birth fluids, and excreta of infected animals -Symptoms: high fever, severe headache, general malaise, myalgia, chills or sweats, non-productive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, chest pain -Diseases: Q fever

Respiratory syncytial virus

-Sources: RSV can be spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes into the air, creating virus-containing droplets that can linger briefly in the air. Other people can become infected if the droplet particles contact their nose, mouth, or eye. Infection can also result from direct and indirect contact with nasal or oral secretions from infected people. Direct contact with the virus can occur, for example, by kissing the face of a child with RSV. Indirect contact can occur if the virus gets on an environmental surface, such as a doorknob, that is then touched by other people. Direct and indirect transmissions of virus usually occur when people touch an infectious secretion and then rub their eyes or nose. RSV can survive on hard surfaces such as tables and crib rails for many hours. RSV typically lives on soft surfaces such as tissues and hands for shorter amounts of time. -Symptoms: runny nose, decrease in appetite, coughing, sneezing and fever -Diseases: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV)

Rotavirus

-Sources: Rotavirus spreads easily among infants and young children. Children can spread the virus both before and after they become sick with diarrhea. They can also pass rotavirus to family members and other people with whom they have close contact. People who are infected with rotavirus shed rotavirus (passed from a person's body into the environment) in their feces (stool). They shed the virus most when they are sick and during the first 3 days after they recover from rotavirus disease. The virus spreads by the fecal-oral route; this means that the virus must be shed by an infected person and then enter a susceptible person's mouth to cause infection. Rotavirus can be spread by hands, objects, food, and water. -Symptoms: severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, dehydration (decrease in urination, dry mouth and throat, dizziness when standing) -Diseases: rotavirus

Shigella dysenteriae

-Sources: Shigella germs are present in the stools of infected persons while they have diarrhea and for up to a week or two after the diarrhea has gone away. Shigella is very contagious; exposure to even a tiny amount of contaminated fecal matter—too small to see-- can cause infection. Transmission of Shigella occurs when people put something in their mouths or swallow something that has come into contact with stool of a person infected with Shigella. This can happen when: • Contaminated hands touch your food or mouth. Hands can become contaminated through a variety of activities, such as touching surfaces (e.g., toys, bathroom fixtures, changing tables, diaper pails) that have been contaminated by stool from an infected person. Hands can also become contaminated with Shigella while changing the diaper of an infected child or caring for an infected person. • Eating food contaminated with Shigella. Food may become contaminated if food handlers have shigellosis. Produce can become contaminated if growing fields contain human sewage. Flies can breed in infected feces and then contaminate food when they land on it. • Swallowing recreational (for example lake or river water while swimming) or drinking water that was contaminated by infected fecal matter. Exposure to feces through sexual contact. -Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, tenesmus (painful feeling of needing to pass stool even when bowels are empty) -Diseases: shigellosis, dysentery

Taenia saginata and T. solium

-Sources: Taeniasis in humans is a parasitic infection caused by the tapeworm species Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), and Taenia asiatica (Asian tapeworm). Humans can become infected with these tapeworms by eating raw or undercooked beef (T. saginata) or pork (T. solium and T. asiatica). People with taeniasis may not know they have a tapeworm infection because symptoms are usually mild or nonexistent. -Symptoms: Most people with tapeworm infections have no symptoms or mild symptoms. Patients with T. saginata taeniasis often experience more symptoms that those with T. solium because the T. saginata tapeworm is larger in size (up to 10 meters (m)) than T. solium (usually 3 m). Tapeworms can cause digestive problems including abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, and upset stomach. The most visible symptom of taeniasis is the active passing of proglottids (tapeworm segments) through the anus and in the feces. In rare cases, tapeworm segments become lodged in the appendix, or the bile and pancreatic ducts. -Infection with T. solium tapeworms can result in human cysticercosis, which can be a very serious disease that can cause seizures and muscle or eye damage. -Diseases: Taeniasis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

-Sources: The Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium causes TB. It is spread through the air when a person with TB (whose lungs are affected) coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs or talks. -Symptoms: coughing, sometimes with blood, chills, fatigue, fever, weight loss, loss of appetite, night sweats -Diseases: TB

Leptospira

-Sources: The bacteria that cause leptospirosis are spread through the urine of infected animals, which can get into water or soil and can survive there for weeks to months. Many different kinds of wild and domestic animals carry the bacterium. -Symptoms: high fever, head ache, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, jaundice, red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea, rash -Diseases: Leptospirosis

Rubella virus

-Sources: The cause of rubella is a virus that's passed from person to person. It can spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or it can spread by direct contact with an infected person's respiratory secretions, such as mucus. It can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her unborn child via the bloodstream. -Symptoms: mild fever (102 or lower), headache, stuffy/runny nose, inflamed red eyes, enlarged lymph nodes, fine pink rash that starts on the face and quickly spreads to the trunk, arms and legs (before disappearing in the same sequence), aching joints (especially in young women) -Diseases: Rubella

Vibrio cholerae

-Sources: The cholera bacterium is usually found in water or food sources that have been contaminated by feces (poop) from a person infected with cholera. Cholera is most likely to be found and spread in places with inadequate water treatment, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene. The cholera bacterium may also live in the environment in brackish rivers and coastal waters. Shellfish eaten raw have been a source of cholera, and a few persons in the U.S. have contracted cholera after eating raw or undercooked shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico. -Symptoms: vomiting, "rice water" diarrhea, large fluid loss which can lead to loss of blood, acidosis, loss of potassium (leads to muscle cramps, severe thirst, flaccid skin, sunken eyes and in young kids, convulsions.) Secondary symptoms can include hypotension, tachycardia, cyanosis, collapse from shock and death (if left untreated) -Diseases: Cholera

Trichomonas vaginalis

-Sources: The parasite is passed from an infected person to an uninfected person during sex. In women, the most commonly infected part of the body is the lower genital tract (vulva, vagina, or urethra), and in men, the most commonly infected body part is the inside of the penis (urethra). During sex, the parasite is usually transmitted from a penis to a vagina, or from a vagina to a penis, but it can also be passed from a vagina to another vagina. It is not common for the parasite to infect other body parts, like the hands, mouth, or anus. -Symptoms: Men with trichomoniasis may feel itching or irritation inside the penis, burning after urination or ejaculation, or some discharge from the penis. Women with trichomoniasis may notice itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals, discomfort with urination, or a thin discharge with an unusual smell that can be clear, white, yellowish, or greenish. -Diseases: Trichomoniasis

Hantavirus

-Sources: The virus is horizontally transmitted between rodents through intraspecific aggressive behaviors, such as biting. The virus is transmitted to humans from aerosolized rodent excreta, particularly urine. Transmission to humans also can occur from inhalation of secondary aerosols, and from rodent bites or other direct contact of infectious material with mucous membranes or broken skin. -Symptoms: Fever, chills, headaches, muscle aches, stomach problems, dizziness (all early symptoms)...Fluid filling the lungs (late symptom) -Diseases: Hantavirus

Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci

-Sources: This type of pneumonia is caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci. This fungus is common in the environment and rarely causes illness in healthy people. However, it can cause a lung infection in people with a weakened immune system due to: • Cancer • Chronic use of corticosteroids or other medications that weaken the immune system • HIV/AIDS • Organ or bone marrow transplant Pneumocystis jiroveci was a relatively rare infection before the AIDS epidemic. Before the use of preventive antibiotics for the condition, most people in the United States with advanced AIDS would develop this infection. -Symptoms: mild/dry cough, fever, rapid breathing, shortness of breath -Diseases: PCP pneumonia

Ringworm (Tinea)

-Sources: Tinea corporis is caused by a tiny fungus known as dermatophyte. These tiny organisms normally live on the superficial skin surface, and when the opportunity is right, they can induce a rash or infection.[5] The disease can also be acquired by person-to-person transfer usually via direct sskin contact with an infected individual.[3] Animal-to-human transmission is also common. -Symptoms: Ringworm causes a scaly, crusted rash that may appear as round, red patches on the skin.Other symptoms and signs of ringworm include patches of hair loss or scaling on the scalp, itching, and blister-like lesions. -Diseases: Ringworm

Chlamydia trachomatis

-Sources: Unprotected sex with an infected person, genital contact with infected person -Symptoms: abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, inter-menstrual bleeding, low grade, painful sex, infrequent urination -Diseases: Chlamydia

Arboviruses (WEE, EEE, California, SLE)

-Sources: WEE and EEE, SLE and California are transmitted through a bite of an infected mosquito -Symptoms (For all...very similar) : Systemic infection has an abrupt onset and is characterized by chills, fever, malaise, arthralgia, and myalgia. The illness lasts 1 to 2 weeks, and recovery is complete when there is no central nervous system involvement. In infants, the encephalitic form is characterized by abrupt onset; in older children and adults, encephalitis is manifested after a few days of systemic illness. Signs and symptoms in encephalitic patients are fever, headache, irritability, restlessness, drowsiness, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, cyanosis, convulsions, and coma. -Diseases: WEE, EEE, SLE, California

Treponema pallidum

-Sources: You can get syphilis by direct contact with a syphilis sore during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Sores can be found on the penis, vagina, anus, in the rectum, or on the lips and in the mouth. Syphilis can also be spread from an infected mother to her unborn baby. -Symptoms: Primary syphilis The first sign of syphilis is a small sore, called a chancre (SHANG-kur). The sore appears at the spot where the bacteria entered your body. While most people infected with syphilis develop only one chancre, some people develop several of them. The chancre usually develops about three weeks after exposure. Many people who have syphilis don't notice the chancre because it's usually painless, and it may be hidden within the vagina or rectum. The chancre will heal on its own within six weeks. -Secondary syphilis Within a few weeks of the original chancre healing, you may experience a rash that begins on your trunk but eventually covers your entire body — even the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet. This rash is usually not itchy and may be accompanied by wart-like sores in the mouth or genital area. Some people also experience muscle aches, fever, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes. These signs and symptoms may disappear within a few weeks or repeatedly come and go for as long as a year. -Latent syphilis If you aren't treated for syphilis, the disease moves from the secondary to the latent (hidden) stage, when you have no symptoms. The latent stage can last for years. Signs and symptoms may never return, or the disease may progress to the tertiary (third) stage. Tertiary (late) syphilis About 15 to 30 percent of people infected with syphilis who don't get treatment will develop complications known as tertiary (late) syphilis. In the late stages, the disease may damage your brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones and joints. These problems may occur many years after the original, untreated infection. -Congenital syphilis Babies born to women who have syphilis can become infected through the placenta or during birth. Most newborns with congenital syphilis have no symptoms, although some experience a rash on the palms of their hands and the soles of their feet. Later symptoms may include deafness, teeth deformities and saddle nose — where the bridge of the nose collapses. -Diseases: Syphilis

Bacillus anthracis

-Sources: bacillus anthacis bacteria that live in spore form...people can inhale the spore, eat or touch them...inactive spores can live in soil or be carried in the skin of animals (cows sheep, goats)...they are also used in bioterrorism -Symptoms: bumps or blisters that may itch, swelling around the sore, fever and chills, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, confusion or dizziness, cough, nausea/vomiting/stomach pains, headache, sweats, extreme tiredness, body aches -Diseases: Anthrax

Salmonella enterica and S. typhi

-Sources: bacteria that spreads via contaminated foods -Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, chills, headache, blood in stool -Diseases: Salmonella poisoning =S. typhi causes typhoid fever and has the following symptoms: septicemia, fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain

Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme Disease

-Sources: bite of infected blacklegged ticks -Symptoms: Early Signs and Symptoms (3 to 30 days after tick bite) • Fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle and joint aches, and swollen lymph nodes • Erythema migrans (EM) rash: Occurs in approximately 70 to 80 percent of infected persons Begins at the site of a tick bite after a delay of 3 to 30 days (average is about 7 days) Expands gradually over a period of days reaching up to 12 inches or more (30 cm) across May feel warm to the touch but is rarely itchy or painful Sometimes clears as it enlarges, resulting in a target or "bull's-eye" appearance May appear on any area of the body See examples of EM rashes Later Signs and Symptoms (days to months after tick bite) • Severe headaches and neck stiffness • Additional EM rashes on other areas of the body • Arthritis with severe joint pain and swelling, particularly the knees and other large joints. • Facial or Bell's palsy (loss of muscle tone or droop on one or both sides of the face) • Intermittent pain in tendons, muscles, joints, and bones • Heart palpitations or an irregular heart beat (Lyme carditis) • Episodes of dizziness or shortness of breath • Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord • Nerve pain • Shooting pains, numbness, or tingling in the hands or feet • Problems with short-term memory

Coccidioides immitis: Valley Fever

-Sources: fungus that lives in the dust and soil in some areas of the SW US, Mexico and South America -Symptoms: most people don't have symptoms, some have flu like symptoms...some typical symptoms include: tiredness, cough, fever, shortness of breath, headache, night sweats, muscle aches and joint pain, rash on upper body and legs -Diseases: Valley fever (coccidioidomycosis)

Prions

-Sources: is an infeictious agent, composed entirely of protein, presumed to be the cause of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The protein it is composed of, called PrP (short for prion protein) can fold in multiple, structurally distinct ways, at least one of which is transmissible to other prion proteins. It is this form of replication that leads to disease that is similar to viral infection. -Symptoms: rapidly developing dementia, difficulty in walking/changes in gait, hallucinations, muscle stiffness, confusion, fatigue, difficultly speaking -Diseases: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Fatal Familial Insomnia, Kuru

Toxoplasma gondii

-Sources: it is a single celled parasitic organism that can infect most animals and birds...it only reproduces in cats, so they are its ultimate host. ..cat feces are a common place where it resides and can spread to humans..undercooked meat, contaminated knives, contaminated drinking water, mother to child, receiving an infected organ via transplant -Symptoms: body aches, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, fever, fatigue---in babies symptoms are as follows: seizures, enlarged liver or spleen, jaundice, sever eye infections, miscarriage, still birth -Diseases: toxoplasmosis

Brucella

-Sources: it is an infectious disease caused by bacteria...people can get the disease when they come into contact with infected animals or animal products contaminated with the bacteria...commonly infected animals include sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, and dogs -Symptoms: fever, sweats, malaise, anorexia, headache, pain in muscles/joints/back, fatigue...recurring symptoms include: recurrent fevers, arthritis, swelling of male genitalia, swelling of the heart, neurologic symptoms, chronic fatigue, depression, swelling of the liver or spleen -Diseases: Brucellosis

Onchocerca volvulus

-Sources: repeated bites by blackflies -Symptoms: In terms of ocular disease, patients will classically complain of an insidious onset of decreased vision, eye redness, eye pain and photophobia related to iridocyclitis, and perceived corneal changes related to the sclerosing keratitis. -Diseases: Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)

Varicella zoster virus

-Sources: spreads through the air...it can also be spread by touvhing or breathing in the virus particles that come from chickenpox blisters -Symptoms: itchy fluid filled rash on face/chest/can spread to mouth, eyelids and genital area, high fever, tiredness, loss of appitite, headache -Diseases: chicken pox, shingles (in adults)

HIV

-Sources: transmitted through sexual contact, blood, or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breast-feeding...HIV is a disease that destroys CD4 cells -Symptoms: fever, headache, muscle aches, rash, sore throat, swollen lymph glands...Early symptomatic HIV infection: fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss, yeast infection, shingles...Progression to AIDS: soaking night sweats, recurring fever, chronic diarrhea, persistent white spots or lesion on tongue or in mouth, persistent fatigue, weight loss, skin rash/bumps -Diseases: HIV (progresses to AIDS)

Trypanosoma

Source: Symptoms: Disease:

Gardnerella

Sources: We do not know about the cause of BV or how -some women get it. BV is linked to an imbalance of "good" and "harmful" bacteria that are normally found in a woman's vagina. We do know that having a new sex partner or multiple sex partners and douching can upset the balance of bacteria in the vagina and put women at increased risk for getting BV. However, we do not know how sex contributes to BV. BV is not considered an STD, but having BV can increase your chances of getting an STD. BV rarely affects women who have never had sex. -Symptoms: thin white/gray discharge, fishy odor, vaginal odor, burning during urination -Diseases: BV