Microbiology- Chapter 13
At the time of birth, what event provides a comprehensive exposure to microbial life during a natural delivery? -Passage through the birth canal -The umbilical cord is cut -Rupturing of the membranes -Handling by medical personnel
-Passage through the birth canal
A human plus all of its resident microbiota is a(n) _____.
holobiont
A ______ is the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen comes.
reservoir
Microbes that do not colonize the human host, but instead are lost rapidly are referred to as BLANK
transient
Which of the following does NOT explain how microbial antagonism occurs? -Certain normal biota species directly kill other species by phagocytosis. -There is limited space for occupation in or on certain areas of the human body. -Normal biota members change the chemical environment making it hostile to other species.
-Certain normal biota species directly kill other species by phagocytosis.
Exoenzymes play which of the following main roles in the disease process? -Dissolve the host defensive barriers -Synthesize bacterial DNA for binary fission -Increase the amount of systemic inflammation -Inflict damage on tissue
-Dissolve the host defensive barriers -Inflict damage on tissue
The phenomenon of microbial antagonism can be explained by: -The immune system only recognizes certain species for destruction. -Certain normal biota species directly kill other species by phagocytosis. -Normal biota members change the chemical environment making it hostile to other species. -There is limited space for occupation in or on certain areas of the human body.
-Normal biota members change the chemical environment making it hostile to other species. -There is limited space for occupation in or on certain areas of the human body.
Which two of the following statements regarding virulence factors are correct? -Virulence factors determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs. -Pathogens all contain a host of virulence factors that act in concert to cause infection. -Virulence factors are structures used for attachment to the host. -Virulence factors are microbial adaptations used to invade and establish in the host.
-Virulence factors determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs. -Virulence factors are microbial adaptations used to invade and establish in the host.
Of the following, the two that are most likely examples of endogenous infections are ______ and ______. -a Micrococcus infection resulting from a cut to the skin -an HIV infection from unprotected sex -a Staphylococcus infection of a hair follicle -a Staphylococcus infection from consuming contaminated food -a measles infection from contact with a contagious individual
-a Micrococcus infection resulting from a cut to the skin -a Staphylococcus infection of a hair follicle
Which three of the following tissues/organs are definitively known to harbor normal microbiota? -eyelids and conjunctiva -external genitalia -bloodstream -skin and mucous membranes -brain
-eyelids and conjunctiva -external genitalia -skin and mucous membranes
Put the stages of infection in order starting with the first stage at the top.
1.) incubation period 2.) prodrome 3.) acute period 4.) convalescent period
Which of the following are examples of systemic infections, or those that spread to several sites and tissue fluids, usually in the bloodstream? AIDS A boil Typhoid fever A wart An infected cut
AIDS Typhoid fever
BLANK is the term used to refer to the intentional or threatened use of microorganisms or toxins from living organisms to cause disease or death in humans.
Bioterrorism
The four stages of infection from beginning to end are (1) BLANK period, (2) BLANK stage, (3) BLANK phase, and (4) BLANK period.
Blank 1: incubation Blank 2: prodromal or prodrome Blank 3: acute Blank 4: convalescent
Which of the following are examples of localized infections? Anthrax Chickenpox Measles Boils Warts Tineas Scarlet fever
Boils Warts Tineas
Which of the following organisms is NOT considered to be a true pathogen? Candida albicans Mycobacterium tuberculosis Human Immunodeficiency virus Plasmodium protozoan
Candida albicans
Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry? Circulatory system Urogenital tract Respiratory system Gastrointestinal tract Skin
Circulatory system
In what ways do exotoxins usually affect host cells? Disrupting intracellular function Dissolving the cell cement Causing lysis of cell Digesting intracellular fibers Damaging the cell membrane
Disrupting intracellular function Causing lysis of cell Damaging the cell membrane
______ or septic shock is characterized as by massive drop in blood pressure that can result from the release of LPS in gram-negative infections.
Endotoxic
a toxic component of the outer membrane of gram-negative cells but it is not a disease
Endotoxin
are toxic substances secreted by bacteria into tissue, but are themselves not diseases
Exotoxins
True or false: Common symptoms of inflammation include internal bleeding, high pulse rate, and increased respiratory rate.
False
True or false: Microbes often enter the body through intact skin.
False
True or false: Epidemiology considers only infectious diseases in human populations.
False Reason: Epidemiology considers all forms of disease, including noninfectious disease, addictions and psychological disorders.
Which of the following structures are used by microbes to adhere to their host? Fimbriae Capsule Spike Actin Skeleton Surface proteins Slime layer Flagella Lysosomes
Fimbriae Capsule Spike Surface proteins Slime layer
The main portals of entry include ______. Gastrointestinal tract Respiratory tract Lymphatic vessels Skin Bloodstream Urogenital tract
Gastrointestinal tract Respiratory tract Skin Urogenital tract
Preliminary results from the HMP show an association between the composition of the gut microbiome and which conditions? Heart disease Asthma Cancer Chrohn's disease Diabetes
Heart disease Asthma Chrohn's disease Diabetes
Which of the following substances is NOT an example of an exoenzyme? Mucinase Hyaluronidase Hemolysin Keratinase
Hemolysin
Match each term with its description: Holobiont Symbiont Microbiome -A human plus all its resident microbiota -An organism involved in a close and impactful relationship with another organism -The resident microbiota
Holobiont- A human plus all its resident microbiota Symbiont- An organism involved in a close and impactful relationship with another organism Microbiome- The resident microbiota
Which of the following are examples of exoenzymes? Hemolysin Hyaluronidase Keratinase Mucinase LPS
Hyaluronidase Keratinase Mucinase
Which of the following is NOT a main role for exoenzymes in the disease process? Increase the amount of systemic inflammation Inflict damage on tissue Dissolve the host defense barriers
Increase the amount of systemic inflammation
Which of the following is NOT a systemic effect of endotoxin release? Diarrhea Fever Fatal shock condition Increased blood pressure Hemorrhage Inflammation
Increased blood pressure
BLANK carriers spread disease during the first phase of the clinical stages of disease progression, where asymptomatic carriers are infected but show no symptoms of the disease.
Incubation
BLANK is a nonspecific response to tissue injury or infection that protects the host from further damage.
Inflammation
Endotoxin causes a variety of systemic effects, including ______. Increased blood pressure Inflammation Diarrhea Fatal shock condition Fever Hemorrhage Airway constriction
Inflammation Diarrhea Fatal shock condition Fever Hemorrhage
Which of the following organisms are considered true pathogens? Influenza virus Pseudomonas bacteria Candida albicans Plasmodium protozoan Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Influenza virus Plasmodium protozoan Mycobacterium tuberculosis
______ is poisoning that results from the introduction of a toxin into body tissues through ingestion or injection.
Intoxication Toxigenicity- is the ability to produce toxins. Bacteremia- is the presence of bacteria in the blood. Toxemia- is the presence of toxins in the blood that have spread from the site of an infection. Septicemia- refers to the multiplication of an actual microbial agent in the blood.
Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the protein in the outermost skin cells?
Keratinase Mucinase- Dissolves mucus. Collagenase- Dissolves collagen. Coagulase- Causes blood clotting. Streptokinase- Dissolves blood clots. Hyaluronidase- Dissolves hyaluronic acid.
Which of the following is the substance referred to as endotoxin? Coagulase Hemolysin Collagenase Staphylokinase Lipopolysaccharide Streptolysin
Lipopolysaccharide
Which of the following are signs (not symptoms) of inflammation? Pain Lymphadenitis Soreness Abscesses Granulomas Edema
Lymphadenitis Abscesses Granulomas Edema
Because they are regularly polymicrobial, infections like gas gangrene, wound infections, dental caries, and human bites are usually BLANK infections.
Mixed
Which forms of disease are not considered by epidemiology? Noncommunicable diseases Drug addictions Communicable diseases No forms of disease are ignored Psychological diseases
No forms of disease are ignored
Which is a NOT a sign of inflammation? Edema Granulomas Pain
Pain Pain is sensed by the patient and would therefore be a symptom.
When a microbe that is not part of the normal biota enters the body, it is likely to first encounter which type of host defense? Phagocytes Complement Pyrogens Lymphocytes Antibodies
Phagocytes
Which of the following are white blood cells that are capable of engulfing other cells and particles?
Phagocytes
Which of the following are white blood cells that are capable of engulfing other cells and particles? Pathogens Phagocytes Eosinophils Erythrocytes
Phagocytes
______ is the presence of multiplying microbes in circulating blood.
Septicemia
In most cases, pathogens leave the host via the portal of exit through:
Sloughing Discharge Secretion Excretion
Which of the following are symptoms (not signs) of inflammation? Abscesses Lymphadenitis Soreness Pain Granulomas
Soreness Pain
Infectious agents can travel to their targets through: Thickened mucus Muscles The lymph Nerves The bloodstream Cerebrospinal fluid
The lymph Nerves The bloodstream Cerebrospinal fluid
Why must some pathogens spread from their initial site of entry? The nutrients in one area are depleted They need nourishment from intestine to produce toxins They have to multiply in the bloodstream Their target tissue is a distance from entry portal
Their target tissue is a distance from entry portal
the presence of toxins in the blood but is not in itself a disease
Toxemia
BLANK is the ability of an organism to produce toxins.
Toxigenicity
______ are diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms.
Toxinoses
True or false: A disease is considered communicable when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host and establish infection in that host.
True
True or false: A disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact, is referred to as contagious.
True
True or false: A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms is called a toxin.
True
True or false: An exoenzyme is an extracellular enzyme that may be involved in the breakdown of host defensive barriers or damage to host tissues.
True
True or false: An infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue is referred to as asymptomatic.
True
True or false: Some pathogens can only cause disease if they enter through a specific portal.
True
True or false: Some pathogens must spread from their initial site of entry because their target tissue is a distance from their entry portal.
True
True or false: The natural, nonspecific response to tissue injury or infection to protect the host from further damage is known as inflammation.
True
BLANK factors are adaptations that allow a pathogen to cause infection in a host.
Virulence
A(n) ______ is an inflamed, fibrous lesion enclosing a core of pus.
abscess
A walled-off collection of inflammatory cells and microbes is called a(n) BLANK
abscess or granuloma
A(n) ______ infection is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration.
acute
The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry through interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors is called ______.
adhesion
The spread of endospores in the US in 2001 was declared an act of bioterrorism when cases of BLANK suddenly increased within the human population.
anthrax
A BLANK carrier is a person with an inapparent infection who shows no symptoms of being infected yet is able to pass the disease agent on to others.
asymptomatic
A person with an inapparent infection who shows no symptoms of being infected yet is able to pass the disease agent on to others is called a(n) ______ carrier.
asymptomatic
A BLANK infection is an infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue.
asymptomatic, subclinical, or inapparent
The presence of viable, but not necessarily multiplying, bacteria in circulating blood is referred to as ______.
bacteremia
This refers to the presence of bacteria in the blood
bacteremia
A ______ is an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and can spread it to others without knowing.
carrier
Human BLANK are occasionally detected through routine screening, although they are usually very difficult to discover and control, leading to the spread of pathogens.
carriers
Although scientists believe fetuses may be seeded with normal biota during gestation, babies born by BLANK section typically become colonized by adult skin biota.
cesarean or C
A BLANK carrier shelters the infectious agent long after recovery due to latency of the infectious agent. This carrier displays symptoms during recurrences of the latent infection.
chronic
A disease is considered BLANK when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host.
communicable, contagious, or transmissible
A disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact, is referred to as BLANK
contagious
A BLANK carrier continue to be infectious during the convalescent period. They are infectious after having the disease.
convalescent
The suffix -osis means ______.
disease
Toxinoses are ______. -especially deadly toxic substances produced by parasites -a third class of toxins, along with endotoxins and exotoxins -diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms
diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms
The accumulation of excess fluids in afflicted tissues and serous cavities is called ______.
edema
An infectious agent that already exists on or in the human body is referred to as a(n) ______ agent.
endogenous
A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released but instead is an integral part of gram-negative cell walls is called a(n) ______.
endotoxin
An BLANK asks who, when, where, how, why, and what about diseases; the outcome of these studies helps public health agencies develop prevention and treatment programs.
epidemiologist
The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in human populations is called ______.
epidemiology
The agent that causes an infection and disease is most commonly referred to as the ______ agent.
etiologic
The microbe that causes an infection or disease is most commonly referred to as the BLANK , or causative, agent.
etiologic
A BLANK is an extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules or damage to host tissues.
exoenzyme
A toxin that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n) ______.
exotoxin
In cases like tuberculosis and streptococcal pharyngitis, the infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues, resulting in a BLANK infection.
focal
An infection that develops while being treated at a hospital or medical facility is called a(n) BLANK-BLANK infection.
healthcare associated
Any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing the release of hemoglobin is referred to as a(n) BLANK
hemolysin
Humans with compromised BLANK systems can more easily experience disease caused by normal biota.
immune
A person with a deficit in their immunity is termed ______. immune immunocompetent immunocompromised immunized
immunocompromised
Those with cystic fibrosis, or AIDS, or undergoing an organ transplant are examples of people who are ______. competent immunocompromised immunized elderly
immunocompromised
The number of new cases of a disease occurring during a period is referred to as the BLANK of the disease.
incidence
A(n) ______ carrier actually spreads infectious agents during the period immediately prior to the appearance of symptoms.
incubation
An BLANK carrier spreads the infectious agent during the incubation period. They are infectious prior to having the disease.
incubation
Which of the following is not a common site of entry through the skin? Cuts Abrasions Intact skin Punctures
intact skin
The exoenzyme that digests the main protein component in skin and hair is called BLANK
keratinase
A state of inactive infection is called ______.
latency
A(n) ______ is a general term for the site of infection or disease.
lesion
An abnormally large number of white blood cells in the blood is called BLANK
leukocytosis
A lower-than-normal white blood cell count is known as BLANK
leukopenia
The component of the gram-negative outer membrane called endotoxin is also known as BLANK
lipopolysaccharide
A(n) ______ infection occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there.
localized
Historically, scientists described the human "normal microbiota" as those organisms that could be cultured from the human body. This represents a significant underestimate because ______. -Many microbes are resident only on a small portion of the population -many microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory -bacteria can be counted easily, but fungi are more problematic -it is unethical to use human tissue for culturing microbes
many microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory
A(n) ______ infection occurs when several infectious agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site.
mixed
The correct epidemiological term for the number of persons who have died as the result of a particular disease is the BLANK rate.
mortality
The number of persons who have died as the result of a particular cause is referred to as the ______ rate.
mortality
Infectious agents do NOT travel to their target tissue through ______. the bloodstream nerves the lymph cerebrospinal fluid muscles
muscles
LPS is found in the outer membrane of gram- BLANK cells
negative
By law, a BLANK disease must be brought to the attention of local, district, state or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition.
notifiable or reportable
Lipopolysaccharide is located in the BLANK BLANK of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria.
outer membrane
Where is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) located in bacterial cells?
outer membrane
The relationship between a pathogen and its host is best described as ______. parasitic mutualistic symbiotic commensal
parasitic
A BLANK carrier is not infected, but is contaminated with the infectious agent and spreads it to other hosts.
passive
Any biological agent that causes disease is called a(n) ______. pathogen microbe carrier vector
pathogen
Some pathogens can only cause disease if they enter through a specific BLANK of BLANK
portal of entry
The route through which a pathogen departs from the host organism is called the BLANK of BLANK
portal of exit
The BLANK of a disease is the total number of cases in a certain area and time period.
prevalence
In a sequence of infections, the first infection that predisposes the patient to further infection is called the BLANK infection.
primary
The term ______ infection is used to refer to the initial infection in a previously healthy individual, which can later be complicated by an additional infection caused by a different microbe.
primary
A BLANK infection is an infection that occurs as a complication of a pre-existing one.
secondary
The term ______ infection refers to an additional infection, with a different microbe, that follows an initial infection.
secondary
The massive drop in blood pressure that can result from the release of LPS in Gram-negative infections is called BLANK shock.
septic
BLANK is a systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood.
septicemia
This refers to the multiplication of an actual microbial agent in the blood
septicemia
A(n) ______ is any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed or measured by an observer.
sign
Match each tissue/organ with its status regarding our current understanding of its resident microbiota. skin and mucous membranes bladder and urine brain
skin and mucous membranes: definitively known to harbor microbes bladder and urine: believed to harbor some microbes brain: no known microbes, but microbial DNA has been detected
A ______ is the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired.
source
Any subjective evidence of disease that is sensed by the patient is called a(n) _______.
symptom
A BLANK is a set of signs and symptoms that define a particular disease.
syndrome
The collection of signs and symptoms that when seen together indicate a particular disease is referred to as a(n) ______.
syndrome
A(n) ______ infection invades many compartments and organs via the bloodstream.
systemic
Prior to the Human Microbiome Project, scientists defined the human "normal microbiota" as the organisms ______.
that could be cultured in the laboratory
The condition in which a toxin is spread throughout the bloodstream from the site of an infection is specifically called ______.
toxemia
The genetically-controlled characteristic that gives an organism the ability to produce toxins is referred to as ______.
toxigenicity -Pathogenicity is the capacity to cause disease. -Virulence is a measure of the capacity to invade and harm host cells.
A BLANK is a product of an organism that is poisonous to other organisms.
toxin, endotoxin, or exotoxin
Microbes that do not colonize the human host, but instead are lost rapidly are referred to as BLANK.
transient
Microbes that occupy the human body for only short periods are called ______.
transients
The suffix -oma means ______.
tumor
Tests reveal the presence of small numbers of viruses in a sample of blood taken from a patient; this condition is referred to as BLANK
viremia
This refers to the presence of viruses in the blood
viremia
