Microbiology 440: Chapter 8

The genes of which microorganism(s) are arranged as operons? Bacteria Protozoa Fungi

Bacteria

In DNA, each nucleotide is composed of a sugar called __________, a nitrogenous ___________, and a _________ group.

Blank 1: deoxyribose Blank 2: base Blank 3: phosphate

What is the primary intent of recombinant DNA technology? Identify person by their DNA sequence Make numerous copies of DNA Determine the sequence of genomic DNA Combine genetic material from two organisms

Combine genetic material from two organisms

What is the central theme of molecular biology? Protein encodes RNA which encodes DNA DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein RNA encodes DNA which encodes protein

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

Ensuring that the DNA code is maintained during DNA replication and cell ____________ is one of the essential effects of DNA structure.

Division

Proteins that remove incorrect bases in DNA and replace them with correct ones are termed ___________ repair enzymes.

Excision

True or false: Mutations are always harmful to cells.

False

A laboratory technique for separating DNA fragments according to length by employing electricity to force the DNA through a gel-like matrix is called _________ ________

Gel Electrophoresis

What technique is used for separating DNA fragments according to length? Gel electrophoresis Recombinant DNA technology Polymerase chain reaction Reverse transcription

Gel electrophoresis

The replacement of a faulty gene responsible for a disease with the wild type gene is termed ______. recombinant DNA synthetic biology metagenomics gene therapy

Gene therapy

The study of the inheritance of living things is called __________

Genetics

Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell? Genome Gene Chromosome

Genome

Transfer of DNA that results in organisms acquiring new genes that did not come directly from parent organisms is called ______ gene transfer. diagonal horizontal vertical sequential

Horizontal

Horizontal gene transfer Vertical gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer - Transfer of DNA from a source other than the parent organisms Vertical gene transfer - Transfer of DNA from parent organisms during reproduction

How does RNA differ from DNA? Multiple select question. Ribose in RNA contains one less carbon than deoxyribose in DNA. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine. In RNA, thymine is replaced with adenine. RNA is usually single-stranded.

In RNA, uracil replaces thymine. RNA is usually single-stranded.

A sequence of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for protein is called a(n) _____________

Intron

______ mutations lead to cell dysfunction or death, while ______ mutations produce neither adverse nor helpful changes. Neutral; wild type Lethal; neutral Wild type; neutral Neutral; lethal

Lethal; neutral

A copy of the DNA template corresponding to a protein-encoding gene is called ______RNA.

M for messanger

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n) ____________

Mutation

Any change to the nucleotide sequence in the genome is called a(n) _________

Mutation

Which unit in bacteria consists of a regulatory gene, a control region, and structural genes? Regulator Promoter Operon Operator Codon

Operon

Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light? Photolysis Photoactivation Excision repair

Photoactivation

How does RNA differ from DNA? Multiple select question. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine. RNA is usually single-stranded. Ribose in RNA contains one less carbon than deoxyribose in DNA. In RNA, thymine is replaced with adenine.

RNA is usually single-stranded. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine.

The process of duplicating DNA is called DNA ______. transcription translation replication

Replication

To ensure that each new cell has a complete genome, DNA _______ must occur prior to cell division

Replication

Which enzyme cleaves specific locations on DNA and is used to splice genes in genetic engineering? DNA polymerase Helicase Restriction endonuclease Ligase

Restriction endonuclease

__________ mutations occur when errors are made in DNA replication whereas _____ mutations are caused by exposure to radiation or chemical agents. Induced; spontaneous Transduced; induced Spontaneous; induced Induced; transfected

Spontaneous; induced

True or false: The structure of DNA is essential for providing variety since the order of nucleotides is responsible for the unique qualities of each organism

True

A single nucleotide polymorphism results from ______. a change in one base in a gene a frameshift mutation the deletion of a single nucleotide in a gene the insertion of a single nucleotide in a gene

a change in one base in a gene

Mutation can provide adaptive advantages for cells, such as ______. nonfunctional enzymes faster replication acquired drug resistance

acquired drug resistance

Synthetic biology may be used to ______. Multiple select question. create an antibody with defined specificity amplify certain sequences from a chromosome create a cell whose entire chromosome was synthesized in vitro create an enzyme with an active site that accepts a newly-discovered substrate determine the entire sequence of a new virus

create an antibody with defined specificity create a cell whose entire chromosome was synthesized in vitro create an enzyme with an active site that accepts a newly-discovered substrate

The current diseases that might prove curable by gene therapy are those like ______. cystic fibrosis, which is the result of a mutation in a single gene influenza, which is caused by a virus C diff, which is caused by a disruption in the gut microbiome schizophrenia, which results from the disruption of a complex network of genes

cystic fibrosis, which is the result of a mutation in a single gene

The ______ is the sum total of genetic material in an organism. chromosome gene genome proteome

gene

The science of heredity is ______. reproduction biology genetics

genetics

Which of the following describes the systematic study of an organism's genes and their functions? metabolomics proteomics genomics metagenomics

genomics

Which type of mutation results from exposure to a mutagen? wild-type mutation induced mutation spontaneous mutation

induced mutation

Found interspersed between portions of the coding region within a eukaryotic gene, one to several sequences that do not code for protein are called ______. exons introns terminators promoters

introns

A mutation that leads to cell dysfunction or death is termed a _____ mutation. silent neutral point lethal

lethal

Which type of RNA is a copy of the DNA template corresponding to a protein-encoding gene? tRNA rRNA mRNA

mRNA

In bacterial cells, a group of genes that is regulated as a single unit is called a(n) _____________

operon

Bacterial and archaeal genes are arranged into ___________

operons

The process of bacteria turning on or off a group of genes that changes its phenotype is called __________ __________.

phase variation

Phase variation is a type of ________ variation. genotypic phenotypic

phenotypic

The study of an organism's complement of proteins and the functions mediated by those proteins is called ___________

proteomics

Which type of RNA comprises ribosomal subunits? tRNA mRNA rRNA

rRNA

A process that deliberately removes genetic material from one organism and combines it with that of a different organism is called ________ _______ technology.

recombinant DNA

The combination of genetic material from two different organisms is the primary intent of ___________ DNA technology.

recombinate

An event in which one bacterium donates DNA to another bacterium, resulting in a strain that differs from both donor and recipient, is a type of genetic transfer called _____________

recombination

The transfer of genes from a donor to a recipient microorganism, forming a new strain different from both donor and recipient, is called ____________.

recombination

An enzyme present naturally in cells that cleaves specific locations on DNA is called a(n) _________ ________.

restriction enzyme or endonuclease

Unlike DNA, RNA contains the sugar called ______________

ribose

Translation involves the assembly of a protein from amino acids on a ______. Golgi body peroxisome lysosome ribosome

ribosome

Part of the DNA sequence of the gene encoding the flagellum protein in three different organisms was determined as follows. Organism 1: ATG-GGC-GTA-GCT-TAC, Organism 2: ATG-GGA-GTA-GCT-TAC, Organism 3: ATG-GGT-GTA-GCT-TAC. This represents a ______. frameshift mutation deletion mutation single nucleotide polymorphism DNA sequencing error

single nucleotide polymorphism

All DNA nucleotides contain the same ______, but different ______. nitrogenous base and phosphate; sugars sugar and phosphate; nitrogenous bases nitrogenous base; phosphates and sugars sugar; phosphates and nitrogenous bases

sugar and phosphate; nitrogenous bases

Creating new biological molecules and organisms from scratch is in the realm of _________ biology

synthetic

Unlike DNA, RNA contains the sugar called _________

uracil