MICRO FINAL PT 3

What is the biggest sign of actinomycosis?

"Lumpy jaw" an abscess with a hard, red/purplish lump, often on the jaw

What is the causative bacteria of actinomycosis?

Actinomyces israelii

How is the HSV1 virus transmitted?

by droplets or direct contact

How long can primary herpetic gingivostomatitis last? When is it most acute?

can last up to 14 days, most acute on days 3-7

Where does the infectious HSV1 travel during reactivation?

carried down the axon to peripheral tissue

What is the clinical appearence of pseudomembranous candidiasis?

coating/patches of white slough that can be easily wiped away to reveal red area underneath

Pseudomembranous candidiasis can be chronic in those with _______________ ______________ __________.

compromised immune systems

What does pseudomembranous candidiasis look like?

curdled milk or cottage cheese in some cases

What is the prognosis for actinomycosis?

full recovery can be expected with treatment

HSV1 can also cause ___________ _________, but most cases are HSV2.

genital herpes

HSV1 is most common on the lips but can occur where else?

hard palate, attached gingiva, or alveolar ridge

Residual virus dormant in the trigeminal nerve causes...?

herpes labialis (cold sore or fever blister)

What is the most uncommon form of all candidiasis?

hyperplastic candidiasis

Where does replication of the HSV1 occur?

in the host cell nucleus

HSV1 and 2 thrive best in their __________ ____________.

natural habitat

Is actinomycosis contagious?

no, it cannot be spread from person to person

Fluid-filled __________ appear in ___________, at their most contaigous state.

papules, clusters

What is hyperplastic candidiasis?

persistent, white plaque that does not wipe off, rough and nodular

Define prodromal, then list the prodromal period symptoms of HSV1?

prodromal = before lesion appears - burning sensation, tightness, tingling, soreness

What is the common form of candidiasis, found in 35% of all cases?

psuedomembranous candidiasis

What is the appearance of erythematous candidiasis?

red, raw-looking patches

Vesicles ___________ and ______.

rupture and crust

Herpes labialis is _____-__________, and usually heals in __-___ days.

self-limiting, 7-10 days

Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is _______-__________ so it usually heals within __-___ days, and becomes ____________.

self-limiting, 7-14 days, dormant

How is HSV2 usually transmitted?

sexually transmitted and causes lesions in the genital area

What is the result of loss of lingual papilla in erythematous candidiasis?

smooth appearance of the tongue

Where is Actinomyces israelii commonly found? Does it normally cause disease?

the nose and throat, does not normally cause disease

What is another name for candidiasis?

thrush

What are the clinical signs of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis?

tiny vesicles (1-3 mm) that develop into ulcerations, can develop anywhere in the oral cavity

True or false? HSV2 can cause oral lesions.

true

True or false? The HSV1 virus can establish latency.

true it can become latent (dormant)

True or false? HSV1 on the genitals is far less likely to shed sporadically or give you recurrent cold sores.

true same goes for HSV2 in the mouth

What is the appearance of herpetic whitlow?

vesicular or pustular lesion of the fingertip

What is the best way to minimize herpetic whitlow?

wearing gloves

How does the pathogenesis of actinomycosis occur?

when bacteria enters the tissue of the face after trauma, surgery, or infection

What are the sub-types of erythematous candidiasis?

- angular chielitis - denture stomatitis - median rhomboid glossitis

What are the 2 treatment options for actinomycosis?

- antibiotics for several months-year - surgical drainage or removal of affected area if necessary

What is the treatment for herpes labialis?

- antiviral drugs - prophylactic treatment with antiviral before encountering risk - chlorhexidine rinse for intraoral lesions

What is the treatment for primary herpetic gingivostomatitis?

- bed rest - fluids - antiviral meds (acyclovir, swish and swallow) started within first few days - ibuprofen for pain relief

How is herpetic whitlow introduced to the body?

- break in the epidermal surface - direct introduction of the virus into the hand through (usually) occupational exposure

List the predisposing factors for candidiasis.

- diet - denture - dry mouth - smoking - antibiotics - immunocompromised

What are the symptoms of actinomycosis?

- fever - minimal or no pain - weight loss

What is the structure of the HSV-1?

- large (150-200 nm) - enveloped - icosahedral - double-strand linear DNA

What are the signs and symptoms of candidiasis?

- lesions - burning sensation (misdiagnosed as Burning Mouth Syndrome) that most likely occurs with erythematous

What are the 3 ways actinomycosis can be diagnosed?

- physical examination - culture of tissue or fluid - examination of drained fluid under microscope

Latent Infection What can trigger reactivation of the virus?

- physical/emotional stress - hyperthermia (fever) - exposure to UV light - menstruation - hormonal imbalance

What are the three types of candidiasis?

- pseudomembranous - erythematous - hyperplastic

What are the treatment options for candidiasis?

- topical Nystatin ointment/rinse - systemic meds (if immunocompromised) - smoking cessation - good oral hygiene - well-kept dentures (leaving them out at night)

What percentage of the population is positive for HSV2?

16%

Candida albicans is carried in the mouth of about ____% of the world's population as a normal component.

50%

Who is most commonly affected by primary herpetic gingivostomatitis?

6 months-6 years old

What percentage of the population is positive for HSV-1?

90%

How is HSV1 readily inactivated? How does this affect transmission?

at room temperature and by drying this makes aerosol and fomite transmission unusual

What is herpetic whitlow?

HSV infection of the finger by either HSV-1 or HSV-2

Latent Infection What happens after the primary infection of HSV1?

HSV-1 is transported up the trigeminal ganglia and becomes dormant

______ prefers to be above the belt and _____ prefers below the belt.

HSV1 - above HSV2 - below

How does herpetic whitlow occur?

as a complication of primary oral or genital herpes by an infected individual

What is actinomycosis?

a long-term bacterial infection that commonly affects the face and neck.

Which symptoms does herpetic whitlow cause?

abrupt onset of edema, erythema, localized tenderness

Pseudomembranous candidiasis is usually an ________ condition in __________ or those taking ________________ or __________________________ drugs.

acute infants, antibiotics, immunosuppressant drugs

What are the characteristics of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis?

an initial infection of HSV1, patients can self-inoculate (especially in the eyes)

What is candidiasis?

an opportunistic disease caused by Candida albicans

What are common triggers for actinomycosis?

dental abscesses or oral surgery

Which occupations are more likely to spread the virus? Why?

dentists and respiratory therapists, more likely to spread virus from oral secretions to other skin areas

What is the possible precursor to pseudomembranous candidiasis?

erythematous candidiasis

Because of its location, Actinomycosis most commonly affects the ______ and ______. However, it can also affect the ________, ____________, and _________.

face and neck also effect the chest, abdomen, and pelvis

True or false? Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis has a gender predilection.

false

True or false? HSV1 cannot be spread from person to person.

false it is highly contagious

True or false? Actinomycosis occurs often in humans.

false occurs rarely in humans, majorly in cattle

What are the clinical symptoms of primary herpetic gingivostomatis?

fever, headache, irritability, painful swallowing, swollen lymph nodes