Micro final

B12

5-methyl THF requires the action of which vitamin in order to form THF

Hemochromatosis

A genetic disorder that ultimately results in excessive accumulation of iron in certain tissues

Glycogen phosphorylase

A good source of vitamin B6 is muscle meats because PLP is predominantly bound to the enzyme

Hemoglobin

Absorption of dietary iron is regulated by

Zinc

An excess of this mineral could cause an iron deficiency

Chromium

Athletes have used this mineral supplement for weight management

Running, ballet, skiing, gymnastics

Athletes of these sports are prone to iron deficiency

Copper Deficiency

Can result in iron deficiency due to an inability to oxidize iron required for transport by transferrin

Albumin

Carries zinc and copper in the portal circulation to all tissues in the body

Picolinate

Chromium absorption is enhanced

Iron

Chromium interacts with this mineral by competing for transportation in the blood by transferrin

insulin

Chromium's main function in the human body has to do with this hormone

Purines and Pyrimidines

Folate is vitally important for dividing cells during growth and cancer because of its essential role in the synthesis of

Menkes Disease

Genetic disorder that causes toxicity that individuals present with very elevated cellular copper in intestinal cells, muscle, spleen, and kidney

Copper

High, prolonged zinc intake interferes with the absorption of this mineral even if not taken simultaneously

anaerobic energy production

In the muscles during strenuous exercise, zinc helps with this function when oxygen supply is limited

Phosphorus

In the renal system, which mineral regulates body fluid pH by reacting with secreted hydrogen ions, releasing sodium ions in the process

B12

Intrinsic factor is required for the majority of absorption of which vitamin

macrocytic anemia

Large amounts of folic acid can mask a vitamin B12 deficiency and prevent

Delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase

Lead may bind to this zinc dependent enzyme thereby inhibiting heme-synthesis

Elevated homocysteine levels can be due to

Low folacin, low cobalamin, and low pyridoxine

Vitamin D & Calcium

Magnesium works with these nutrients to help with bone structure

So that methyl groups are available

Methionine is used to synthesize SAM. Why is this important?

Niacin, Biotin, Pantothenic Acid

Name three vitamins that are involved in the synthesis of fatty acids

Ferrous State

Non-heme iron needs to be absorbed in this form

Renal excretion

Phosphate balance is achieved largely by

Dihydrofolate reductase

Tetrahydrofolate is vitally important for dividing cells during growth and cancer and knowledge of this need is used in cancer treatment by giving the drug methotrexate to inhibit this enzyme

90 mg

The RDA for vitamin c for adult men is

Oxidative damage from free radicals

The binding of iron by protein defends the cells against

5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate

The degration of serine provides the majority of one-carbon groups for pyrimidine synthesis. In this process what is formed

R protein and intrinsic factor

The normal digestion and absorption of cobalamin requires adequate protein digestion in the stomach; the presence of 2 nonenzymatic proteins

Iodine

The primary physiological role of which mineral is a constituent in the thyroid hormones

ZIP4

The primary transporter of zinc into the enterocyte

Ceruloplasmin

The protein that plays a dual function in both iron and copper homeostasis

Calcium, Potassium, Phosphorous

These three minerals interact with magnesium in the body

Chromodulin

This active form of chromium amplifies the action of insulin by increasing the translocation of GLUT4 to the surface of the cell

Magnesium

This mineral activates amino acids and attachment of mRNA to the ribosome

Magnesium

This mineral plays a crucial role in protein biosynthesis

Lactate dehydrogenase

This zinc-dependent enzyme is involved in the interconversion of pyruvate to lactate

Functions of Vitamin A

Vision, gene expression, cellular differentiation growth and reproduction

Thiamin, Niacin, Riboflavin

What B vitamins are required for the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA

Zinc, Iron, Copper

What are three deficient micro-nutrients in vegan diets

Crohn's disease and Celiac Disease

What are two GI disorders that impair absorption

Calmodulin

What is the binding protein that regulates many of the calcium-dependent enzymes

Accumulation of 5-methyl THF

What would you find under B12 deficient conditions and the methyl trap hypothesis

Ileum

Where is B12 absorbed

Bones

Where is the greatest concentration of total body magnesium found

Vitamin E

Which fat soluble vitamin has the maintenance of membrane integrity as its principal function

Parathyroid hormone

Which hormone both increases release of bone phosphorus into the blood and promotes urinary excretion of phosphorus

Copper

Which mineral is crucial for oxidizing iron to be bound by transferrin for delivery to the tissues from the gut and liver

Magnesium

Which mineral is part of the green chlorophyll pigment in green leafy vegetables

Chromium

Which mineral is thought to potentiate the action of insulin

carnitine

Which of the following molecules synthesized with the help of vitamin c underscores the important of vitamin c to fat metabolism

B6

Which vitamin is most involved in amino acid metabolism

be under-hydroxylated

Without enough vitamin c, collagen would

Major function of B12

a part of a co-enzyme

Antioxidant

a primary function of vitamin c is to act as an

Anatacids

chromium absorption is inhibited by

Calcium

inhibits iron absorption

Decrease copper absorption

phytic acid

Inhibits uptake of non-heme iron

tea

Iron

this mineral is a component of heme and functions to transport oxygen in the blood